Stuart Liquid Hydrogen

Properties, Production and Applications
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5619-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 396 Seiten, Web PDF

Liquid Hydrogen (Properties, Production and Applications) is a collection of lectures given in a course on liquid hydrogen at the University of Grenoble, France, on June 8, 1965, under the auspices of the International Institute of Refrigeration. Contributors explore the physical properties and the technological aspects of both production and utilization of liquid hydrogen. Topics covered range from critical phenomena in fluids to the use of liquid hydrogen in nuclear rocket testing. Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the critical point of fluid, followed by a discussion on the properties of liquid hydrogen and its use in nuclear rocket testing. Subsequent chapters focus on propulsion by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen; structural cryogenic vessels of rocket stages; the role of chemical propellants in the NASA lunar exploration program; and equipment for liquid hydrogen storage and handling. Industrial advances in liquid hydrogen distillation are also considered, along with liquid hydrogen engineering instrumentation and applications of liquid hydrogen in electrical engineering. The final chapter describes nuclear applications of liquid hydrogen. This book will be of value to students, professors, engineers, and technicians working or are interested in liquid hydrogen.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Liquid Hydrogen;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;INTRODUCTION;9
6;PRÉFACE;10
7;CHAPTER 1. CRITICAL PHENOMENA IN FLUIDS;12
7.1;INTRODUCTION;12
7.2;1. THE SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT VOLUME;22
7.3;2. THE SOUND VELOCITY;30
7.4;3. THE DENSITY;34
7.5;4. COMPRESSIBILITY;38
7.6;5. THE DEGREE OF THE CRITICAL ISOTHERM;42
7.7;6. THE SECOND DERIVATIVE OF THE VAPOR PRESSURE CURVE;44
7.8;7. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;59
7.9;APPENDIX I;64
7.10;REFERENCES;64
8;CHAPTER 2. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN;66
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;66
8.2;2. QUANTUM DIFFRACTION EFFECTS;68
8.3;3. NUCLEAR SPINS AND SYMMETRY EFFECTS;71
8.4;4. SAMPLING OF AVAILABLE DATA ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN;79
8.5;5. SPECIAL TOPICS;89
8.6;REFERENCES;105
9;CHAPTER 3. LIQUID HYDROGEN IN NUCLEAR ROCKET TESTING;108
9.1;INTRODUCTION;108
9.2;TEST PROGRAM AND FACILITIES;110
9.3;OPERATIONAL AND DESIGN PROBLEMS;119
9.4;STRESS ANALYSIS IN LIQUID HYDROGEN TRANSFER LINES;119
9.5;TURBINE ENERGY SOURCE;124
9.6;PERLITE COMPACTION;127
9.7;DEWAR COOLDOWN;129
9.8;SAFETY;133
9.9;CONCLUSION;134
9.10;REFERENCES;134
10;CHAPTER 4. PROPULSION BY LIQUID OXYGEN AND LIQUID HYDROGEN;136
10.1;1 — THE LIQUID OXYGEN-HYDROGEN PROPELLANT;137
10.2;2 — LIQUID OXYGEN-LIQUID HYDROGEN ROCKET ENGINES;141
10.3;3 — PRESENT DESIGNS;150
11;CHAPTER 5. STRUCTURAL CRYOGENIC VESSELS OF ROCKET STAGES;160
12;CHAPTER 6. THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL PROPELLANTS IN THE NASA LUNAR EXPLORATION PROGRAM;182
12.1;INTRODUCTION;182
12.2;BACKGROUND;184
12.3;THE APOLLO MISSION;185
12.4;CHOICE OF PROPELLANTS;188
12.5;SPECIFIC IMPULSE;191
12.6;PROPELLANT COMBINATIONS. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES;193
12.7;ADVANTAGES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN;198
12.8;LIQUID HYDROGEN. PROPERTIES, HISTORICAL AND SUPPLY BUILD-UP;200
12.9;LAUNCH VEHICLES;206
12.10;SOLID PROPELLANTS;212
12.11;SPACECRAFT PROPULSION;216
12.12;QUANTITATIVE PROPELLANT REQUIREMENTS;219
12.13;PROPELLANT RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY;224
12.14;SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;225
13;CHAPTER 7. LIQUID HYDROGEN IN TONNAGE QUANTITIES;228
13.1;1. FEED PURIFICATION;229
13.2;2. ORTHO-PARA CONVERSION;233
13.3;3. REFRIGERATION AND CYCLE DESIGN;238
13.4;REFERENCES;253
14;CHAPTER 8. LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT;254
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;255
14.2;2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES;257
14.3;3. STORAGE TANKS;258
14.4;4. CONTENTS GAUGING;269
14.5;5. TRANSFER LINES AND VALVES;273
14.6;6 — LIQUID HYDROGEN PUMP;281
14.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;283
14.8;8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;283
15;CHAPTER 9 INDUSTRIAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN DISTILLATION;284
15.1;REFERENCE;294
16;CHAPTER 10. LIQUID HYDROGEN ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION;296
16.1;I. INTRODUCTION;296
16.2;II. PRESSURE;298
16.3;III. TEMPERATURE;307
16.4;IV. FLOW;317
16.5;V. LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT;328
16.6;REFERENCES;339
17;CHAPTER 11. APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING;340
17.1;LOSS PARAMETER FOR AN ELECTRIC CRYOMACHINE;340
17.2;REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICAL CRYOMACHINES WITH HIGH PURITY ALUMINIUM WINDINGS;346
17.3;REFRIGERATION CYCLES;350
17.4;HELIUM CYCLES;352
17.5;HYDROGEN REFRIGERATION CYCLES;356
17.6;DIELECTRIC ASPECT;365
17.7;THE ELECTRIC CRYOMACHINES;367
17.8;REFERENCES;373
18;CHAPTER 12. NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN;376
18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;376
18.2;2. BUBBLE CHAMBERS [1, 2];377
18.3;3. COOLING OF NEUTRONS [8];383
18.4;4. IRRADIATIONS;390
18.5;RÉFÉRENCES;394