Torp Challenges of Aging

Pensions, Retirement and Generational Justice
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-137-28317-7
Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten

Population ageing is among the most important developments of our time. This book explores the profound challenges faced by an aging world. Leading experts from diverse disciplines describe the fundamental impact demographic aging has on pension systems, on the concepts of retirement and old age, and on the balance of generational justice.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Torp, C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Challenges of Aging;4
3;Contents;6
4;List of Tables;8
5;List of Figures;9
6;Acknowledgments;11
7;Notes on Contributors;12
8;List of Abbreviations;17
9;Demographic Aging as a Challenge to Modern Societies;19
9.1;1. Pension systems under pressure;22
9.2;2. Retirement and the changing images of old age;24
9.3;3. The problem of generational justice;27
9.4;References;30
10;Part I: The Multiple Facets of Population Aging;33
10.1;1: The Challenges of Twenty-First-Century Demography;34
10.1.1;1. Introduction;34
10.1.2;2. Demographics;34
10.1.2.1;2.1. Demographic drivers;36
10.1.2.2;2.2. Mortality rates;37
10.1.3;3. The challenge;39
10.1.3.1;3.1. Economic challenge;40
10.1.3.2;3.2. Health challenge;42
10.1.3.3;3.3. Intergenerational and intragenerational relationships;43
10.1.4;4. Conclusion: The need for adaptation;44
10.1.5;Note;45
10.1.6;References;45
10.2;2: Population Aging and the Changing Economic Life Cycle: A Global Perspective;47
10.2.1;1. Demographic transition and population age distributions;47
10.2.2;2. The economic life cycle;49
10.2.3;3. The interaction of population age distribution and the economic life cycle: Support ratios;54
10.2.4;4. How consumption in old age is funded around the world;55
10.2.5;5. Economic consequences of population aging;59
10.2.6;6. Discussion and conclusion;61
10.2.7;References;62
11;Part II: Pension Systems under Pressure;63
11.1;3: Age Politics and Pension Systems Development and Reform;64
11.1.1;1. Introduction;64
11.1.2;2. Demand-side and supply-side explanations for the emergence and growth of pension systems;65
11.1.3;3. The elderly and pension system reform: Back to the demand-side, or how we learned to stop worrying and to love pensioners;68
11.1.3.1;3.1. The elderly at the ballot box;68
11.1.3.2;3.2. The organized elderly: Parties, unions, and pressure groups;70
11.1.4;4. Conclusion;73
11.1.5;Notes;73
11.1.6;References;73
11.2;4: Policy Feedbacks and Pension Policy Change;76
11.2.1;1. Introduction;76
11.2.2;2. Feedback effects on policy change;77
11.2.3;3. Self-undermining feedbacks and policy change in three pension regimes, 2001–14;84
11.2.4;4. “Bismarckian Lite” pension in the United States;85
11.2.5;5. Bismarckian pension regimes;89
11.2.6;6. NDC pensions in Sweden;91
11.2.7;7. Conclusions;93
11.2.8;Note;94
11.2.9;References;95
11.3;5: Sovereign Debt Crises and Pension Reforms in Europe;98
11.3.1;1. Introduction;98
11.3.2;2. Eight countries – three types of pension systems;99
11.3.3;3. The post-2008 pension reforms;102
11.3.3.1;3.1. Ireland;102
11.3.3.2;3.2. The South European countries;105
11.3.3.3;3.3. The CEE countries;109
11.3.4;4. Commonalities and differences;111
11.3.5;5. The social impact of recent pension reforms;113
11.3.6;6. Conclusion;114
11.3.7;Notes;115
11.3.8;References;116
11.4;6: The UK Pensions Crisis and Institutional Innovation: Beyond Corporatism and Neoliberalism;119
11.4.1;1. Introduction;119
11.4.2;2. Workplace pensions—past and present;122
11.4.3;3. Social Security Act 1973;124
11.4.4;4. Social Security Act 1975;127
11.4.5;5. Pensions commission 2005;130
11.4.6;6. Institutional innovation and consensus;133
11.4.7;7. Pension politics (redux);137
11.4.8;8. Conclusions;139
11.4.9;Notes;142
11.4.10;References;143
12;Part III: Retirement and the Changing Images of Old Age;147
12.1;7: Work versus Leisure: Historical Roots of the Dissociation of Work and Later Life in Twentieth-Century Europe;148
12.1.1;1. Introduction;148
12.1.2;2. Ideas and practices of retirement in pre-modern and early industrial Europe;152
12.1.2.1;2.1. The “Ciceronian model of retirement”;152
12.1.2.2;2.2. Retirement for the laboring poor?;155
12.1.2.3;2.3. Retirement as a means of intergenerational property transfer;156
12.1.2.4;2.4 Retirement and the administrative logic of large bureaucratic institutions;158
12.1.3;3. The spread of retirement in the twentieth century: Quantitative evidence;159
12.1.3.1;3.1. The long-term trend of declining labor force participation;159
12.1.3.2;3.2. The homogeneity of the long-term trend;162
12.1.4;4. The breakthrough toward general appreciation of retirement;163
12.1.4.1;4.1. The first half of the twentieth century – a period of transition;163
12.1.4.2;4.2. Social scientists versus workers – the ambivalent 1950s;165
12.1.4.3;4.3. The breakthrough toward leisurely retirement in the 1970s;167
12.1.4.4;4.4. The wider context: Toward a modern leisure-rich society;170
12.1.5;5. Concluding remarks;171
12.1.6;Note;172
12.1.7;References;172
12.2;8: From Retirement to Active Aging: Changing Images of ‘Old Age’ in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries;178
12.2.1;1. Demographizing the social: The politics of aging in the ‘aging society’;178
12.2.2;2. Averting the ‘old age crisis’ by means of ‘active aging’;179
12.2.3;3. Talking about a revolution: Public discourses on ‘active aging’ since the 1980s;181
12.2.4;4. Governing the ‘aging society’: On the dialectics of constructing the ‘young old’;185
12.2.5;Notes;187
12.2.6;References;189
12.3;9: Delaying Retirement in Germany and Europe;191
12.3.1;1. Introduction: Labor participation and early retirement;191
12.3.2;2. Paradigm shift: Extending working lives;192
12.3.2.1;2.1. Labor market and economic trends;192
12.3.2.2;2.2. Reasons imposed by social policy;193
12.3.2.3;2.3. Changes in the EU labor employment policy targets;193
12.3.3;3. Major strategies in Germany and Europe;194
12.3.3.1;3.1. Pension and retirement policies;194
12.3.3.2;3.2. Unemployment policies;199
12.3.3.3;3.3. Consequences;201
12.3.3.4;3.4. Employment policies;202
12.3.3.5;3.5. Health/disability policies;205
12.3.3.6;3.6. Further vocational training;205
12.3.3.7;3.7. Opposing age discrimination in employment;208
12.3.4;4. Prospects: Promoting the employability of an aging workforce;208
12.3.5;Note;211
12.3.6;References;211
12.4;10: Changing Retirement Transitions in Times of Paradigmatic Political Change: Toward Growing Inequalities;217
12.4.1;1. Introduction;217
12.4.2;2. Theory and previous findings;218
12.4.2.1;2.1. The decision to work up to or past the legal retirement age;219
12.4.2.2;2.2. The effect of population aging and recent policy trends on the retirement decision;222
12.4.3;3. Data;224
12.4.4;4. Results;226
12.4.5;5. Conclusion;234
12.4.6;Notes;235
12.4.7;References;236
13;Part IV: The Problem of Generational Justice;239
13.1;11: Intergenerational Equity: Historical Reconstructions;240
13.1.1;1. Introduction;240
13.1.2;2. Three life course perspectives;243
13.1.3;3. Why the recent revival?;244
13.1.4;4. Some analytical questions;246
13.1.4.1;4.1. The concept of a generation;246
13.1.4.2;4.2. Equity or equality?;249
13.1.4.3;4.3. Corrective justice;251
13.1.5;5. A view from history;251
13.1.6;6. Conclusion;258
13.1.7;References;258
13.2;12: Generational Justice, Generational Habitus and the ‘Problem’ of the Baby Boomers;261
13.2.1;1. Introduction;261
13.2.2;2. Generational habitus;264
13.2.3;3. Generational equity and generational justice;266
13.2.4;4. Inequality as a source of intergenerational conflict?;268
13.2.5;5. Some conclusions;270
13.2.6;References;271
13.3;13: Generations in Aging Societies: Inequalities, Cleavages, Conflicts;274
13.3.1;1. Introduction;274
13.3.2;2. Old and new inequalities;274
13.3.3;3. The impact of historical watersheds and macro-structural change;276
13.3.4;4. The economics of generational discontinuity;280
13.3.5;5. Toward political mobilization?;284
13.3.6;6. Mediating organizations: Parties and unions;288
13.3.7;7. Families as mediators;289
13.3.8;8. Generation and class: Conflict or integration?;292
13.3.9;Notes;293
13.3.10;References;294
14;Name Index;298
15;Subject Index;300