Emerging ICT Technologies and Cybersecurity

From AI and ML to Other Futuristic Technologies
1. Auflage 2023
ISBN: 978-3-031-27764-1
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 277 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 623 g

This book introduces some fundamentals of information and communication technology (ICT) and other current and future technologies that are relevant to the field of cybersecurity. In a digitally connected world, cybersecurity is one of the most important issues today. We have witnessed tremendous advancements over the last two decades in various fields of networking, connectivity, electronics, and the technologies that make use of those platforms and devices. Many emerging technologies are also showing promise for future use in the cybersecurity area. Hence, it is important to understand some basics of the technologies and concepts that are making their impacts today and those which may show stronger influence in the near future. The book begins with an introduction to ICT and its advancements, then talks about Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Blockchain Technologies. It then goes on to cover wireless technology, Internet of Things (IoT), Distributed Cloud Computing, Quantum Computing, Virtual Reality, and other futuristic technologies that would be directly related to Cyberspace and Cybersecurity.

This textbook is written in a step-by-step manner, with easily accessible information for both general readers and experts in the field. It is suitable to be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses like Computer Networks and Security, Information Security, etc.

Zielgruppe

Upper undergraduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thakur, Kutub

Pathan, Al-Sakib Khan

Ismat, Sadia

Fachgebiete

• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Technische Informatik Computersicherheit Computerkriminalität & Hacking
• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Informatik Künstliche Intelligenz Maschinelles Lernen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Chapter 01 – An Overview of ICT Technology Advancement ..................................................................... 16

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 17

An Overview of ICT Advanced Technologies ........................................................................................... 18

Main Areas of ICT Technologies .............................................................................................................. 19

Hardware Technologies .......................................................................................................................... 20

Data Processing Hardware .................................................................................................................. 20

Data Input Hardware .......................................................................................................................... 22

Data Output Hardware ....................................................................................................................... 23

Data Transmission Hardware .............................................................................................................. 23

Data storage hardware ....................................................................................................................... 24

Software Technologies ............................................................................................................................ 25

Firmware 25

Operating Systems (OSs) ..................................................................................................................... 26

IT Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 28

Programming Languages ..................................................................................................................... 29

Software Development Methodologies .............................................................................................. 30

Evolution of Information Technology ..................................................................................................... 31

Computer Generations ........................................................................................................................... 32

Zero Generation (1642 – 1945) ........................................................................................................... 32

First Generation (1945 – 1954) ........................................................................................................... 33

Second Generation (1954 – 1963) ...................................................................................................... 33

Third Generation (1963 – 1973) .......................................................................................................... 33

Fourth Generation (1973 – 1985) ....................................................................................................... 33

Fifth Generation (1985 – Present) ...................................................................................................... 33

Operating System Generations ............................................................................................................... 34

First Generation (1940 – 1950) ........................................................................................................... 34

Second Generation (1955 – 1965) ...................................................................................................... 34

Third Generation (1965 – 1980) .......................................................................................................... 35

Fourth Generation (1980 – Present) ................................................................................................... 35

Application Software Generations .......................................................................................................... 35

First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 36

Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 36

Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 36

Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 37

Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 37

Programming Language Generations ..................................................................................................... 37

First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 38

Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 38

Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 38

Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 39

Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 39

Wireless/Cellular Technology Generations............................................................................................. 39

Zero Generation .................................................................................................................................. 40

First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 40

Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 40

Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 41

Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 41

Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 41

WWW Generations ................................................................................................................................. 42

Web 1.0 42

Web 2.0 42

Web 3.0 43

Web 4.0 43

Evolution of Storage Technologies ......................................................................................................... 44

Initial Storage Technologies ................................................................................................................ 44

Magnetic Tape-Based Technologies ................................................................................................... 44

Magnetic Disk-Based Technologies ..................................................................................................... 45

Semiconductor-Based Storage Technologies ...................................................................................... 46

Optical-Based Storage Technologies ................................................................................................... 48

Advanced Storage Technologies ............................................................................................................. 48

Direct Attached Storage (DAS) ............................................................................................................ 48

Network Attached Storage (NAS) ....................................................................................................... 49

Storage Area Network (SAN) ............................................................................................................... 49

Futuristic Storage Technologies .............................................................................................................. 49

Software Defined Storage (SDS) ......................................................................................................... 50

Storage Virtualization ......................................................................................................................... 50

Software Development Generations ...................................................................................................... 50

Conventional Era – (1960-1970) ......................................................................................................... 51

Transition Era – (1980 – 1990) ............................................................................................................ 51

Modern Era – (2000 – Present) ........................................................................................................... 51

Types of ICT Services ............................................................................................................................... 52

Software Development ....................................................................................................................... 52

Computer Networking ........................................................................................................................ 52

IT Infrastructure Management ........................................................................................................... 52

Telecommunication ............................................................................................................................ 53

Data Storage Service ........................................................................................................................... 53

Storage Transfer Service (STS) ............................................................................................................ 53

Database Management ....................................................................................................................... 53

Process Automation & Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 54

Data Analytics ..................................................................................................................................... 54

Cloud Computing Service .................................................................................................................... 55

Application Programming Interface (API) Service ............................................................................... 55

Cybersecurity Service .......................................................................................................................... 56

Digital Entertainment Services ............................................................................................................ 56

Content Delivery Network (CDN) ........................................................................................................ 57

A Peep into Next Generation Technologies ............................................................................................ 58

Chapter 02 – Artificial Intelligence Technology .......................................................................................... 61

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 62

What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?.......................................................................................................... 62

What Is Neural Network?........................................................................................................................ 63

Major Approaches Used in Artificial Intelligence Research .................................................................... 64

Symbolic Approach ............................................................................................................................. 64

Connectionist Approach ...................................................................................................................... 65

Objectives of Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................................... 66

Reasoning ............................................................................................................................................ 67

Problem Solving .................................................................................................................................. 67

Natural Language Processing .............................................................................................................. 68

Learning 68

Planning 69

Knowledge Representation ................................................................................................................. 69

Motion and Manipulation ................................................................................................................... 69

Artificial General Intelligence .............................................................................................................. 70

Social Intelligence ............................................................................................................................... 70

Business Intelligence ........................................................................................................................... 70

Machine Perception ............................................................................................................................ 70

An Overview of the History of AI ............................................................................................................ 71

Main Areas of AI Application .................................................................................................................. 72

Natural Language Processing .............................................................................................................. 73

Computer Vision ................................................................................................................................. 76

Expert Systems .................................................................................................................................... 77

Speech Recognition ............................................................................................................................. 78

Robotics 79

Text Recognition ................................................................................................................................. 80

Voice Recognition ............................................................................................................................... 80

Voice-to-Text & Text-to-Voice Conversion ......................................................................................... 81

Chatbot 82

Types of Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................................................. 83

Reactive Machines .............................................................................................................................. 84

Limited Memory .................................................................................................................................. 84

Theory of Mind.................................................................................................................................... 85

Self-Awareness .................................................................................................................................... 85

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) ..................................................................................................... 86

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) .................................................................................................... 86

Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)......................................................................................................... 87

Intelligent Agent and Environment ......................................................................................................... 87

Intelligent (or, Intelligence) Agent (IA) ............................................................................................... 88

Artificial Intelligence Environments .................................................................................................... 90

Future of Artificial Intelligence ............................................................................................................... 92

Chapter 03 – Machine Learning Technology .............................................................................................. 98

Introduction to Machine Learning .......................................................................................................... 99

Importance of Machine Learning in Modern World ............................................................................. 100

How Does Machine Learning Work? ..................................................................................................... 102

Types of Machine Learning ................................................................................................................... 103

Supervised Machine Learning ............................................................................................................... 103

Unsupervised Machine Learning........................................................................................................... 104

Semi-Supervised Machine Learning ...................................................................................................... 106

Reinforcement Machine Learning ........................................................................................................ 107

What Is Deep Machine Learning? ......................................................................................................... 110

Artificial Neural Network .................................................................................................................. 110

Major Methods/Techniques of Machine Learning ............................................................................... 110

Regression Model ............................................................................................................................. 111

Decision Trees ................................................................................................................................... 111

Clustering .......................................................................................................................................... 111

Classification ..................................................................................................................................... 111

Anomaly Detection ........................................................................................................................... 111

Neural Network Method ................................................................................................................... 112

Dimensionality Reduction ................................................................................................................. 112

Ensemble Methods ........................................................................................................................... 113

Transfer Learning .............................................................................................................................. 113

Natural Language Processing (NLP) ...................................................................................................... 113

Word Embedding .............................................................................................................................. 115

What Is a Machine Learning Algorithm? ............................................................................................... 116

Common Categories of Machine Learning Algorithms ......................................................................... 116

Classification Algorithms ....................................................................................................................... 117

Naïve Bayes ....................................................................................................................................... 117

Decision Tree ..................................................................................................................................... 118

Random Forest .................................................................................................................................. 119

Support Vector Machines ................................................................................................................. 119

K Nearest Neighbors ......................................................................................................................... 121

Clustering Algorithms ............................................................................................................................ 123

K-Means Clustering ........................................................................................................................... 124

Expectation Maximization (EM) Algorithm ....................................................................................... 124

Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering .............................................................................................. 124

Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm ................................................................................................................. 124

Regression Algorithms .......................................................................................................................... 125

Linear Regression .............................................................................................................................. 125

Multiple linear Regression ................................................................................................................ 126

Multivariate Regression .................................................................................................................... 126

Logistic Regression ............................................................................................................................ 127

Lasso Regression ............................................................................................................................... 127

Other Regression algorithms ............................................................................................................ 127

What Is AI Training Data? ..................................................................................................................... 128

Types of Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 129

Text Training Data ............................................................................................................................. 129

Audio Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 129

Video Training Data ........................................................................................................................... 129

Image Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 130

Sensory Training Data ....................................................................................................................... 130

What Is AI Training Dataset? ................................................................................................................. 130

Major Processes Used in Building Training Datasets for AI Training .................................................... 130

Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 131

Data Cleaning .................................................................................................................................... 131

Data Classification ............................................................................................................................. 131

Data Categorization .......................................................................................................................... 131

Data Annotation & Labeling .............................................................................................................. 131

What are the Major Categories of Data Annotation? ........................................................................... 132

Image Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 132

Bounding Box Annotation ................................................................................................................. 132

3D Cuboids Annotation ..................................................................................................................... 133

Polygon Annotation .......................................................................................................................... 133

Lines & Splines .................................................................................................................................. 134

Semantic Segmentation .................................................................................................................... 134

Text Data Annotation ............................................................................................................................ 134

Entity Annotation .............................................................................................................................. 134

Entity Linking ..................................................................................................................................... 134

Sentiment Annotation....................................................................................................................... 135

Text Classification ............................................................................................................................. 135

Audio Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 135

Sound Labeling .................................................................................................................................. 135

Event Tracking ................................................................................................................................... 135

Speech to Text Transcription ............................................................................................................ 135

Audio Classification ........................................................................................................................... 136

Multi-labeling .................................................................................................................................... 136

Video Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 136

Key Points Annotation/Landmarks ................................................................................................... 137

Object localization............................................................................................................................. 137

Object Tracking ................................................................................................................................. 137

Gradient Boosting ............................................................................................................................. 137

Top Uses of Machine Learning in Today’s World.................................................................................. 138

Big Data 139

Data Analytics ................................................................................................................................... 139

Cybersecurity .................................................................................................................................... 139

Digital Marketing............................................................................................................................... 140

Business Intelligence ......................................................................................................................... 140

Process Automation .......................................................................................................................... 141

Automobiles ...................................................................................................................................... 141

e-Commerce ...................................................................................................................................... 142

Impact of Machine Learning on Cybersecurity ..................................................................................... 142

Positive Impact .................................................................................................................................. 142

Negative Impact ................................................................................................................................ 143

Chapter 04 – Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................................ 145

Introduction to Blockchain Technology ................................................................................................ 146

Top Features of Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................... 147

History of Blockchain Technology ......................................................................................................... 149

Major Terms Used in Blockchain Technology ....................................................................................... 150

Cryptographic Hash ........................................................................................................................... 150

Transaction ........................................................................................................................................ 151

Proof of Work .................................................................................................................................... 151

Block 152

Mining 152

Timestamp ........................................................................................................................................ 153

Stack of Technologies Forming Blockchain ........................................................................................... 153

Cryptographic Keys ........................................................................................................................... 153

Peer-to-Peer Network with Shared Ledger ....................................................................................... 154

Computing Resources to Store Transactions & Network Records.................................................... 155

How Does Blockchain Technology Work? ............................................................................................. 155

Node 155

Block 155

What Is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)? .................................................................................... 156

Types of Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................................... 156

Public Blockchain .............................................................................................................................. 158

Private Blockchain ............................................................................................................................. 159

Consortium Blockchain ..................................................................................................................... 159

Hybrid Blockchains ............................................................................................................................ 159

Typical Uses of Blockchain Technology ................................................................................................. 160

Cryptocurrency.................................................................................................................................. 160

Non-Fungible Token (NFT) ................................................................................................................ 161

Smart Contracts ................................................................................................................................ 161

Financial Markets .............................................................................................................................. 162

Electronic Voting ............................................................................................................................... 162

Record Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 163

Supply Chain ...................................................................................................................................... 163

Government ...................................................................................................................................... 163

Impact of Blockchain Technology on Cybersecurity ............................................................................. 164

Chapter 05 – 5th Generation Wireless Technology ................................................................................... 168

An Introduction to 5G Technology ........................................................................................................ 169

Importance of 5G Technology .............................................................................................................. 170

Evolution of Cellular Networks ............................................................................................................. 172

First Generation (1G) ........................................................................................................................ 172

Second Generation (2G) .................................................................................................................... 172

Third Generation (3G) ....................................................................................................................... 173

Fourth Generation (4G) ..................................................................................................................... 173

Fifth Generation (5G) ........................................................................................................................ 174

Sixth Generation (6G)........................................................................................................................ 174

Key Features and Capabilities of 5G Technology .................................................................................. 174

Architecture of 5G Network .................................................................................................................. 176

Top Protocols Used in 5G Networks ..................................................................................................... 179

3GPP 179

New Radio (NR) ................................................................................................................................. 180

NextGen Core .................................................................................................................................... 181

LTE Advanced Pro .............................................................................................................................. 182

EPC Evolution .................................................................................................................................... 183

Impact of 5G Technology on Cybersecurity .......................................................................................... 183

Chapter 06 – Internet of Things (IoT) ........................................................................................................ 188

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) ................................................................................................ 189

Importance of IoT.............................................................................................................................. 189

Main Features of Internet of Things ................................................................................................. 190

History of Internet of Things ................................................................................................................. 190

What Is Ambient Intelligence in IoT? .................................................................................................... 191

Autonomous Control in IoT ................................................................................................................... 191

Range of Enabling Technologies Behind Internet of Things ................................................................. 191

Low Power Sensors ........................................................................................................................... 192

Cloud Computing .............................................................................................................................. 192

Artificial Intelligence (AI) ................................................................................................................... 192

Machine Learning .............................................................................................................................. 192

Data Analytics ................................................................................................................................... 192

Big Data 193

Short Range Wireless Technologies .................................................................................................. 193

Medium & Long-Range Wireless Technologies ................................................................................ 193

Effective Communication Protocols .................................................................................................. 193

Internet Protocol V6 ......................................................................................................................... 194

Architecture of Internet of Things Ecosystem ...................................................................................... 194

Three Layer Architecture .................................................................................................................. 194

Four Layer Architecture .................................................................................................................... 194

Five Layer Architecture ..................................................................................................................... 195

What Is Decentralized Internet of Things Concept? ............................................................................. 195

What Is Industrial Internet of Things? .................................................................................................. 196

Industrial Internet of Things Standard Bodies ...................................................................................... 196

Important Industrial Internet of Things IIoT Platforms......................................................................... 197

Azure IoT 197

Oracle IoT Cloud ................................................................................................................................ 198

IBM Watson IoT................................................................................................................................. 198

AWS IoT 198

Siemens Mind Sphere ....................................................................................................................... 198

Flutura Cerebra ................................................................................................................................. 198

Thing Worx ........................................................................................................................................ 199

GE Predix 199

IIoT Use Cases in Different Industries ................................................................................................... 199

Smart Cities ....................................................................................................................................... 200

Smart Home ...................................................................................................................................... 200

Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................. 200

Process Automation .......................................................................................................................... 200

Energy Management ......................................................................................................................... 200

Supply Chain ...................................................................................................................................... 201

Healthcare ......................................................................................................................................... 201

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................ 201

Military 201

Transportation .................................................................................................................................. 201

Challenges Posed by Internet of Things ................................................................................................ 202

Cybersecurity .................................................................................................................................... 202

Privacy 202

Complex Operations & Management ............................................................................................... 202

Environment Impact ......................................................................................................................... 203

Bulky Data ......................................................................................................................................... 203

Impact of IoT on Cybersecurity ............................................................................................................. 203

Chapter 07 – Distributed Cloud Computing .............................................................................................. 206

An Introduction to Distributed Cloud Computing ................................................................................. 207

What Is Edge Computing? ..................................................................................................................... 208

Advantages of Distributed Cloud .......................................................................................................... 209

Working Principle of Distributed Cloud ................................................................................................ 210

Distributed Cloud Architecture ............................................................................................................. 210

Top Use Cases of Distributed Cloud in Industries ................................................................................. 211

Content Delivery Network (CDN) ...................................................................................................... 212

Internet of Things (IoT) & Edge ......................................................................................................... 214

Software Defined Infrastructure (SDI) .............................................................................................. 214

Big Data Processing ........................................................................................................................... 215

Multi-Cloud Unification ..................................................................................................................... 215

Centralized Management ................................................................................................................. 216

Challenges of Distributed Cloud Computing ......................................................................................... 216

Impact of Distributed Cloud Computing on Cybersecurity ................................................................... 217

Chapter 08 – Quantum Computing ........................................................................................................... 220

An Introduction to Quantum Computing.............................................................................................. 221

Salient Features of Quantum Computing ............................................................................................. 222

Short History of Quantum Computing .................................................................................................. 223

What Is Quantum Physics? ................................................................................................................... 224

Theory of Quantum Computing ........................................................................................................ 224

Working Principle of Quantum Computing........................................................................................... 225

How Many States Are Used in Quantum Computing? .......................................................................... 225

What Are Superimposition and Entanglement in Quantum Computing? ............................................ 225

Difference Between Traditional Computing & Quantum Computing .................................................. 226

Real-World Quantum Applications ....................................................................................................... 227

Major Projects on Quantum Computing ............................................................................................... 229

IBM 230

Honeywell ......................................................................................................................................... 230

Google 230

Microsoft 231

Main Terminologies Used in Quantum Computing .............................................................................. 232

Superconductors ............................................................................................................................... 232

Superfluid .......................................................................................................................................... 233

Quantum Mechanics ......................................................................................................................... 234

Qubits 234

Quantum Logic Gate ......................................................................................................................... 235

Quantum Counting ............................................................................................................................ 236

Grover’s Algorithm ............................................................................................................................ 236

Shor’s Algorithm ............................................................................................................................... 236

Josephson Junction ........................................................................................................................... 237

Chapter 09 – Tactile Virtual Reality .......................................................................................................... 240

An Introduction to Tactile Virtual Reality ............................................................................................. 241

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality ................................................................................................. 242

History & Evolution of Tactile Virtual Reality ........................................................................................ 242

Types of Virtual Reality ......................................................................................................................... 244

Non-Immersive VR ............................................................................................................................ 244

Fully-Immersive VR ........................................................................................................................... 244

Semi-Immersive VR ........................................................................................................................... 245

Neurophysiological Tactile Measurement Techniques ......................................................................... 245

Electroencephalography (EEG) ......................................................................................................... 246

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)..................................................................................................... 246

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) .............................................................................. 246

Somatosensation and Its Types ............................................................................................................ 246

Active Somatosensation.................................................................................................................... 247

Passive Somatosensation .................................................................................................................. 247

Major VR Terms with Definitions .......................................................................................................... 247

Head Mounted Display (HMD) .......................................................................................................... 247

Haptics 247

360 Videos ......................................................................................................................................... 247

Interactive VR .................................................................................................................................... 248

Stereoscopy ....................................................................................................................................... 248

4D Virtual Reality .............................................................................................................................. 248

Field of View (FOV) ............................................................................................................................ 248

Image/Video Stitching ....................................................................................................................... 248

Simulator Sickness ............................................................................................................................ 248

Cave Automatic Virtual Environment ............................................................................................... 249

Mixed Reality .................................................................................................................................... 249

Real-Word Applications of Tactile Virtual Reality ................................................................................. 249

Video Games ..................................................................................................................................... 250

Education & Training ......................................................................................................................... 251

Product Development ....................................................................................................................... 252

Chapter 10 – An Overview of Top Futuristic Technologies ....................................................................... 255

What Is Futuristic Technology? ............................................................................................................. 256

Top Futuristic Technologies .................................................................................................................. 258

3D Printing Technology ..................................................................................................................... 259

4D Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 263

6G Technology .................................................................................................................................. 263

Autonomous Robots ......................................................................................................................... 267

Artificial Neurons .............................................................................................................................. 271

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) .................................................................................................. 273

Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)....................................................................................................... 274

Mind Uploading................................................................................................................................. 276

Driverless Vehicles ............................................................................................................................ 278

Infrastructure Hacking ...................................................................................................................... 279

Regenerative Medicine ..................................................................................................................... 279

Digital Twin (DT) Technology ............................................................................................................ 280

Programmable Living Robots ............................................................................................................ 282

Human Augmentation ....................................................................................................................... 283

Intelligent Process Automation (IPA) ................................................................................................ 283

Space Elevator ................................................................................................................................... 284

Rotating Skyhook .............................................................................................................................. 285

Light Sail 285

Chapter 11 – Impact of Advanced & Futuristic Technologies on Cybersecurity ...................................... 288

Overview of Impact of Modern Technologies on Cybersecurity .......................................................... 288

Major Cybersecurity Challenges Due to Advanced Technologies ........................................................ 291

Risk to National Security ................................................................................................................... 292

Breach of Privacy ............................................................................................................................... 293

Increased Burden of Cybersecurity on Businesses ........................................................................... 294

Shortage of Cybersecurity Specialists ............................................................................................... 294

Risk of Extensive Data Exposure ....................................................................................................... 295

Society & Business Manipulation ...................................................................................................... 295

References ................................................................................................................................................ 298

Über Autor(innen)

Kutub Thakur, Ph.D., is Director of the NJCU Center for Cybersecurity, Assistant Professor, and Director of the Cybersecurity Program at New Jersey City University. He worked for various private and public entities such as the United Nations, New York University, Lehman Brothers, Barclays Capital, ConEdison, City University of New York, and Metropolitan Transport Authority. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science with a specialization in cybersecurity from Pace University, New York, M.S. in Engineering Electrical and Computer Control systems from the University of Wisconsin, B.S. and A.A.S. in Computer Systems Technology from the City University of New York (CUNY). He reviewed for many prestigious journals and published several papers in reputable journals and conferences. His research interests include digital forensics, network security, machine learning, IoT security, privacy, and user behavior. Dr. Thakur is currently serving as Program Chair for many conferences and workshops. He is also currently supervising many graduate and doctoral students for their theses, proposals, and dissertations in the field of cybersecurity.

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan is Professor at the CSE department, United International University (UIU), Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering in 2009 from Kyung Hee University, South Korea, and his B.Sc. in Computer Science and Information Technology from the Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Bangladesh, in 2003. In his academic career so far, he worked as Faculty Member in the CSE Department at the Independent University, Bangladesh (2020-2021), Southeast University, Bangladesh (2015-2020), Computer Science Department, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia, during 2010-2015; at BRACU, Bangladesh, during 2009-2010; and at NSU, Bangladesh, during 2004-2005. He has served as General Chair, Organizing Committee Member, and Technical Program Committee Member in numerous international conferences/workshops like INFOCOM, GLOBECOM, ICC, etc. He was awarded the IEEE Outstanding Leadership Award for his role in the IEEE GreenCom’13 conference. Among various editorial roles, he is currently serving as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Computers and Applications, T&F; Associate Editor of Connection Science, T&F; Editor of Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks, Old City Publishing, and International Journal of Sensor Networks, Inderscience Publishers; Guest Editor of many special issues of top-ranked journals; and Editor/Author of 32 books. He is Senior Member of IEEE.

Sadia Ismat has been serving government agencies for the last two decades. She has held multiple executive positions. Currently, she is working as Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) at the Department of Finance, New York City's largest financial municipal agency which has a collective revenue annually of 65 billion dollars. Dr. Sadia has worked for various state and city agencies, providing consulting services to government and private firms throughout her career. She is Regular Contributor and Speaker in Cybersecurity Conferences discussing Cybersecurity and Women in Cybersecurity. Dr. Ismat published research works encompassing federal compliance and biometric technology. She also works as Adjunct Professor at various city and private universities.