Rubinsky Irreversible Electroporation

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-05420-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 313 Seiten

Reihe: Series in Biomedical Engineering

Non-thermal irreversible electroporation is a new minimally invasive surgical p- cedure with unique molecular selectivity attributes – in fact it may be considered the first clinical molecular surgery procedure. Non-thermal irreversible electro- ration is a molecular selective mode of cell ablation that employs brief electrical fields to produce nanoscale defects in the cell membrane, which can lead to cell death, without an effect on any of the other tissue molecules. The electrical fields can be produced through contact by insertion of electrode needles around the undesirable tissue and non-invasively by electromagnetic induction. This new - dition to the medical armamentarium requires the active involvement and is of interest to clinical physicians, medical researchers, mechanical engineers, che- cal engineers, electrical engineers, instrumentation designers, medical companies and many other fields and disciplines that were never exposed in their training to irreversible electroporation or to a similar concept. This edited book is designed to be a comprehensive introduction to the field of irreversible electroporation to those that were not exposed or trained in the field before and can also serve as a reference manual. Irreversible electroporation is broad and interdisciplinary. Therefore, we have made an attempt to cover every one of the various aspects of the field from an introductory basic level to state of the art.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rubinsky, Boris

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;2
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;12
4;Historical Review of Irreversible Electroporation in Medicine;14
4.1;Introduction;14
4.2;The 18^{th} and 19^{th} Centuries;15
4.3;First Half of the 20^{th} Century;16
4.4;1950 to 1970;18
4.5;1970 to 1990;20
4.6;1990 to 2000;23
4.7;2000 to 2008;25
4.8;References;28
5;Tissue Electroporation as a Bioelectric Phenomenon: Basic Concepts;35
5.1;Introduction;35
5.2;Overview of Basic Electricity Concepts;37
5.3;Cells and Tissues in Electrical Terms;43
5.4;Electroporation Threshold;47
5.5;Time Course of Currents and Electric Fields during Electroporation Pulses;54
5.6;Conductivity Changes Induced by Electroporation;61
5.7;Effect of Electroporation on Other Bioelectric Phenomena;65
5.8;References;67
6;Experimental Studies on Irreversible Electroporation of Cells;74
6.1;Introduction;74
6.2;Pore Formation;75
6.3;Resealing Process;80
6.4;Factors That Affect the Uptake, Efficiency and Viability of the Cells;82
6.5;Changes in the Cell Caused by Electroporation;87
6.6;Irreversible Electroporation Studies in Mammalian Cells;89
6.7;Discussion;90
6.8;References;90
7;Mechanism of Irreversible Electroporation in Cells: Insight from the Models;95
7.1;Introduction;95
7.2;Background: IRE in Planar Membranes;96
7.2.1;$Experimental Observations$;96
7.2.2;$Theory of Electroporation in Planar Membranes: Pore Energy$;97
7.2.3;$Mechanism of Membrane Rupture$;99
7.2.4;$Revised Effect of the Transmembrane Potential on Pore Energy$;100
7.2.5;$Dynamics of Membrane Rupture$;101
7.3;IRE in Cells under Voltage-Clamp Conditions;102
7.4;IRE in Cells in External Electric Field;103
7.4.1;$Transmembrane Potential and Pore Creation$;103
7.4.2;$Cell Deformation by the Field$;107
7.4.3;$Effect of Pores on Membrane Tension$;109
7.4.4;$Postshock Pore Shrinkage and Coarsening$;112
7.4.5;$Membrane Tension-Induced Leakage through Pores$;115
7.4.6;$Change in Ionic Concentrations and Colloidal-Osmotic Swelling$;117
7.4.7;$Other Processes Affecting Irreversibility of Electroporation$;119
7.5;Possible Mechanisms of Cell Death during IRE;122
7.6;Parameters of the Model;125
7.7;References;126
8;Thermal Aspects of Irreversible Electroporation;133
8.1;Introduction;133
8.2;Effects of Electroporation Fields;134
8.2.1;$Transmembrane Potential$;134
8.2.2;$Electric Field Threshold$;136
8.2.3;$Properties Change during Electroporation$;136
8.2.4;$Joule Heating$;138
8.2.5;$Thermal Regimes$;139
8.3;Determining the Temperature Distribution;139
8.3.1;$Derivation of Heat Diffusion Equation from 1^{st} Principles$;139
8.3.2;$Bioheat Equation$;141
8.3.3;$Bioheat Equation Transformation$;141
8.3.4;$Non-dimensionalized Form of the Bioheat Equation$;142
8.4;Modeling for Treatment Planning;143
8.4.1;$Models$;143
8.4.2;$Accuracy of 2D versus 3D$;144
8.4.3;$Boundary Conditions$;144
8.4.4;$Cell Constants$;146
8.4.5;$Heat Dissipation$;148
8.4.6;$Geometrical Considerations$;150
8.5;Special Considerations When Modeling Tissues;153
8.5.1;$Tissue Heterogeneity$;153
8.5.2;$Temperature Dependent Properties$;156
8.6;Assessing Thermal Effects;157
8.6.1;$Damage Equation$;157
8.6.2;$Analytical Model$;158
8.6.3;$Analytical Results$;159
8.6.4;$Equivalent Thermal Dose Equation$;160
8.7;Conclusion;161
8.8;References;161
9;Experimental Studies on Non-thermal Irreversible Electroporation in Tissue;165
9.1;Introduction;165
9.2;NTIRE of the Liver;165
9.3;NTIRE of the Prostate;177
9.4;NTIRE of the Heart and the Cardiovascular System;179
9.5;NTIRE in the Treatment of Tumors;185
9.6;Summary of Experimental Studies;189
9.7;References;190
10;Finite Element Modeling of in Vivo Electroporation;192
10.1;Introduction;192
10.2;Which Modeling Method to Use?;193
10.3;Finite Element Method;194
10.4;Geometrical Considerations;194
10.5;Physical Considerations;197
10.6;Biological Tissues;200
10.7;Model Verification and Validation;206
10.8;Summary;207
10.9;References;208
11;Optimization and Numerical Modeling in Irreversible Electroporation Treatment Planning;212
11.1;Introduction;212
11.2;A Brief Overview of Irreversible Electroporation Basics;213
11.3;Radiation Therapy vs. Irreversible Electroporation Procedure;214
11.3.1;Medical Imaging;215
11.3.2;Delineation of Clinical Volumes and Definition of Dose Constraints;216
11.3.3;Tissue Properties;217
11.3.4;Dose Calculation Algorithms;217
11.3.5;Multiphysics (Applicable to Irreversible Electroporation Only);218
11.3.6;Forward and Inverse Treatment Planning Procedure;218
11.4;Tumor Ablation with Irreversible Electroporation Treatment Planning Examples;220
11.5;Conclusions;225
11.6;References;227
12;The Place of the Electroporation-Based Antitumor Therapies in the Electrical Armamentarium against Cancer;232
12.1;Introduction: Reversible and Irreversible « Electroporation »;232
12.2;Antitumor Treatments Based on the Delivery of Electricity;233
12.2.1;$Worldwide Current Technologies$;234
12.2.2;$Technologies Used in the Clinical Practice in Various Parts of the World$;234
12.2.3;$Experimental Approaches$;235
12.3;Electrochemotherapy;235
12.3.1;$The Electrochemotherapy Concept$;235
12.3.2;$ases of the Electrochemotherapy$;236
12.3.3;$Electrochemotherapy in the Clinics$;237
12.4;The Complementarities of Electrochemotherapy and IRE Approaches;238
12.5;Conclusion;239
12.6;References;239
13;Irreversible Electroporation: First Patient Experience Focal Therapy of Prostate Cancer;243
13.1;Introduction;243
13.2;Methods;244
13.3;Results;246
13.4;Discussion;249
13.5;References;253
14;Human Experience with Irreversible Electroporation;256
14.1;Illustrations;259
15;Irreversible Electroporation Systems for Clinical Use;262
15.1;Introduction;262
15.2;General Safety Remarks;263
15.3;General Device Structure;264
15.4;Design Issues;267
15.4.1;$Pulse Generation$;267
15.4.2;$Pulse Transformer$;268
15.4.3;$High Voltage Generator$;270
15.4.4;$Speed Issue$;272
15.4.5;$Variable Load$;272
15.4.6;$Size Issue$;274
15.5;Software Architecture;274
15.5.1;$The Graphical User Interface$;274
15.5.2;$Power Unit Control$;276
15.5.3;$Regulation and Standards$;277
15.6;Conclusions;278
15.7;References;278
16;The Use of Irreversible Electroporation in Food Preservation;280
16.1;The Need for Food Preservation;280
16.2;Major Preservation Technologies;281
16.3;Safety and Quality Loss;283
16.4;Modern Need and Customer Demand;283
16.5;Introduction to Irreversible Electroporation Theory and Applications;284
16.6;Applications of Irreversible Electroporation in Food Industry;286
16.6.1;$Technology$;286
16.6.2;$Process Factors$;287
16.6.3;$Influence of a Kind of Microbial Contamination$;289
16.6.4;$Product Parameters$;292
16.7;Hurdle Technology Implementation of IRE in Food Treatment;296
16.8;IRE and Temperature Combination;297
16.9;Combination of IRE and Microbial Agents;297
16.9.1;$Combination of IRE and High Pressure CO_{2}$;298
16.9.2;$IRE and High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP)$;298
16.9.3;$Ultrasound and IRE Combination$;299
16.9.4;$Ultraviolet Irradiation and IRE Combination$;299
16.10;Examples of Product Treatment;300
16.10.1;$Water$;300
16.10.2;$Beer and Wine$;300
16.10.3;$Grape Juice$;301
16.10.4;$Apple Juice$;301
16.10.5;$Orange Juice$;302
16.10.6;$Tomato Juice$;303
16.10.7;$Milk$;303
16.10.8;$Yakju (Rice Wine)$;305
16.10.9;$Egg Processing$;305
16.10.10;$Green Tea$;306
16.10.11;$Green Pea Soup$;306
16.10.12;$Sour Cherry Juice, Peach and Apricot Nectars$;307
16.11;Future Research Needs;307
16.12;References;307
17;Author Index;320