Stuart Metal-Ammonia Solutions

Proceedings of an International Conference on the Nature of Metal-Ammonia Solutions: Colloque Weyl II
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-3623-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten, Web PDF

Metal-Ammonia Solutions contains the proceedings of an International Conference on the Nature of Metal-Ammonia Solutions Colloque Weyl II held at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, on June 15-19, 1969. The papers explore the nature of metal-ammonia solutions and cover topics ranging from the dilemma of metal-ammonia models to the magnetic properties of metal-ammonia solutions, the reactions of such solutions, and solid metal-ammonia compounds. This monograph is comprised of 39 chapters and begins with an overview of models for the concentration dependence of the properties of dilute metal-ammonia solutions. The discussion then turns to a continuous dielectric model for the solvated dielectron in dielectric media; elementary electronic excitations in insulating liquids; and magnetic properties of metal-ammonia solutions. The chapters that follow focus on the kinetics of the reaction between sodium and ethanol in liquid ammonia; electrons trapped in solids; metal-nonmetal transition and phase separation; and optical spectra of alkali metal-ammonia solutions. This text will be a valuable resource for chemists and chemistry students.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Metal—Ammonia Solutions;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;7
7;CHAPTER 1. THE DILEMMA OF METAL-AMMONIA MODELS;10
7.1;NULL RESULTS;10
7.2;CATION-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS;11
7.3;ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS;12
7.4;NON-SPECIFIC CONCENTRATION EFFECTS;12
7.5;MODELS OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;13
7.6;CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS;14
7.7;CATION MOBILITY;19
7.8;ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS;20
7.9;ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION;22
7.10;CONCLUSIONS;23
7.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;24
7.12;REFERENCES;24
7.13;GENERAL DISCUSSION;25
8;CHAPTER 2. A MODEL FOR THE SOLVATED DIELECTRON IN DIELECTRIC MEDIA;28
8.1;THEORY;28
8.2;APPLICATION TO THE e2-CENTRE IN LIQUID AMMONIA;31
8.3;REFERENCES;34
8.4;GENERAL DISCUSSION;35
9;CHAPTER 3. STUDIES OF THE SPECIES;36
9.1;ELECTRONIC ENERGY TERMS;39
9.2;WAVEFUNCTIONS;40
9.3;DISCUSSION;46
9.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;46
9.5;REFERENCES;46
9.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;47
10;CHAPTER 4. METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS VI—THE NATURE OF THE 1.5 µ BAND;50
10.1;CALCULATIONS;51
10.2;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;56
10.3;REFERENCES;56
10.4;DISCUSSION;56
11;CHAPTER 5. ELEMENTARY ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS IN INSULATING LIQUIDS;58
11.1;I. INTRODUCTION;58
11.2;II. EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION ON QUASI-FREE ELECTRON STATES IN NON-POLAR FLUIDS;60
11.3;III. ELECTRON-RARE GAS ATOM INTERACTIONS;61
11.4;IV. A CURSORY EXAMINATION OF
PSUEDOPOTENTIAL THEORY;65
11.5;V. THE POLARIZATION POTENTIAL IN A NON-POLAR LIQUID;68
11.6;VI. WIGNER-SEITZ MODEL FOR THE QUASI-FREE ELECTRON STATE;70
11.7;VII. THE GROUND STATE ENERGY OF A QUASI-FREE ELECTRON;72
11.8;VIII. LOCALIZED EXCESS ELECTRON STATES IN NON-POLAR FLUIDS;75
11.9;IX. THE BUBBLE MODEL;78
11.10;X. THE ELECTRON BUBBLE IN LIQUID HELIUM;81
11.11;XI. A LOCALIZATION CRITERION FOR AN EXCESS ELECTRON IN A NON-POLAR FLUID;87
11.12;XII. ELECTRON LOCALIZATION IN SOLID HELIUM;88
11.13;XIII. POSITRONIUM BUBBLES IN NON-POLAR LIQUIDS;90
11.14;XIV. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF
EXCESS ELECTRON STATES IN POLAR SOLVENTS;92
11.15;XV. ENERGETICS OF SOLVATED ELECTRONS;94
11.16;XVI. THE SIMPLE VERSION OF THE CONTINUUM MODEL;95
11.17;XVII. SPECULATIONS ON THE QUASI-FREE ELECTRON STATE IN POLAR LIQUIDS;98
11.18;XVIII. A MODIFIED CONTINUUM MODEL FOR THE SOLVATED ELECTRON;99
11.19;XIX. MEDIUM REARRANGEMENT ENERGY IN A POLAR SOLVENT;101
11.20;XX. CONFIGURATION DIAGRAMS FOR SOLVATED ELECTRONS;105
11.21;XXI. OPTICAL PROPERTIES;106
11.22;XXII. FUTURE TRENDS;109
11.23;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;110
11.24;REFERENCES;110
11.25;GENERAL DISCUSSION;112
12;CHAPTER 6. THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;114
12.1;MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS;115
12.2;METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;119
12.3;CONCLUSIONS: THE STRUCTURE OF THE
SOLVATED ELECTRON;136
12.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;138
12.5;REFERENCES;138
12.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;139
13;CHAPTER 7. A PROTON RESONANCE STUDY OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;142
13.1;THEORY;143
13.2;EXPERIMENTAL;147
13.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;149
13.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;152
13.5;REFERENCES;153
13.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;153
14;CHAPTER 8. INTERMETALLIC SOLUTES IN LIQUID AMMONIA;154
14.1;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;154
14.2;KNIGHT SHIFTS;155
14.3;ESR ABSORPTIONS;157
14.4;CONCLUSIONS;157
14.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;157
14.6;REFERENCES;157
14.7;DISCUSSION;158
15;CHAPTER 9. MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY MEASUREMENTS ON SODIUM-HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE (HMPA) SOLUTIONS;160
15.1;RESULTS;160
15.2;DISCUSSION;162
15.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;165
15.4;REFERENCES;166
15.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;166
16;CHAPTER 10. LITHIUM-7 KNIGHT SHIFTS FOR LITHIUM IN AMMONIA AND LITHIUM IN METHYLAMINE;168
16.1;EXPERIMENTAL;168
16.2;RESULTS;168
16.3;DISCUSSION;172
16.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;173
16.5;GENERAL REFERENCES;173
16.6;DISCUSSION;174
17;CHAPTER 11. REACTIONS OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;176
17.1;THE REACTION OF THE ELECTRON WITH
AMMONIA AND THE REVERSE REACTION;177
17.2;THE REACTION OF THE ELECTRON WITH PROTONIC ACIDS;179
17.3;ELECTRON-ADDITION REACTIONS;182
17.4;BOND-CLEAVAGE BY ELECTRONS;184
17.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;186
17.6;REFERENCES;186
17.7;GENERAL DISCUSSION;187
18;CHAPTER 12. THE DECOMPOSITION OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN LIQUID AMMONIA AT -78°C: KINETICS AND MECHANISM;192
18.1;EXPERIMENTAL;193
18.2;RESULTS;193
18.3;DISCUSSION;196
18.4;REFERENCES;198
18.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;199
19;CHAPTER 13. KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF SODIUM WITH ETHANOL IN LIQUID AMMONIA;202
19.1;EXPERIMENTAL SECTION;203
19.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;203
19.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;205
19.4;REFERENCES;205
19.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;205
20;CHAPTER 14. PRESSURE EFFECTS IN METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;208
20.1;EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT;210
20.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION;214
20.3;REFERENCES;223
20.4;GENERAL DISCUSSION;224
21;CHAPTER 15. EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND METAL CONCENTRATION ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;228
21.1;(A) ESR MEASUREMENTS UNDER PRESSURE;228
21.2;(B) PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF EQUILIBRIA
INVOLVING SOLVATED ELECTRONS;229
21.3;(C) EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE EQUILIBRIA;231
21.4;(D) THE PARA-HYDROGEN CONVERSION IN SODIUM-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;232
21.5;REFERENCES;233
21.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;233
22;CHAPTER 16. THE STRUCTURE OF Li(NH3)4;238
22.1;REFERENCES;241
22.2;GENERAL DISCUSSION;241
23;CHAPTER 17. THERMOELECTRIC POWER AND THOMSON COEFFICIENT IN THE INTERMEDIATE RANGE OF CONCENTRATIONS;242
23.1;(I) EQUIPMENT;242
23.2;(II) MEASUREMENTS AND TREATMENT OF DATA;244
23.3;(Ill) A TYPICAL RUN. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;246
23.4;DISCUSSION;250
23.5;COMMENTS ON THESE OBSERVATIONS;251
23.6;CONCLUSION;252
23.7;APPENDIX;252
23.8;REFERENCES;253
23.9;GENERAL DISCUSSION;253
24;CHAPTER 18. PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATED METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;256
24.1;I. ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;256
24.2;II. RELATIONS BETWEEN PROPERTIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION;281
24.3;REFERENCES;296
24.4;GENERAL DISCUSSION;298
25;CHAPTER 19. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATED METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;302
25.1;REFERENCES;306
25.2;GENERAL DISCUSSION;306
26;CHAPTER 20. MECANISME DE RELAXATION SPIN—RESEAU DES ELECTRONS SOLVATES;310
26.1;TEMPS DE CORRELATION EXPERIMENTAL;310
26.2;MECANISME DE LA RELAXATION;311
26.3;CALGUL DU TEMPS DE CORRELATION;312
26.4;REMARQUE;314
26.5;CONCLUSION;314
26.6;REFERENCES;315
26.7;GENERAL DISCUSSION;315
27;CHAPTER 21. ELECTRONS TRAPPED IN SOLIDS;318
27.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;322
27.2;REFERENCES;322
27.3;GENERAL DISCUSSION;322
28;CHAPTER 22. ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR RESONANCE STUDIES OF LITHIUM-AMINE SOLUTIONS;326
28.1;RESULTS;326
28.2;DISCUSSION;329
28.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;333
28.4;REFERENCES;333
28.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;333
29;CHAPTER 23. OPTICAL AND ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUMIN TETRAHYDROFURAN;338
29.1;EXPERIMENTAL;338
29.2;RESULTS;338
29.3;DISCUSSION;341
29.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;345
29.5;REFERENCES;345
29.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;346
30;CHAPTER 24. THE METAL-NONMETAL TRANSITION AND PHASE SEPARATION;348
30.1;EXPERIMENTAL;352
30.2;REFERENCES;359
30.3;GENERAL DISCUSSION;360
31;CHAPTER 25. THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;364
31.1;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;364
31.2;DATA;366
31.3;CONCLUSIONS;372
31.4;REFERENCES;373
31.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;373
32;CHAPTER 26. SOLID METAL-AMMONIA COMPOUNDS;376
32.1;ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPOUNDS;378
32.2;LANTHANIDE METAL COMPOUNDS;381
32.3;REFERENCES;399
32.4;GENERAL DISCUSSION;400
33;CHAPTER 27. FIELD-DEPENDENT CONDUCTANCE IN SODIUM-LIQUID AMMONIA SOLUTIONS II—SEMI-CONDUCTOR BEHAVIOUR AT THE ELECTRODES;404
33.1;EXPERIMENTAL;404
33.2;RESULTS;406
33.3;DISCUSSION;411
33.4;REFERENCES;412
33.5;GENERAL DISCUSSION;412
34;CHAPTER 28. POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN CONCENTRATED METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;414
34.1;REFERENCES;419
34.2;GENERAL DISCUSSION;419
35;CHAPTER 29. SOME OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HYDRATED ELECTRON;422
35.1;COMPARISON OF SPECTRA OF e-aq, e-NH3 AND F-CENTRES;424
35.2;ESR SPECTRUM OF e-aq;426
35.3;EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF e-aq;427
35.4;ELECTRON DENSITY CONTOURS;428
35.5;REFERENCES;431
35.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;432
36;CHAPTER 30. ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF CONCENTRATED ALKALI METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;434
36.1;EXPERIMENTAL;435
36.2;INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRA;437
36.3;RESULTS;442
36.4;DISCUSSION;445
36.5;REFERENCES;446
36.6;DISCUSSION;447
37;CHAPTER 31. CONDUCTIVITY OF CONCENTRATED METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;448
37.1;ELECTRON SCATTERING MECHANISM;449
37.2;RESISTIVITY OF INDEPENDENT SCATTERERS;450
37.3;DISCUSSION;452
37.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;453
37.5;REFERENCES;454
37.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;454
38;CHAPTER 32. OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ALKALIMETAL SOLUTIONS IN AMINES AND ETHERS;458
38.1;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;458
38.2;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;469
38.3;DISCUSSION;481
38.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;486
38.5;REFERENCES;487
38.6;GENERAL DISCUSSION;487
39;CHAPTER 33. THE REACTION OF e- WITH Na+ IN ETHYLENEDIAMINE;492
39.1;REFERENCES;492
40;CHAPTER 34. SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION OF ABSORPTION AND ESR SPECTRA OF HMPA-POTASSIUM METAL SOLUTIONS;494
41;CHAPTER 35. CALCULATION OF THE EXCESS VOLUME IN DILUTE METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;498
41.1;REFERENCES;499
41.2;GENERAL DISCUSSION;499
42;CHAPTER 36. THE VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOLUTIONS OF LITHIUM IN METHYLAMINE AT -45°C;502
42.1;REFERENCES;503
42.2;GENERAL DISCUSSION;503
43;CHAPTER 37. PREPARATION OF DEUTEROAMMONIA;504
44;CHAPTER 38. THE CONDUCTANCE OF DILUTE METAL-AMMONIA AND METAL-AMINE SOLUTIONS;506
44.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;509
44.2;REFERENCES;510
44.3;GENERAL DISCUSSION;510
45;CHAPTER 39. OPTICAL SPECTRA OF ALKALI METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS;512
45.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;520
45.2;REFERENCES;520
45.3;GENERAL DISCUSSION;520
46;INDEX;522