Stec / Hull Fire Toxicity

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84569-807-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 728 Seiten

Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years.Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires.The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry. - Investigates the controversial subject of toxic effluents as the cause of the majority of fire deaths and injuries - Describes the different types of toxic effluents and the specific fires that they produce, their physiological effects and methods for generation - Provides an overview of national and international fire safety regulations including current and proposed regulations such as a standardized framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stec, A A

Hull, T R

Leseproben

List of abbreviations and standards

Abbreviations

AAIB Air Accident Investigation Branch (UK Department of Transport)

AAS atomic adsorption spectroscopy

ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer

ADP adenosine diphosphate

AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Levels of Hazardous Substances

AMP adenosine monophosphate

ANSI American National Standards Institute

APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

APP ammonium polyphosphate

APS aerodynamic particle sizer

ASET available safe escape time

AT apnoea time

ATH hydrated aluminium oxide or aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3

ATP adenosine triphosphate

ATPS ambient temperature and pressure, saturated

BAL bronchoalveolar lavage

BSI British Standards Institution

BSL Building Standards Law (Japan)

CAAT Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (Johns Hopkins University)

CAIPE chloroformic acid isopropylester

C6F-ketone dodecafluoro-2-methylpentane-3-one

CEN European Committee for Standardization

CENELEC European Electrotechnical Committee for Standardization

CFAST The Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (a multizone model produced by NIST)

CFD computational fluid dynamics

CFK Coburn Forster Kane equation

CO carbon monoxide

CO2 carbon dioxide

COCl2 phosgene

COF2 carbonyl fluoride

COHb carboxyhaemoglobin

CPU central processing unit

CS -chlorobenzylidene malonitrile

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

DBA di--butylamine

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

DLCO limiting value for uptake of carbon monoxide

DLPI Dekati low pressure impactor

DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide

DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine

DNS direct numerical solution/simulation

DTGS deuterated triglycine sulphate (FTIR detector)

EC electron capture

ECG electrocardiogram

EDIT Evaluation-guided Development and new Tests

EELs emergency exposure limits

EEPS engine exhaust particle sizer

ELPI electrical low pressure impactor

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (US)

EPFM Eulerian particle flamelet model

ER endoplasmic reticulum

ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

ESTIV European Society of Toxicology

ET expiratory time

ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer

EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer

EVCAM European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods

(phi) equivalence ratio

FAA Federal Aviation Administration (US)

FAI Fatal Accident Inquiry

FAR Federal Aviation Regulations (US global)

FDF filtered density function

FDM finite differences method

FDS Fire Dynamics Simulator

FEC fractional effective concentration

FECsmoke fractional effective concentration of smoke

FED fractional effective dose

FEM finite element method

FIC fractional irritant concentration

FID flame ionisation detector

FLD fractional lethal dose

FPD flame photometric detector

FPV flamelet/progress variable

FR fire retardant (sometimes flame retardant)

FRAME Fund for Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments

FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FTP Code Fire Test Procedures Code (IMO)

FVM finite volume method

GC gas chromatography

GC-MS gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry

GER global equivalence ratio (g)

GFRP glass fibre reinforced polyester composite

GRP glass reinforced polyester

GSH glutathione

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

Halon 1301 bromotrifluoromethane

HBr hydrogen bromide

HCl hydrogen chloride

HCN hydrogen cyanide

HF hydrogen fluoride

HFC 125 pentafluoroethane

HFC 227ea heptafluoropropane

HGV heavy goods vehicle

HNCO isocyanic acid

HPC high performance computing

HPIC high performance ion chromatography

HPLC high performance liquid chromatography

HRR heat release rate

IC50 irritant (or inhibitory) concentration affecting 50% of the population

ICCVAM Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods

IDLH immediately dangerous to life or health

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IL-8 interleukin 8

IMO International Maritime Organisation

IPL isolated perfused lung

ISE ion-specific electrodes

ISO International Organization for Standarization

IT inspiratory time

IVTS Toxicology Society

KB kenacid blue

KCN potassium cyanide

LC liquid chromatography

LC50 lethal concentration affecting 50% of the population (often referring to the concentration causing death of 50% of the test population during or after a 30 min exposure)

LCt50 median lethal concentration per minute which is the product of the concentration of a toxic component and the exposure time causing lethality in 50% of test animals

LDH lactate dehydrogenase

LDPE low density polyethylene

LEM linear eddy modelling

LER local equivalence ratio

LES large eddy simulation

LFM Lagrangian flamelet model

LoD limits of detection

LoQ limits of quantification

MCT mercury–cadmium–telluride (FTIR detector)

MDF medium density fibreboard

MDI methylene diphenyl...