Skjerve / Bye Simulator-based Human Factors Studies Across 25 Years

The History of the Halden Man-Machine Laboratory
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-85729-003-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

The Halden Man-Machine Laboratory (HAMMLAB) has been at the heart of human factors research at the OECD Halden Reactor Project (HRP). The HRP is sponsored by a group of national organizations, representing nuclear power plant regulators, utilities, and research institutions. The HRP is hosted by the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) in Halden, Norway. HAMMLAB comprises three full-scale nuclear power plant control room research simulators. The simulator studies performed in HAMMLAB have traditionally been experimental in nature. In a simulator it is possible to study events as they unfold in real time, in a highly realistic operational environment under partially controlled conditions. This means that a wide range of human factors issues, which would be impossible or highly impracticable to study in real-life settings, can thus be addressed in HAMMLAB. Simulator-based Human Factors Studies Across 25 Years celebrates the twenty-fifth anniversary of HAMMLAB by reviewing the human factors studies performed in HAMMLAB across this time-span. A range of human factors issues have been addressed, including: • human-system interfaces; • alarm systems; • computerized procedures; • human-automation interaction; • staffing, teamwork and human reliability. The aim of HAMMLAB studies has always been the same: to generate knowledge for solving current and future challenges in nuclear power plant operation to contribute to safety. The outcomes of HAMMLAB studies have been used to support design and assessment of nuclear power plant control rooms.

Ann Britt Skjerve holds a Bachelor of Art (Psychology), Master of Art (Psychology) and a PhD (Psychology) from the Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She joined the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) in 1997, and currently holds positions as Principal Scientist and Deputy Division Head in the Industrial Psychology Division. Ann Britt has been working with a broad range of applied human factors issues within the domains of nuclear power plant operation, train traffic control and petroleum production, both in terms of laboratory-based studies and in consultancy settings. Her main research interests include human-automation interaction, facilitating team performance, teamwork training of distributed teams, and usability assessments. Andreas Bye holds an MSc in Engineering Cybernetics from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. He joined the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) in 1989, where he is currently Head of the Industrial Psychology Department. Until 2001, he worked in the Computerized Operation Support Systems Department at IFE on topics including alarm systems and function allocation. His current professional interests include human and organizational factors for industrial safety, human reliability, and the use of empirical human performance data to support probabilistic safety assessment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bye, Andreas

Skjerve, Ann Britt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Editors’ Preface;7
3;Contents;13
4;List of Abbreviations;16
5;Introduction;20
5.1;The Use of Simulators in Human Factors Studies Within the Nuclear Industry;21
5.1.1;1.1 The Emergence of Simulators in Nuclear Power;21
5.1.2;1.2 The Need for Simulator Research;23
5.1.3;1.3 The Complementary Nature of Training and Research Simulators;25
5.1.4;1.4 Discussion;28
5.1.5;References;29
5.2;The History of HAMMLAB;31
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;32
5.2.2;2.2 What Were the Drivers to Build the HAMMLAB Facility?;36
5.2.3;2.3 HRP Research as a Consequence of TMI;37
5.2.4;2.4 HAMMLAB: First Generation (1983–1990) ;38
5.2.5;2.5 HAMMLAB: Second Generation-I (1991–1995) ;42
5.2.6;2.6 HAMMLAB: Second Generation-II (1995–2000) ;44
5.2.7;2.7 HAMMLAB: Second Generation-III (2001–2004) ;46
5.2.8;2.8 HAMMLAB: Third Generation (2004–2008) ;48
5.2.9;2.9 Lessons Learned Reports;52
5.2.10;2.10 HAMMLAB Experiments and Lessons Learned Reports;52
5.2.11;References;55
6;Perspectives on Simulator Studies;61
6.1;The Purpose of HAMMLAB and the Theoretical Basis for Experimental Research;62
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction, the Purpose of HAMMLAB;62
6.1.2;3.2 Traditions in the Philosophy of Science;65
6.1.3;3.3 Approaches to Causal Explanation;66
6.1.4;3.4 Experimental Validity;68
6.1.5;3.5 A Way Forward;69
6.1.6;3.6 Conclusion;72
6.1.7;References;72
6.2;Methodological Challenges in HAMMLAB;74
6.2.1;4.1 Introduction;74
6.2.2;4.2 Experimental Design;76
6.2.3;4.3 Human Performance Measurement;81
6.2.4;4.4 Conclusion;85
6.2.5;References;89
6.3;Simulator Studies: The Next Best Thing?;92
6.3.1;5.1 Introduction;92
6.3.2;5.2 The Simulated Worlds;97
6.3.3;5.3 The Changing World of Human–Machine Systems;98
6.3.4;5.4 Synthesis;105
6.3.5;References;106
6.4;Human Performance and Plant Safety Performance;108
6.4.1;6.1 Introduction;108
6.4.2;6.2 Human Performance and Plant Safety;109
6.4.3;6.3 Changing Plant Technology;115
6.4.4;6.4 Evaluation of New HSI;119
6.4.5;6.5 Conclusions;122
6.4.6;References;122
7;Simulator Studies in HAMMLAB: Early Studies;124
7.1;More than 40 Years of Operator- Process- Communication Research;125
7.1.1;7.1 The Beginning;125
7.1.2;7.2 The OPCOM Project ;126
7.1.3;7.3 Between OPCOM and HAMMLAB: Control Room Research with the STUDS Simulator ;135
7.1.4;7.4 Concluding Remarks;139
7.1.5;References;140
7.2;Experiments with Conventional and Advanced Modes of Instrumentation in HAMMLAB;141
7.2.1;8.1 Introduction;141
7.2.2;8.2 Definitions;144
7.2.3;8.3 The Experimental Programme;145
7.2.4;8.4 Experiment 1 ;146
7.2.5;8.5 Experiment Series 2;149
7.2.6;8.6 Experiment 3;150
7.2.7;8.7 Conclusions;151
7.2.8;References;153
7.3;The Advanced Control Room Project ISACS;154
7.3.1;9.1 Introduction;154
7.3.2;9.2 Background;155
7.3.3;9.3 General Approach;156
7.3.4;9.4 The ISACS Concept;156
7.3.5;9.5 The Development of ISACS-1;158
7.3.6;9.6 Evaluation of ISACS-1;163
7.3.7;9.7 Upgrading of ISACS-1;164
7.3.8;9.8 Lessons Learned from the ISACS Project;164
7.3.9;References;165
8;Simulator Studies in HAMMLAB: Recent Studies;167
8.1;Alarm Systems;168
8.1.1;10.1 Introduction;168
8.1.2;10.2 Handling Alarms with Logics—HALO System;169
8.1.3;10.3 Critical Function Monitoring System—CFMS;170
8.1.4;10.4 Success Path Monitoring System—SPMS;171
8.1.5;10.5 Computerised Alarm System Toolbox—COAST;171
8.1.6;10.6 Computerized Alarm System for HAMMLAB—CASH;172
8.1.7;10.7 HAMMLAB Boiling Water Reactor Alarm System— HAMBO;173
8.1.8;10.8 An MFM Based Alarm System;176
8.1.9;10.9 An Example of Retrospective Use of HAMMLAB Data for Alarm Analyses;177
8.1.10;10.10 Summary;178
8.1.11;References;179
8.2;Information Display Design: Three Attempts at Superseding the Traditional Process Mimic Display;181
8.2.1;11.1 Introduction;181
8.2.2;11.2 Task-Based Displays;183
8.2.3;11.3 Ecological Displays;186
8.2.4;11.4 Function-Oriented Displays;188
8.2.5;11.5 Conclusion;191
8.2.6;References;192
8.3;Staffing Levels: Methods for Assessing Requirements;193
8.3.1;12.1 Introduction;193
8.3.2;12.2 Techniques for Assessing Staffing Requirements;194
8.3.3;12.3 Case Study 1: Experimental Evaluation - The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staffing Research;195
8.3.4;12.4 Case Study 2: Human Performance Modeling - The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staffing Research;203
8.3.5;12.5 Implications;207
8.3.6;References;207
8.4;Computerized Procedures;209
8.4.1;13.1 Introduction;209
8.4.2;13.2 Evolution of Procedure Implementation Tools;210
8.4.3;13.3 Studies in HAMMLAB Relating to Computerized Procedures;211
8.4.4;13.4 The COPMA-III Procedure Automation Study;214
8.4.5;13.5 HAMMLAB Studies Involving Task Based Displays;219
8.4.6;13.6 Experiments in Korea Relating to Computerized Procedures;221
8.4.7;13.7 What have we Learned from the HRP Studies on Computerized Procedures?;224
8.4.8;13.8 Computerized Procedures and Future Research;224
8.4.9;References;225
8.5;Can Human Operators and High-Level Automatic Systems Work Together?;227
8.5.1;14.1 Introduction;227
8.5.2;14.2 Handling of Minor Disturbance Situations: Misplaced Trust and Faulty Assessment of Performance Effectiveness;230
8.5.3;14.3 Increased Observability of the Automatic System’s Performance: Increased Operator Satisfaction and Performance Effectiveness;233
8.5.4;14.4 A Potential Future Scenario for Human-Automation Interactions: the Automatic System Cannot Replace a Co- Located Human Colleague;237
8.5.5;14.5 Lessons Learned;240
8.5.6;References;241
8.6;Task Complexity: What Challenges the Crew and How Do They Cope;244
8.6.1;15.1 Introduction;244
8.6.2;15.2 Task Complexity and Identification of Complexity ‘‘ Factors’’;246
8.6.3;15.3 Complex Scenarios and Crew Operation ;249
8.6.4;15.4 Summary and Discussion;257
8.6.5;References;261
8.7;International HRA Empirical Study, Overall Methodology and HAMMLAB Results;263
8.7.1;16.1 Introduction;263
8.7.2;16.2 Overview of Study Design ;264
8.7.3;16.3 HAMMLAB Data and Integration ;268
8.7.4;16.4 HAMMLAB Results;273
8.7.5;16.5 Conclusions;276
8.7.6;References;278
8.8;Work Practices and Cooperation in a Near Future and Far Future Operational Environment;280
8.8.1;17.1 Introduction;280
8.8.2;17.2 Near Future Operational Environments;282
8.8.3;17.3 Far Future Operational Environments;288
8.8.4;17.4 Conclusion: Future Research Needs;292
8.8.5;References;294
8.9;Augmented and Virtual Reality Research in Halden 1998– 2008;296
8.9.1;18.1 Introduction;296
8.9.2;18.2 Background;297
8.9.3;18.3 Establishing VR as a Halden Project Research Topic;297
8.9.4;18.4 Research Activities 1998–2001 ;298
8.9.5;18.5 The Second VR Workshop;303
8.9.6;18.6 Research Activities 2001–2005 ;303
8.9.7;18.7 The VR Laboratories;306
8.9.8;18.8 The 2005 VR Workshop;307
8.9.9;18.9 Recent Research Activities;308
8.9.10;18.10 Conclusions;309
8.9.11;References;310
9;Outlook;312
9.1;Knowledge Transfer to Industry from HAMMLAB Related Research Activities;313
9.1.1;19.1 Pre-HAMMLAB Period (1967–1983);314
9.1.2;19.2 HAMMLAB 1983–1990;315
9.1.3;19.3 HAMMLAB 1991–2000;318
9.1.4;19.4 HAMMLAB 2001–2008;321
9.1.5;19.5 Development of User Interface Management Systems;326
9.1.6;19.6 Conclusions and Further Prospects;330
9.1.7;References;331
9.2;Human Performance Research and Its Uses to Inform Human Reliability Analysis;335
9.2.1;20.1 Background;335
9.2.2;20.2 A Role for Halden in Human Reliability Research ;337
9.2.3;References;346
9.3;Studies for the Future;347
9.3.1;21.1 Introduction;347
9.3.2;21.2 Trends in Nuclear Power Plant Development;348
9.3.3;21.3 Future Research Topics;349
9.3.4;21.4 Future Research Approaches;356
9.3.5;21.5 HAMMLAB: Technical Requirements in the Future ;360
9.3.6;21.6 HAMMLAB: Staff Requirements;363
9.3.7;21.7 Conclusion;365
9.3.8;References;366
10;Index;367