Walker / Livingstone Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8767-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 285 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Society of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry

This new volume from the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) Special Publications Series examines the phenomenon of persistent pollutants in the seas and oceans. Unlike the highly visible and obvious effects caused by oil, certain chemicals have unseen but long-term and far-reaching effects on the marine ecosystem. They often have long half-lives, are carried great distances and pass easily through the food chain from prey to predator. The behaviour and effects of these persistent pollutants on each type of marine animal (invertebrates, vertebrates, fish, mammals and fish-eating birds) are described. A final overview draws the observations and conclusions together presenting a work that provides a foundation for understanding the behaviour of persistent pollutants in the marine environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Walker, Colin H.

Livingstone, D. R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Foreword;8
6;Preface;10
7;List of Abbreviations;12
8;Part I:
Invertebrates of Lower Trophic Levels;14
8.1;CHAPTER 1. Persistent Pollutants in Marine Invertebrates;16
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;16
8.1.2;BIOACCUMULATION: TISSUE LEVELS, UPTAKE, DEPURATION;17
8.1.3;METABOLISM OF CONTAMINANTS;22
8.1.4;BIOACCUMULATION: INTEGRATED ASPECTS;32
8.1.5;REFERENCES;42
8.2;CHAPTER 2. Occurrence and Fate of Persistent Pollutants in Marine Invertebrates: Studies with Polychaetes and the Common Mussel, Mytilus edulis;48
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;48
8.2.2;BIOTRANSFORMATION AND ELIMINATION;49
8.2.3;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;55
8.2.4;REFERENCES;56
9;Part II:
Invertebrates of Higher Trophic Levels;60
9.1;CHAPTER 3
The Distribution of 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in
Juvenile Blue Crabs, Callinectes
sapidus, and the Physiological Effects
of Consumption of Food from a
Polluted Environment on This Species;62
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;62
9.1.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;64
9.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;66
9.1.4;REFERENCES;72
9.2;CHAPTER 4.
The Relationship Between PCBs in
Biota and in Water and Sediment from
New Bedford Harbor: a Modeling
Evaluation
;76
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;76
9.2.2;PCB CONTAMINATION IN NEW BEDFORD HARBOR;77
9.2.3;MODELING OF PCB ACCUMULATION;84
9.2.4;FACTORS CONTROLLING PCBs IN BIOTA;88
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;92
9.2.6;LITERATURE CITED;93
10;Part III:
Fish;94
10.1;CHAPTER 5. Chlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bottom Sediments, Fish and Marine Mammals in US Coastal Waters: Laboratory and Field Studies of Metabolism and Accumulation ;96
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;96
10.1.2;LABORATORY STUDIES;99
10.1.3;FIELD STUDIES;108
10.1.4;REFERENCES;124
11;Part IV:
Marine Mammals;130
11.1;CHAPTER 6. The Toxicokinetics of PCBs in Marine Mammals with Special Reference to Possible Interactions of Individual Congeners with the Cytochrome P450-dependent Monooxygenase System: an Overview;132
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;132
11.1.2;BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASE ENZYME SYSTEM OF MARINE MAMMALS;134
11.1.3;CB PATTERNS;145
11.1.4;NATURE AND TOXIC EFFECTS OF THE METABOLITES FORMED;158
11.1.5;DEVELOPMENT OF ABSOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS;159
11.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;164
11.1.7;DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;166
11.1.8;REFERENCES;166
11.2;CHAPTER 7.
Chemical Modernization and
Vulnerability of Cetaceans: Increasing
Toxic Threat of Organochlorine
Contaminants;174
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;174
11.2.2;WIDESPREAD CONTAMINATION;175
11.2.3;SPECIFIC ACCUMULATION;177
11.2.4;CAPACITY OF DEGRADATION;181
11.2.5;ECOLOGICAL RISK;185
11.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;187
11.2.7;REFERENCES;188
12;Part V:
Fish-eating Birds;192
12.1;CHAPTER 8. Patterns and Trends of Organic Contaminants in Canadian Seabird Eggs, 1968—90;194
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;194
12.1.2;METHODS;194
12.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;196
12.1.4;SUMMARY;204
12.1.5;REFERENCES;205
12.2;CHAPTER 9. Problems of Bioaccumulation in Fish-eating Birds from the Mediterranean;208
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;208
12.2.2;COMPARISON OF ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN ECOSYSTEMS;209
12.2.3;BIRDS MIGRATING TO THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA FROM NORTHERN OR SOUTHERN REGIONS;212
12.2.4;THE DELTA OF THE DANUBE;214
12.2.5;CONSEQUENCES OF CONTAMINATION;216
12.2.6;BIOMODIFICATION AND BIODETOXIFICATION STRATEGIES;217
12.2.7;TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT LEVELS;219
12.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;220
12.2.9;REFERENCES;220
12.3;CHAPTER 10.
The Ecotoxicology of Persistent
Pollutants in Marine Fish-eating Birds;224
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;224
12.3.2;LEVELS OF PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE POLLUTANTS IN SEABIRDS;225
12.3.3;THE METABOLISM OF LIPOPHILIC XENOBIOTICS BY SEABIRDS;231
12.3.4;EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS UPON SEABIRDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT;238
12.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;241
12.3.6;REFERENCES;243
13;Part VI:
Overview;246
13.1;CHAPTER 11.
Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems: an
Overview;248
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;248
13.1.2;TRANSFER PROCESSES AND ROUTES OF UPTAKE;249
13.1.3;SAMPLING STRATEGIES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION;253
13.1.4;COMPARATIVE ENZYMOLOGY AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING PERSISTENCE OF CHEMICALS IN SPECIES;256
13.1.5;MODELLING THE FATE AND EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS;261
13.1.6;TOXIC EFFECTS;263
13.1.7;EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS;268
13.1.8;REFERENCES;272
14;Index;278