Stuart IT Perspectives Conference

The Future of Information Technology
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4213-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 230 Seiten, Web PDF

IT Perspectives Conference is a documentation of the top-level conference sponsored by the publishers of Computer Weekly, which aims to examine the issues that concern computer professionals and to provide at least some of the answers while indicating the directions which IT may be expected to take moving on to the 1990s. Leading figures from the IT industry and from major computer users show how they are tackling the transition from the limited task based approach of traditional computing to the more wide-ranging strategic issues implicit in the concept of information as a resource to be managed, used competitively, and even sold. In looking towards a future characterized by transaction-oriented systems, online databases, and distributed processing, the significance of tools such as fourth generation languages and computer-assisted software engineering is described and the vital role of communications at all levels from local area networks to the development of international standards is examined. This book will be useful to anyone wishing to discern the main trends in IT development and computer systems implementation as they set out to develop the systems of the 1990s.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;It Perspectives Conference
;2
3;Copyright Page;3
4;Table of Contents;4
5;F0REWARD;6
6;Chapter 1. OPENING ADDRESS;8
6.1;SUMMARY;8
6.2;INTRODUCTION: IT PERSPECTIVES - THE FOUR ELEMENTS;9
6.3;THE NEED FOR OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY;9
6.4;OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY FROM IT: INWARD FACING ACTIONS;10
6.5;OBTAINING VALUE FOR MONEY FROM IT: OUTWARD FACING ACTIONS;11
7;Session 1: Supplier Perspectives
;14
7.1;Chapter 2. A GLOBAL VIEW;16
7.1.1;SUMMARY;16
7.1.2;INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGING ROLE OF INFORMATION;17
7.1.3;THE MINIMAL EFFECT OF EARLIER COMPUTER GENERATIONS ON INFORMATION USAGE;17
7.1.4;THE FIRST TWO COMPUTER GENERATIONS AND THEIR HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE;17
7.1.5;LIMITATIONS OF BATCH AND ON-LINE COMPUTING: BUILD-UP OF BUREAUCRACY;18
7.1.6;DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING: THE NEW INFORMATION ERA DEMANDS A MOVE AWAY FROM HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES;19
7.1.7;DIFFICULTY OF PREDICTIONS IN THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT;20
7.1.8;HOW THE IT INDUSTRY IS ADAPTING TO THE NEED FOR AN OPEN ORGANISATION;20
7.1.9;THE NEED FOR OPEN STANDARDS;21
7.1.10;PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDS ON EFFICIENT DESIGN OF SYSTEMS;21
7.1.11;THE BULL/HONEYWELL BULL APPROACH TO NETWORKED SYSTEMS;22
7.1.12;CONCLUSION;23
7.1.13;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOLLOWING JACQUES STERN'S PRESENTATION;24
7.2;Chapter 3. THE IBM VIEW;26
7.2.1;SUMMARY;26
7.2.2;INTRODUCTION: IBM'S TRANSFORMATION;27
7.2.3;IBM's FOUR GOALS IN THE EARLY 1980s;27
7.2.4;IBM'S FIFTH GOAL: ENHANCING CUSTOMER PARTNERSHIPS;27
7.2.5;COMMUNICATION WITH CUSTOMERS;28
7.2.6;IBM'S THREE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES;29
7.2.7;SYSTEMS APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE;30
7.2.8;SNA NOT ENOUGH: THE NEED FOR OPEN SYSTEMS;31
7.2.9;IBM'S NEW APPLICATIONS DIVISION: THE NEED FOR TOTAL SOLUTIONS;31
7.2.10;IBM's RELATIONSHIPS WITH THIRD PARTIES;32
7.2.11;MORE OPENNESS FROM IBM: IBM'S "GLASNOST";33
7.2.12;IBM'S TRANSFORMATION: A REVIEW;33
7.2.13;IBM'S TRANSFORMATION - A SUCCESS;34
7.2.14;HOW THE IT INDUSTRY CAN HELP ITS USERS;35
7.2.15;CONCLUSION;35
7.3;Chapter 4. THE DEC VIEW;38
7.3.1;SUMMARY;38
7.3.2;INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRIAL CHANGE IN THE '80s BRINGS THE NEED FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING;39
7.3.3;DEC AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING;39
7.3.4;DEC's ENABLING TECHNOLOGY: THE VAX MINICOMPUTER AND ITS NETWORKED ARCHITECTURE;39
7.3.5;DEC's INTERNAL NETWORK;40
7.3.6;THE ADVANTAGES OF DEC'S INTERNAL COMPUTER NETWORK;41
7.3.7;DESCRIPTION OF DEC'S INTERNAL NETWORK;43
7.3.8;THE COST OF DEC'S INTERNAL NETWORK: IN MONEY AND STAFFING;43
7.3.9;BENEFITS OF OPENNESS THROUGH A NETWORK;44
7.3.10;IMPLICATIONS OF THE NETWORK ON AUTONOMY AND CONTROL;44
7.3.11;THE MOVE FROM DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING TO DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING;44
7.3.12;SIMILARITIES OF USERS' NETWORKING REQUIREMENTS;45
7.3.13;CONCLUSION;45
7.3.14;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS TO SHINGLES' PRESENTATION;47
7.4;Chapter 5. A UK VIEW;50
7.4.1;SUMMARY;50
7.4.2;INTRODUCTION;51
7.4.3;STRATEGIC ROLE IN THE '90s;51
7.4.4;USING IT FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE;51
7.4.5;USING IT TO ALLEVIATE KEY SKILL SHORTAGES;52
7.4.6;USING IT TO HELP THE SHIFTING EMPHASIS FROM P & L ACCOUNTING TO A FOCUS ON THE BALANCE SHEET;53
7.4.7;THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUPPLIERS' RESPONSE;54
7.4.8;SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS AND ICL'S SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE MODEL;55
7.4.9;ICL'S TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES TO MEET FUTURE MARKET NEEDS;57
7.4.10;THE CHANGE TO A GLOBAL IT INDUSTRY;59
7.4.11;EUROPE AS A HOME MARKET;59
7.4.12;CONCLUSION;60
7.4.13;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO WATSON'S PRESENTATION;62
8;Session 2: Communications Perspectives
;66
8.1;Chapter 6. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS - OPENING UP THE FUTURE;68
8.1.1;SUMMARY;68
8.1.2;INTRODUCTION;69
8.1.3;THE THREE PHASES OF LAN DEVELOPMENT;69
8.1.4;CORPORATE INFORMATION NETWORKS: THE SIX KEY USER REQUIREMENTS;70
8.1.5;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 1. STANDARDS;71
8.1.6;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 2. SYSTEMS CONNECTIVITY;75
8.1.7;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 3. INTER-NETWORKING: THE TWO APPROACHES;76
8.1.8;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 4. NETWORK CONFIGURATION AND MANAGEMENT: THREE APPROACHES;76
8.1.9;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 5. EASE OF USE OF NETWORKING APPLICATIONS;79
8.1.10;USER REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORKING 6. NETWORKING PERFORMANCE;81
8.1.11;CONCLUSION;81
8.2;Chapter 7. EUROSINET: RAISING THE STANDARDS;82
8.2.1;SUMMARY;82
8.2.2;INTRODUCTION: THE RISE OF COMMUNICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR STANDARDS;83
8.2.3;MARKET FORCES ACCELERATE PUSH FOR OPEN STANDARDS;83
8.2.4;EUROSINET: CO-OPERATION BETWEEN IT SUPPLIERS;84
8.2.5;EXPANSION OF EUROSINET;85
8.2.6;LESSONS FROM EUROSINET;85
8.3;Chapter 8. BRINGING INTEGRATED NETWORK SERVICES TO THE DESK;88
8.3.1;SUMMARY;88
8.3.2;INTRODUCTION: CHANGE FROM YOUTH TO MATURITY IN THE IT INDUSTRY;89
8.3.3;COMMUNICATIONS: THE KEY TO GAINING COMPETITIVE EDGE THROUGH IT;89
8.3.4;MARKET NEED FOR COMMUNICATIONS: CRITICAL APPLICATION AREAS;89
8.3.5;COST EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS: THE FOUR ISSUES;90
8.3.6;BRITISH TELECOM'S NEED FOR INTEGRATED NETWORK SERVICES;91
8.3.7;BRITISH TELECOM'S INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE;91
8.3.8;ADVANCED NETWORK SERVICES: BT's WORK IN THREE AREAS;92
8.3.9;COMMUNICATING BETWEEN NETWORKS;94
8.3.10;BT's MOVES TOWARDS AN OPEN APPLICATIONS ENVIRONMENT;95
8.3.11;CONCLUSION;96
8.3.12;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO KANE's PRESENTATION;97
8.4;Chapter 9. COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS;100
8.4.1;SUMMARY;100
8.4.2;INTRODUCTION: UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES;101
8.4.3;THE THREE "KILLER" TECHNOLOGIES;101
8.4.4;TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTING: THE DIFFERENT EMPHASES;103
8.4.5;UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES: THE STAGE BEYOND ISDN;103
8.4.6;THE CHALLENGE OF ADDING VALUE TO INFORMATION;104
8.4.7;AT&T's RESPONSE: A STUDY OF CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS;104
8.4.8;AT&T's APPROACH TO UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES;105
8.4.9;THE EIGHT KEY CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS;106
8.4.10;CONCLUSION: THE WORLD OF THE 1990's;109
8.4.11;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO KANE AND BELL's PRESENTATIONS;111
9;Session 3: User Perspectiyes
;116
9.1;INTRODUCTION TO SESSION;117
9.2;Chapter 10. THE USER VIEW;118
9.2.1;SUMMARY;118
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION: USER PREOCCUPATIONS;119
9.2.3;WHERE TO APPLY USER PULL;120
9.2.4;INGREDIENTS FOR GAINING COMPETITIVE EDGE FROM IT;121
9.2.5;SECTORAL DYNAMICS: FACTORS AFFECTING UPTAKE OF IT;123
9.2.6;SKILL SHORTAGES AND THE CHANGING NATURE OF IT JOBS;125
9.2.7;SKILLS CATEGORIES IN DEMAND;126
9.2.8;RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOP MANAGEMENT AND IT;127
9.2.9;TECHNOLOGY: THE DIFFERENT GROWTH RATES;129
9.2.10;BATTLEGROUNDS FOR A USER CHAMPION: STANDARDS AND SOFTWARE;129
9.2.11;HUMAN/COMPUTER INTERFACES: THE IDEAL RELATIONSHIP WITH COMPUTERS;131
9.2.12;CONCLUSION;132
9.2.13;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO ARIS' PRESENTATION;133
9.3;Chapter 11. THINKING BIG;134
9.3.1;SUMMARY;134
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION: CENTRAL CONTROL OR LOCAL AUTONOMY?;135
9.3.3;GETTING THE DP BALANCE RIGHT IN LARGE ORGANISATIONS;135
9.3.4;COMPUTING IN LARGE ORGANISATIONS: BASIC PRINCIPLES;136
9.3.5;DHSS: THE SCALE OF THE COMPUTING OPERATION;137
9.3.6;BRITISH TELECOM: THE SCALE OF THE COMPUTING OPERATION;137
9.3.7;PRESSURES ON LARGE ORGANISATIONS;138
9.3.8;THE PAINFUL TRANSITION FROM BATCH-ORIENTED DATA PROCESSING;138
9.3.9;IMPORTANCE OF CLOSE ATTENTION TO DETAIL;139
9.3.10;PROBLEMS (?INSURMOUNTABLE OPPORTUNITIES) OF LARGE ORGANISATIONS;139
9.3.11;NEED FOR A STRATEGY TO ENSURE COMPUTING RESPONDS TO BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS;140
9.3.12;INTEGRATED COMPUTER NETWORK;141
9.3.13;CONCLUSION;144
9.3.14;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO SPACEMAN's PRESENTATION;145
9.4;Chapter 12. SHIFTING THE SOFTWARE LOGJAM;148
9.4.1;SUMMARY;148
9.4.2;INTRODUCTION: THE NEED TO INTERCEPT TECHNOLOGY;149
9.4.3;THE INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEM: THE SOFTWARE LOGJAM;150
9.4.4;DISTORTION AND FRAGMENTATION WITHIN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS;150
9.4.5;HOW TO BUILD ENTERPRISE-WIDE SYSTEMS;152
9.4.6;COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING;152
9.4.7;DISTINCTION BETWEEN CASE AND FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES;153
9.4.8;SYSTEMS DESIGNING;153
9.4.9;INTEGRATED COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING;154
9.4.10;PRINCIPLE FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATED CASE;155
9.4.11;INFORMATION ENGINEERING FACILITY;156
9.4.12;CONCLUSION;156
9.4.13;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO FAIRBAIRN's PRESENTATION;158
9.5;Chapter 13. SUCCESSFUL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT;160
9.5.1;SUMMARY;160
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE IN SYSTEMS BUILDING;161
9.5.3;THE INLAND REVENUE;161
9.5.4;THE SYSTEMS;162
9.5.5;COMPUTERISATION OF PAYE;163
9.5.6;THE PROGRAMME;164
9.5.7;APPROACHES TO COMPUTERISING PAYE;165
9.5.8;IN-HOUSE METHODOLOGY;167
9.5.9;MANAGING AND CONTROLLING CHANGE;168
9.5.10;PEOPLE;169
9.5.11;INLAND REVENUE'S IT STRATEGY;169
9.5.12;OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS" - NOT OFFICE AUTOMATION";170
9.5.13;STANDARDS;171
9.5.14;COPING WITH RESOURCES AND COSTS;171
9.5.15;CONCLUSION;171
9.6;Chapter 14. HARNESSING USER POWER;174
9.6.1;SUMMARY;174
9.6.2;INTRODUCTION;175
9.6.3;AETNA's IT PHILOSOPHY: TEACHING USERS TO DEVELOPING THEIR OWN SYSTEMS;175
9.6.4;USER-LED ENVIRONMENT: DP STAFF FEARS;176
9.6.5;IMPLICATIONS OF A USER-LED DP ENVIRONMENT: USER NEEDS;177
9.6.6;1. NEED FOR A LARGE CENTRAL MAINFRAME;178
9.6.7;2. NEED FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF TERMINALS;178
9.6.8;3. NEED FOR A LOW CENTRAL HEADCOUNT;178
9.6.9;4. THE CRITICAL NEED FOR STANDARDS;179
9.6.10;5. THE NEED FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING;180
9.6.11;6. THE NEED FOR STAFF COMMITMENT;182
9.6.12;7. THE NEED FOR TOOLS;182
9.6.13;A CAUTIONARY NOTE: THREE AREAS OF "HEARTACHE";183
9.6.14;CONCLUSION;184
10;Session 4: Future Perspectives
;186
10.1;Chapter 15. WHERE NEXT FOR THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY?;188
10.1.1;SUMMARY;188
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION: THE INFORMATION SOCIETY;189
10.1.3;THE SIX PHASES OF COMPUTER INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT: THE GROWTH OF THE MARKETPLACE;189
10.1.4;THE NEXT SEVEN YEARS;190
10.1.5;STAGES OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: REDEFINING THE GENERATIONS;191
10.1.6;OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALLER COMPANIES;192
10.1.7;CONCLUSION;193
10.2;Chapter 16. FUTURE OF COMPUTING SERVICES IN THE UK;194
10.2.1;SUMMARY;194
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION: THE COMPUTER SERVICES INDUSTRY;195
10.2.3;WORLD MARKET FOR COMPUTING SERVICES;195
10.2.4;THE FUTURE: NO BARRIERS TO GROWTH;197
10.2.5;IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UK COMPUTING SERVICES INDUSTRY;199
10.2.6;CONCLUSION;200
10.2.7;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO SCHOLZ's PRESENTATION;201
10.3;Chapter 17. CAN IT STIMULATE THE REVIVAL OF BRITISH INDUSTRY?;202
10.3.1;SUMMARY;202
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW;203
10.3.3;PROBLEM AREAS FOR BRITISH INDUSTRY AT THE END OF THE LATE 1970s;203
10.3.4;RECIPE FOR THE REVIVAL OF BRITISH INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF IT;204
10.3.5;THE CASE FOR AN INDIGENOUS IT INDUSTRY;205
10.3.6;IS THE BRITISH IT INDUSTRY STRONG ENOUGH?;206
10.3.7;REVIVAL OF THE BRITISH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY;207
10.3.8;THE BENEFITS OF A WORLD CLASS UK IT INDUSTRY;209
10.3.9;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO MACKINTOSH'S PRESENTATION;212
10.4;Chapter 18. SEIZING THE INITIATIVE: THE STRATEGIC USE OF IT;214
10.4.1;SUMMARY;214
10.4.2;INTRODUCTION;215
10.4.3;CURRENT SITUATION: IT SYSTEMS HAVE NOT LED TO INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY;215
10.4.4;NEW ENVIRONMENT FOR OPPORTUNITY IN THE US AND UK;216
10.4.5;RAPID IMPLEMENTATION IS IMPORTANT FOR COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATION;217
10.4.6;EFFECTIVE IT LEVERAGE IN MANUFACTURING;217
10.4.7;CAUTIONARY TALE: HOW AUTOMATION CAN LEAD TO LOSS OF COMPETITIVENESS;218
10.4.8;IT AS A LEVER IN MANAGING COST-EFFECTIVE AND COMPETITIVE R&D;219
10.4.9;MARKETING: EFFECTIVENESS OF IT;221
10.4.10;INNOVATION;222
10.5;Chapter 19. COMPUTING IN THE 90's;224
10.5.1;SUMMARY;224
10.5.2;INTRODUCTION: GROWTH AND CONSTRAINTS;225
10.5.3;THE GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY;225
10.5.4;FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS;227
10.5.5;FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS;228
10.5.6;FIFTH GENERATION APPLICATIONS;229
10.5.7;CONCLUSION: OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK FOR THE UK;232
10.5.8;QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO OAKLEY's PRESENTATION;233