Provost / Akhavan Confronting Genocide

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9840-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 7, 376 Seiten

Reihe: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

'Never again' stands as one the central pledges of the international community following the end of the Second World War, upon full realization of the massive scale of the Nazi extermination programme. Genocide stands as an intolerable assault on a sense of common humanity embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other fundamental international instruments, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and the United Nations Charter. And yet, since the Second World War, the international community has proven incapable of effectively preventing the occurrence of more genocides in places like Cambodia, Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sudan. Is genocide actually preventable, or is 'ever again' a more accurate catchphrase to capture the reality of this phenomenon? The essays in this volume explore the complex nature of genocide and the relative promise of various avenues identified by the international community to attempt to put a definitive end to its occurrence. Essays focus on a conceptualization of genocide as a social and political phenomenon, on the identification of key actors (Governments, international institutions, the media, civil society, individuals), and on an exploration of the relative promise of different means to prevent genocide (criminal accountability, civil disobedience, shaming, intervention).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Provost, René

Akhavan, Payam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;7
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;About the Contributors;12
5;1 Moving From Repression to Prevention of Genocide;20
6;Part I Reconceptualizing Genocide;30
7;2 From Irish Famine to Congo Reform: Nineteenth-Century Roots of International Human Rights Law and Activism;31
7.1;2.1 Famine in Ireland, 1845–1851;33
7.2;2.2 The Congo Free State, 1885–1908;44
8;3 Darfur: Genocidal Theory and Practical Atrocities;62
8.1;3.1 The Ambiguous Definition of Genocide;63
8.2;3.2 The International Community's Impotence in Confronting the Genocide in Darfur;67
8.3;3.3 Can Atrocity Crimes such as Genocide Be Stopped, and, If So, How?;70
8.4;3.4 Conclusion;73
9;4 Sovereignty as Responsibility for the Prevention of Genocide;74
9.1;4.1 Reconciling Contradictions Within the International System;75
9.2;4.2 Anatomy of Genocide and Related Atrocities;81
9.3;4.3 The Identity Factor in Genocidal Conflicts;88
9.4;4.4 The Challenges of the Mandate on Genocide Prevention;91
9.5;4.5 Approach to the Genocide Mandate;92
9.6;4.6 Constructive Management of Diversity as a Tool for Prevention, Reaction and Rebuilding;95
10;5 Citizenship, National Identity, and Genocide;97
11;6 Incitement, Prevention and Media Rights;112
12;Part II Un/Prevented Genocide;119
13;7 Some Problems of Genocide Prevention;120
13.1;7.1 Naming Genocide;120
13.2;7.2 Rationalizing Violence;122
13.3;7.3 Prevention as a Multifaceted Endeavour;124
14;8 Preventing Genocide Through Military Intervention: Peacekeeping Troops in the "Responsibility to Protect" Era;129
14.1;8.1 Failures of UN Peacekeeping Forces;130
14.2;8.2 Applying “the Responsibility to Protect” Concept;133
14.2.1;8.2.1 Operational Principles;133
14.2.2;8.2.2 Resources;134
14.2.3;8.2.3 Unreliable Parties;135
14.2.4;8.2.4 Training;136
14.2.5;8.2.5 Media;138
14.3;8.3 Conclusion;140
15;9 Combating State-Sanctioned Incitement to Genocide: A Legal and Moral Imperative;142
15.1;9.1 Introduction: Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression;142
15.2;9.2 State-Sanctioned Incitement to Genocide in International Law;145
15.3;9.3 Iran: The Epicentre of Contemporary State-Sanctioned Incitement to Genocide;151
15.4;9.4 Evidence of Iranian Incitement;154
15.4.1;9.4.1 Delegitimization;154
15.4.2;9.4.2 Dehumanization;155
15.4.3;9.4.3 Demonization;156
15.4.4;9.4.4 Holocaust Denial;156
15.4.5;9.4.5 The False Accusation in the Mirror as Another Warrant for Genocide;156
15.4.6;9.4.6 Satanic Jews as Enemies of Humanity;157
15.4.7;9.4.7 Anti-Semitism as Prologue to and Justification for Genocide;158
15.4.8;9.4.8 Iran Has Channelled this State-Sanctioned Hate into State-Sanctioned Incitement to Genocide;158
15.5;9.5 Recourses Against Iranian Incitement;160
16;10 Facing History: Denial and the Turkish National Security Concept;162
17;11 The Role of Economic Sanctions in Deterring Serious Human Rights Violations: South Africa, Iraq and Darfur;169
17.1;11.1 Introduction;169
17.2;11.2 South Africa;170
17.3;11.3 Iraq;174
17.4;11.4 Sudan;176
17.5;11.5 Conclusion;181
18;12 Expectation of Prosecuting the Crimes of Genocide in China;183
18.1;12.1 Introduction;183
18.2;12.2 Genocide Under International Criminal Law;184
18.2.1;12.2.1 Genocide as a Crime Under Customary Law;185
18.2.2;12.2.2 Punishing Genocide as a Jus Cogens Rule;186
18.2.3;12.2.3 Universal Jurisdiction;186
18.3;12.3 Legal Framework in China;189
18.4;12.4 The Necessity and Possibility of Chinese Legislation on Genocide;190
18.4.1;12.4.1 Obligation Under the Genocide Convention;190
18.4.2;12.4.2 The Influence of the International Criminal Court;190
18.4.3;12.4.3 Influential Role of the Security Council;191
18.4.4;12.4.4 Challenge to the Principle of Pacta Tertiis Nec Nocent Nec Prosunt;193
18.4.5;12.4.5 The Principle of Complementarity;194
18.4.6;12.4.6 Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction;196
18.5;12.5 Conclusion;199
19;Part III Prevention Beyond the State;202
20;13 Not "Lambs to the Slaughter": A Program for Resistance to Genocidal Law;203
20.1;13.1 Introduction;203
20.2;13.2 International Law and Genocide Prevention;205
20.2.1;13.2.1 Reactive Bias;205
20.2.2;13.2.2 International Bias;207
20.2.3;13.2.3 Formal and Humanitarian Bias;208
20.3;13.3 The Problem with the International Prevention Paradigm;209
20.3.1;13.3.1 The Failures of International Prevention;209
20.3.2;13.3.2 Disempowerment of the ''Victim'';211
20.3.3;13.3.3 Neglect of Resistance;213
20.4;13.4 Genocide, Law and Habitual Obedience;215
20.5;13.5 Resistance to Genocide as a Normative Activity;219
20.5.1;13.5.1 Adapting to the Law;221
20.5.2;13.5.2 Challenging the Law;222
20.5.3;13.5.3 Disobeying the Law;224
20.5.4;13.5.4 Escaping the Law;226
20.5.5;13.5.5 Confronting the Law;228
20.6;13.6 Assisting Resistance: How Can the International Community Help?;229
20.6.1;13.6.1 Helping Victims Help Themselves;231
20.6.1.1;13.6.1.1 The Importance of Legitimizing;231
20.6.1.2;13.6.1.2 The Importance of Warnings;232
20.6.1.3;13.6.1.3 The Importance of Protection;233
20.6.1.4;13.6.1.4 The Importance of Assisting;233
20.6.1.5;13.6.1.5 The Importance of Giving a Voice;234
20.6.2;13.6.2 Disrupting Genocidal Law;236
20.6.2.1;13.6.2.1 The Importance of Threats;236
20.6.2.2;13.6.2.2 The Importance of Disobedience;237
20.6.2.3;13.6.2.3 The Importance of Responsibility;239
20.6.2.4;13.6.2.4 The Importance of Rehabilitation;240
20.7;13.7 Conclusion: Rescue v. Intervention?;242
21;14 Privatizing Humanitarian Intervention? Mercenaries, PMCs and the Business of Peace;246
21.1;14.1 Introduction;246
21.2;14.2 The Mercenary in History;248
21.2.1;14.2.1 The ''Mercenary'' Label in History;250
21.2.2;14.2.2 The ''Mercenary'' Label Today;255
21.3;14.3 The Normative and Legal Context: Whither Sovereignty;258
21.4;14.4 Practical Concerns: Accountability, Applicability and the Chain of Command;262
21.4.1;14.4.1 Accountability Problems;263
21.4.2;14.4.2 Legal Accountability;264
21.4.3;14.4.3 Market Accountability;266
21.5;14.5 Military Feasibility and the Chain of Command;268
21.6;14.6 Conclusion;273
22;15 Creating the Outcry: Citizen-Driven Political Will for Genocide Prevention in the US Context;276
22.1;15.1 Getting Our Hands Dirty: Advocacy Through Politics;277
22.2;15.2 Citizen-Driven Political Will;278
22.2.1;15.2.1 Communication Between Voters and Their Representatives;280
22.2.2;15.2.2 Creating Accountability: Rewarding Those Who Act and Shaming Those Who Do Not;281
22.2.3;15.2.3 Citizens Leading the Government;282
22.3;15.3 Results;283
23;16 The Role of the International Community in Assisting the International Criminal Court to Secure Justice and Accountability;285
23.1;16.1 Overview of the International Criminal Court;285
23.2;16.2 The Current Situation;287
23.2.1;16.2.1 The Democratic Republic of Congo (“DRC”);288
23.2.2;16.2.2 Central African Republic (“CAR”);289
23.2.3;16.2.3 Darfur, the Sudan;290
23.2.4;16.2.4 Uganda;291
23.3;16.3 Current Challenges: The Enforcement of Decisions and the Interdependency Between Peace and Justice;292
23.4;16.4 Conclusion;294
24;17 International Justice: From the Twilight to the Dawn? International Criminal Court Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo at McGill University;296
25;18 The Politics of Legal Accountability and Genocide Prevention;300
25.1;18.1 The Politics of Accountability;300
25.2;18.2 The Politics of Prevention;303
25.3;18.3 The Long View;307
26;19 A Psychological Investigation of Individual and Social Transformations in Post-Genocide Rwanda;309
26.1;19.1 Variation in Responses to Trauma;310
26.2;19.2 Collective Trauma and Renewed Violence;314
26.3;19.3 Individual Healing and Societal Reconciliation in Kibungo Province;315
26.4;19.4 Predictors of Post-Traumatic Growth;316
26.5;19.5 Discussion;317
26.6;19.6 Individual Growth and Societal Reconciliation;318
26.7;19.7 Discussion;318
26.8;19.8 Conclusion;320
27;20 Creating the Essential Middle Ground: Using Media to Enhance Tolerance and Co-Habitation in Africa;322
27.1;20.1 Introduction;322
27.2;20.2 Media and Extremism;323
27.3;20.3 Beholden;325
27.4;20.4 The Alternative;329
27.5;20.5 Conclusion: Potential Obstacles;332
28;References;335
29;Index;357