Steinfield / Pentland / Ackerman Communities and Technologies 2007

Proceedings of the Third Communities and Technologies Conference, Michigan State University 2007
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84628-905-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 565 Seiten

This book covers the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and communities - both physical and virtual. Community technology applications are studied in many contexts. The book demonstrates the dynamic and interdisciplinary nature of evolving communities and technologies scholarship.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Steinfield, Charles

Ackerman, Mark

Contractor, Noshir

Pentland, Brian T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;C&T 2007 Sponsors;5
2;C&T 2007 Conference and Program Committees;6
3;From the Conference Chairs;8
4;Table of Contents
;10
5;Everything in Moderation: The Effects of Adult Moderators in Online Youth Communities
;13
5.1;1. Introduction;13
5.2;2. Background;14
5.2.1;2.1 Adults in Youth Communities;15
5.2.2;2.2 Youth in Youth Communities;17
5.2.3;2.3 Moderation in Online Communities;18
5.2.4;2.4 Moderation in Junior Summit;19
5.3;3. METHODS;20
5.3.1;3.1 Participants;20
5.3.2;3.2 Procedure;20
5.3.2.1;Content Analysis;20
5.3.2.2;Social Network Analysis;21
5.3.3;3.3 Measures;21
5.4;4. Results;23
5.4.1;4.1 Participation Levels;23
5.4.2;4.2 Interconnectedness;24
5.4.3;4.3 Polite and Task-Oriented Language;26
5.5;5. Discussion and Conclusion;27
5.6;6. Acknowledgements;30
5.7;7. References;31
6;Introductions and Requests: Rhetorical Strategies That Elicit Response in Online Communities
;33
6.1;1. Introduction;33
6.1.1;1.1 Conversation Is Critical to Success;33
6.2;2. Factors That Increase Likelihood of Reply;34
6.2.1;2.1 Introductions;35
6.2.2;2.2 Requests;36
6.2.3;2.3 Limitations of Previous Work;36
6.3;3. Study 1: Correlational Analysis of 41,000 Usenet Messages
;37
6.3.1;3.1 Data Collection;37
6.3.2;3.2 Measures;38
6.3.2.1;Dependent Variable;38
6.3.2.2;Independent Variables: Rhetorical Strategies;38
6.3.2.3;Controls;39
6.3.3;3.3 Results and Discussion;39
6.4;4. Study 2: Introduction Manipulations;42
6.4.1;4.1 Method;42
6.4.2;4.2 ReSUlts and Discussion;44
6.5;5. Study 3: Introduction and Question Manipulations;45
6.5.1;5.1 Results and Discussion;46
6.6;6. General Discussion;48
6.6.1;6.1 Limitations and Directions for Future Work;49
6.7;7. Conclusion;49
6.8;8. Acknowledgments;49
6.9;9. References;50
7;Rhythms of Social Interaction: Messaging Within a Massive Online Network
;52
7.1;1. Introduction;52
7.1.1;1.1 Social Networks and the Internet;53
7.1.2;1.2 Facebook;54
7.1.3;1.3 Messaging and Poking in Facebook;55
7.1.4;1.4 Messaging and Poking as Proxies for Online Social Activity;56
7.1.5;1.5 Time Spent Communicating Online;57
7.2;2. Data;58
7.3;3. Results;59
7.3.1;3.1 Who is a Friend?;59
7.3.2;3.2 School Ties;60
7.3.3;3.3 Reciprocity;62
7.3.4;3.4 Temporal Rhythms;63
7.3.5;3.5 School and Friend Ties Over Time;66
7.3.6;3.6 Seasonal Variation;67
7.3.7;3.7 Variation by School: Clustering Effect;69
7.4;4. Conclusion;72
7.5;5. References;73
7.6;6. Appendices;74
8;A Noun Phrase Analysis Tool for Mining Online Community Conversations
;78
8.1;1. Introduction;78
8.2;2. Noun-Phrase Extraction Method;80
8.3;3. Corpus;81
8.3.1;3.1 Permissions;82
8.4;4. Data Processing;82
8.4.1;4.1 Noun Phrase Extractor;83
8.5;5. The Application Environment;85
8.6;6. Analyzing Word Use and the Online Community;86
8.6.1;6.1 Important Topics: Databases, Books;89
8.6.2;6.2 Community Style: Don'tThink, Don't Know, Don't Have;90
8.6.3;6.3 Community Interaction and Support: Agree/Disagree, Thanks
;91
8.6.4;6.4 CMC language;92
8.7;7. Future work;93
8.8;8. Conclusion;95
8.9;9. References;95
9;Reflections and Reactions to Social Accounting Meta-Data
;98
9.1;1. Introduction;98
9.2;2. Data and Methods;101
9.3;3. Analysis and Results;102
9.4;4. Discussion;110
9.4.1;4.1 Reputation and Community;110
9.4.2;4.2 Identity: The Self and Others;114
9.5;5. Conclusion;115
9.6;6. References;116
10;Modes of Social Science Engagement in Community Infrastructure Design
;118
10.1;1. Introduction;118
10.2;2. Cases, Methods and Intervention
;120
10.3;3. Four Elements Influencing the Mode of Engagement;122
10.3.1;3.1 State of the Infrastructure Project;123
10.3.2;3.2 Organization of Social Science Engagement;125
10.4;4. Three Distinct Cases - Three Distinct Modes of Engagement
;126
10.4.1;4.1 GEON - The Geosciences Network;126
10.4.2;4.2 LTER- Long Term Ecological Research;128
10.4.3;4.3 01 - Ocean Informatics;130
10.5;5. Discussion: Modes of Engagement;132
10.5.1;5.1 Examples of Participation Types;134
10.6;6. Conclusion;138
10.7;7. Acknowledgements;139
10.8;8. References;140
11;Workplace Connectors as Facilitators for Work;142
11.1;1. Introduction;142
11.2;2. Moving beyond communities of practice in the workplace
;143
11.3;3. The Field Site;145
11.4;4. Coding Interactions;147
11.5;5. Criteria for Community Membership;148
11.6;6. Results;149
11.6.1;6.1 Connectors in the Workplace;149
11.6.2;6.2 Switching Interactions in the Workplace;154
11.7;7. Discussion;156
11.7.1;7.1 Formal and Informal Connectors;157
11.7.2;7.2 Connectors as a Unit of Analysis;157
11.8;8. Conclusions and Future Work;159
11.9;9. References;160
12;Online and Offline Integration in Virtual Communities of Patients - an Empirical Analysis
;162
12.1;1. Introduction and motivation;162
12.2;2. Health care and Virtual communities of patients;163
12.2.1;2.1 Self-help organizations and self-help groups of patients;163
12.2.2;2.2 Online health communities;164
12.2.3;2.3 Virtual communities;165
12.3;3. Connecting Online and Offline;165
12.3.1;3.1 Influence factors and e-services within VCHC;167
12.4;4. Research method;168
12.5;5. Demographic characteristics;169
12.6;6. Summary;177
12.7;7. Discussion;178
12.8;8. Acknowledgments;180
12.9;9. References;180
13;Life in the Times of Whypox: A Virtual Epidemic as a Community Event
;182
13.1;1. Introduction;182
13.2;2. Background;183
13.3;3. Methods;185
13.4;4. Life in Whyville before Whypox;186
13.5;5. Arrival of Whypox in Community;188
13.6;6. Life after Whypox;195
13.7;7. Discussion;196
13.7.1;7.1 Designing Community Events;197
13.7.2;7.2 Educational Applications of Community Events;198
13.8;8. Acknowledgments;199
13.9;9. References;200
14;Communities of Practice in MMORPGs: An Entry Point into Addiction?
;202
14.1;1. Introduction;202
14.2;2. MMORPG as Supporting Tools for Communities of Practice - A Theoretical Approach
;203
14.3;3. Communities of Practice in World of Warcraft - An Empirical Study
;206
14.4;4. Playtime of World of Warcraft Players and Perception of Community
;211
14.5;5. Heavy Useor Addiction - A Normative Question?
;213
14.6;6. Addiction in World of Warcraft - An Empirical Study;214
14.7;7. Conclusion;217
14.8;8. References;218
15;Factors Affecting User Participation in Video UCC(User-Created Contents) Services
;220
15.1;1. Introduction;220
15.2;2. Overview of Video UCC;221
15.3;3. Theories and Research hypotheses;223
15.3.1;3.1 Intrinsic Motivation;223
15.3.2;3.2 Extrinsic motivation (Perceived Usefulness);224
15.3.3;3.3 Perceived Easeof Participation;225
15.3.4;3.4 Perceived Trust;225
15.4;4. Samples and Data Collection;226
15.5;5. Data analysis and result;228
15.5.1;5.1 Reliability and Validity Test;228
15.5.2;5.2 Overall Model Fit;230
15.5.3;5.3 Results and Implications;230
15.6;6. Conclusions;233
15.7;7. Acknowledgements;233
15.8;8. References;234
16;ASocio-Technical Approach for Topic Community Member Selection
;236
16.1;1. Introduction;236
16.2;2. A Socio-Technical Approach for Topic Community Member Selection
;237
16.3;3. The Analysis of Digital Traces in Weblog Communities;240
16.4;4. Case: Selecting Potential Members of a Topic Community on Ice Cap Melting
;242
16.4.1;4.1 Scenario: Developing a Topic Community on Ice Cap Melting
;242
16.4.2;4.2 Applying the Socio-Technical Approach;243
16.5;5. Discussion;250
16.6;6. Conclusion;253
16.7;7. References;254
17;Tracking Online Collaborative Work as Representational Practice: Analysis and Tool
;256
17.1;1. Introduction;256
17.2;2. Background;257
17.3;3. Wiki Technology;259
17.3.1;3.1 Revision History: Tracking Page Edits;260
17.3.2;3.2 Analyzing the Revision History;260
17.4;4. WikiPlayer;261
17.4.1;4.1 UserInterface;262
17.4.2;4.2 Extending the WikiPlayer;263
17.5;5. Experiment: Data on Online Collaboration;263
17.6;6. Representational Work;264
17.6.1;6.1 Representational Information Transfer (Mapping);265
17.6.2;6.2 Representational Task Management;266
17.6.3;6.3 Representational Task Organization;266
17.6.4;6.4 Organization of the Representational System;267
17.7;7. A Quantitative Measure;267
17.8;8. Results;269
17.8.1;8.1 Teams That Finished;269
17.8.2;8.2 Ineffective Teams;271
17.8.3;8.3 Hierarchical Clustering;272
17.9;9. Future Work;273
17.10;10. Conclusions;273
17.11;11. References;274
18;Implicit Many-ta-One Communication in Online Communities
;276
18.1;1. Introduction;276
18.2;2. The BBC Framework;279
18.3;3. Business Issues in Online Communities;283
18.4;4. References;284
19;Sharing Wireless Internet in Urban Neighbourhoods
;286
19.1;1. Introduction;286
19.2;2. Wireless Internet and Community Networking;288
19.3;3. Attitudes Towards Sharing and Wireless;289
19.4;4. Methodology and Findings;290
19.4.1;4.1 Radio Surveys;290
19.4.2;4.2 Questionnaires and Interviews;291
19.5;5. Discussion;297
19.5.1;5.1 Infrastructure Deployment;297
19.5.2;5.2 Local Ad HocSharing;298
19.5.3;5.3 Opportunities for Sharing;300
19.6;6. Conclusion;302
19.7;7. Acknowledgments;303
19.8;8. References;303
20;CommunityNetSimulator: Using Simulations to Study Online Community Networks
;306
20.1;1. Introduction;306
20.2;2. Social Networks in Online Communities;307
20.2.1;2.1 The Community Expertise Network;307
20.2.2;2.2 Research on OnlineCommunity Networks;309
20.2.3;2.3 Simulation as a Method to Study Community Expertise Networks
;311
20.3;3. The CNS Simulator
;314
20.3.1;3.1 Overview;316
20.3.2;3.2 Generating Networks;317
20.3.3;3.3 Analyzing Networks;320
20.3.3.1;Network Visualization as an Analysis Tool;320
20.3.3.2;Advanced Network Analysis Methods;322
20.3.3.3;Degree Histogram;322
20.3.3.4;Correlation Histogram;323
20.3.3.5;MotifProfiling Analysis;324
20.3.4;3.4 Algorithm Analysis Interface;325
20.4;4. CNS and Empirical Studies
;327
20.5;5. Discussion and Future Work;329
20.6;6. Summary;330
20.7;7. Acknowledgements;330
20.8;8. References;331
21;Technology and Community Behavior in Online Environments
;333
21.1;1. Introduction;333
21.1.1;1.1 PriorResearch on the Role of Technology in Online Community Behavior
;334
21.2;2. Social Processes and Technology Features in Virtual Communities
;337
21.3;3. Method;341
21.3.1;3.1 Technology and Behavior in Mommy Sites;343
21.3.1.1;Identity;343
21.3.1.2;Influence;345
21.3.1.3;Intimacy;347
21.4;4. Discussion;349
21.5;5. Conclusion;350
21.6;6. References;351
21.7;7. Appendix;356
22;Trust in Electronic Networks of Practice: An Integrative Model
;361
22.1;1. Introduction;361
22.2;2. Theoretical Development;362
22.2.1;2.1 Cognition-based Trust;364
22.2.2;2.3 Affection-based Trust;366
22.2.3;2.4 Situation-based Trust;367
22.3;3. Research Method;368
22.3.1;3.1 Research Site and Survey Administration;368
22.3.2;3.2 Respondents;370
22.3.3;3.3 Measures and Measurement Properties;370
22.4;4. Results;372
22.5;5. Discussion;374
22.6;6. Conclusion;378
22.7;7. References;378
22.8;8. Appendix I. Measures and Indicators;380
23;Embeddedness and Media Use in Networks of Practice
;381
23.1;1. Introduction;381
23.2;2. Theoretical Arguments;383
23.2.1;2.1 Knowledge Networks and Embeddedness;383
23.2.2;2.2 Embeddedness in Practice;384
23.2.3;2.3 Social Embeddedness;385
23.2.4;2.4 Media Useand Embeddedness;386
23.3;3. Method;388
23.3.1;3.1 Measures;389
23.3.2;3.2 Analysis;391
23.4;4. Case Study Findings;391
23.4.1;4.1 Knowledge Networks within TOO;391
23.4.2;4.2 Results from Survey and Interviews;393
23.4.3;4.3 Research Question 1;395
23.4.4;4.4 Research Question 2;396
23.5;5. Discussion;399
23.6;6. References;401
24;Enriching Community Networks by Supporting Deliberation
;405
24.1;1. Introduction: Constraints to the Diffusion of E-Participation
;405
24.2;2. The Theoretical Framework: Participatory Processes Key Features
;408
24.3;3. Deliberative Community Networks;410
24.3.1;3.1 The Community Space;411
24.3.2;3.2 The Informational Space;412
24.3.3;3.3 The DCN Core: The Deliberative Space;413
24.4;4. Developing and Testing a DCN Prototype: ComunaliMilano2006
;414
24.4.1;4.1 ComunaliMilano2006 Features and Characteristics;415
24.4.1.1;Publicmoderated Forums;416
24.4.1.2;Brainstorming Area;416
24.4.1.3;Candidates' Areas;417
24.4.1.4;The Events Area;418
24.4.1.5;Technical Choices;419
24.4.2;4.2 Some Data about ComunaliMilano2006
;419
24.4.3;4.3 Some Insights about Usability and Usage Patterns
;422
24.5;5. Conclusion and Future Work;423
24.6;6. AcknOWledgements;424
24.7;7. References;424
25;Models of Government Blogging: Design Trade off sin Civic Engagement
;428
25.1;1. Introduction;428
25.2;2. Emerging Technologies: Blogs, RSS, Podcasting
;430
25.2.1;2.1 Really Simple Syndication (RSS) and Podcasting;430
25.2.2;2.2. Blogs
;431
25.3;3. Who Is Slogging and Why
;432
25.4;4. Methodology;434
25.4.1;4.1 Review of Local Government Blogs
;434
25.4.2;4.2 Method for Case Study: Town of 81acksburg Blog
;435
25.5;5. Results;436
25.5.1;5.1 Review of US Local Government Blogs
;436
25.5.1.1;Location andAuthorProfile;436
25.5.1.2;Multimedia, RSSand Podcasting;438
25.5.1.3;Linksand PublicComments;438
25.5.1.4;Design Trade-offs in CivicParticipation;439
25.5.2;5.2 Case StUdy of Blacksburg Task Force Blog;440
25.5.2.1;Participant Observation;440
25.5.2.2;Task Force Questionnaire;442
25.6;6. Discussion: Models of local government blogging;443
25.7;7. Acknowledgement;445
25.8;8. References;445
26;Tuning In: Challenging Design for Communities through a Field Study of Radio Amateurs
;448
26.1;1. Introduction;448
26.2;2. Field StUdy;450
26.2.1;2.1 Introducing Amateur Radio;451
26.2.2;2.2 Experimentation through Communication;452
26.2.3;2.3 Learning by Listening;453
26.2.4;2.4 Continuously Perfecting the Equipment;455
26.2.5;2.5 Research for the Community and for the Public at Large;456
26.2.6;2.6 Long Distance Connections;457
26.2.7;2.7 Other Notable Achievements;459
26.2.8;2.8 Organising a Connection;461
26.3;3. Discussion;464
26.3.1;3.1 Contingency, Challenge and the Everyday Texture of Interaction
;466
26.3.2;3.2 Community and technology from a Ham perspective;466
26.3.3;3.3 Challenging Design;468
26.4;4. Conclusion;469
26.5;5. References;470
27;Analyzing the Dynamics of Community Formation Using Brokering Activities
;471
27.1;1. Introduction;471
27.2;2. Research Objective;473
27.3;3. Towards Methods for Dynamic Network Analysis;474
27.4;4. Defining the Concept of Dynamic Brokering Activity;475
27.4.1;4.1 Software-based Analysis and Visualization Methods;477
27.4.2;4.2 Data Source;479
27.5;5. Data Analysis and Results;480
27.6;6. Discussion and Conclusion;483
27.7;7. References;485
28;A Relational Scaffolding Model of Hybrid Communication
;486
28.1;1. Introduction;486
28.2;2. Relationships in Approaches of Computer-mediated Communication
;487
28.3;3. Relationship Concepts;489
28.4;4. Scaffolding and Conversational Scaffolding;490
28.4.1;4.1 The Relational Scaffolding Model;491
28.5;5. Research Methods and Sample;494
28.6;6. Relational Patterns in Hybrid Communication;496
28.6.1;6.1 The Core Pattern: The Explification Spiral;496
28.6.1.1;Communicating Explicitly;496
28.6.1.2;RegUlation of Communication;497
28.6.2;6.2 Overviewing the Landscape Using the Core Pattern in theContext of Organized Communication;499
28.6.3;6.3 Pattern 'People Placements';499
28.6.4;6.4 Pattern "Social Awareness";501
28.6.5;6.5 Pattern"Activation of hierarchy";502
28.6.6;6.6 Pattern "Committing on Groundrules";503
28.6.7;6.7 Pattern "Superior Orientation";504
28.6.8;6.8 Pattern "Communication Codeof Conduct";504
28.6.9;6.9 Pattern "Creating Conciousness About the Documenting Effect of CMC"
;505
28.7;7. Discussion;506
28.7.1;7.1 Implications;509
28.8;8. Conclusion;511
28.9;9. References;512
29;Advice Networks and Local Diffusion of Technological Innovations
;516
29.1;1. Introduction;516
29.2;2. Structural Perspectives on Diffusion of Innovations;517
29.2.1;2.1 Diffusion of simple technological innovations;518
29.2.2;2.2 Diffusion of leT for Development;519
29.3;3. Empirical Analysis;523
29.3.1;3.1 Data;523
29.3.1.1;Advice Survey;525
29.3.1.2;Graph-theoretic Data Sets;526
29.3.1.3;Attribute Data
;526
29.4;4. Media Technology and Innovation;528
29.5;5. RESULTS;530
29.6;6. DISCUSSION;531
29.6.1;6.1 Future Direction;533
29.7;7. REFERENCES;534
30;World Wide Webs: Crossing the Digital Dividethrough Promotion of Public Access
;537
30.1;1. Introduction;537
30.2;2. Digital Divide;538
30.2.1;2.1 Inclusion and Access;538
30.3;3. Bridging the Divide through Public Access;540
30.3.1;3.1 SmartCape Access Project;540
30.3.2;3.2 What Do People Do Online?;543
30.3.3;3.3 Does Smart Cape Provide Real Access?;546
30.4;4. Conclusion;549
30.5;5. References;550
31;High Tech Programmers in Low-Income Communities: Creating a Computer Culture in a Community Technology Center
;551
31.1;1. Introduction;551
31.2;2. Background;552
31.3;3. Context and Approach;555
31.4;4. Findings;557
31.4.1;4.1 Technical Changes: Integrating Programming intothe Clubhouse Design Portfolio
;557
31.4.2;4.2 Proliferation of Programming Activities in the Clubhouse;560
31.4.3;5
.3 Social Support: Mentoring Activities in the Clubhouse ;561
31.4.4;5
.4 Idea Diffusion of Media-Rich Programming ;563
31.4.5;5
.5 Concepts of Media-Rich Programming ;564
31.5;6. Discussion;566
31.6;7. Next Steps;567
31.7;8. Acknowledgements;568
31.8;9. References;568
32;Author Index;570