Wang / Hung / Shammas Physicochemical Treatment Processes

Volume 3
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-59259-820-5
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 3, 724 Seiten

Reihe: Handbook of Environmental Engineering

The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide to take positive actions to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution: air, noise, solid waste, and water. Because pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for 'zero discharge' can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste exists, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? The principal intention of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series is to help readers formulate answers to the last two questions. The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution pr- lems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a 'methodology of pollution c- trol. ' However, realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental problems makes it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wang, Lawrence K.

Hung, Yung-Tse

Shammas, Nazih K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;18
4;Screening and Comminution;20
4.1;1. FUNCTION OF SCREENS AND COMMINUTORS;20
4.2;2. TYPES OF SCREENS;21
4.3;3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS OF SCREENS;22
4.4;4. CLEANING METHODS FOR SCREENS;24
4.5;5. QUANTITY AND DISPOSAL OF SCREENINGS;25
4.6;6. COMMINUTORS;26
4.7;7. ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE;27
4.8;8. ENGINEERING DESIGN;31
4.9;9. DESIGN EXAMPLES;34
4.10;NOMENCLATURE;37
4.11;REFERENCES;37
5;Flow Equalization and Neutralization;39
5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;39
5.2;2. FLOW EQUALIZATION;39
5.3;3. NEUTRALIZATION;46
5.4;4. NEUTRALIZATION PRACTICES;50
5.5;5. pH NEUTRALIZATION PRACTICES;54
5.6;6. DESIGN OF A NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM;57
5.7;7. DESIGN EXAMPLES;58
5.8;NOMENCLATURE;61
5.9;REFERENCES;62
6;Mixing;64
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;64
6.2;2. BASIC CONCEPTS;65
6.3;3. MIXING PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT ;72
6.4;4. DESIGN OF FACILITIES;103
6.5;NOMENCLATURE;116
6.6;REFERENCES;117
7;Coagulation and Flocculation;119
7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;119
7.2;2. APPLICATIONS OF COAGULATION ;120
7.3;3. PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS;121
7.4;4. COLLOIDAL STRUCTURE AND STABILITY;123
7.5;5. DESTABILIZATION OF COLLOIDS;125
7.6;6. INFLUENCING FACTORS;128
7.7;7. COAGULANTS;130
7.8;8. COAGULATION CONTROL;134
7.9;9. CHEMICAL FEEDING;137
7.10;10. MIXING;138
7.11;11. RAPID MIX;140
7.12;12. FLOCCULATION;141
7.13;13. DESIGN EXAMPLES ;143
7.14;NOMENCLATURE;153
7.15;REFERENCES;154
8;Chemical Precipitation;156
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;156
8.2;2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION;157
8.3;3. PROCESS TYPES;157
8.4;4. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION PRINCIPLES;161
8.5;5. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION KINETICS;167
8.6;6. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ;170
8.7;7. PROCESS APPLICATIONS;173
8.8;8. PROCESS EVALUATION ;178
8.9;9. APPLICATION EXAMPLES ;180
8.10;NOMENCLATURE;184
8.11;REFERENCES;185
8.12;APPENDIXES;189
9;Recarbonation and Softening;213
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;213
9.2;2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION;213
9.3;3. SOFTENING AND RECARBONATION PROCESS CHEMISTRY;215
9.4;4. LIME/SODA ASH SOFTENING PROCESS;217
9.5;5. WATER STABILIZATION;219
9.6;6. OTHER RELATED PROCESS APPLICATIONS ;220
9.7;7. PROCESS DESIGN;222
9.8;8. DESIGN AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES ;229
9.9;NOMENCLATURE;240
9.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;241
9.11;REFERENCES;241
10;Chemical Oxidation;243
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;243
10.2;2. THEORY AND PRINCIPLES;247
10.3;3. OXYGENATED REAGENT SYSTEMS;257
10.4;4. TRANSITION-METAL ION OXIDATION SYSTEMS;270
10.5;5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMICAL OXIDATION;275
10.6;6. EXAMPLES;278
10.7;NOMENCLATURE;282
10.8;REFERENCES;283
11;Halogenation and Disinfection;285
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;285
11.2;2. CHEMISTRY OF HALOGENATION;288
11.3;3. DISINFECTION WITH HALOGENS;299
11.4;4. CHLORINE AND CHLORINATION;302
11.5;5. CHLORINE DIOXIDE DISINFECTION;308
11.6;6. BROMINE AND BROMINATION;308
11.7;7. IODINE AND IODINATION;309
11.8;8. OZONE AND OZONATION;309
11.9;9. COST DATA;309
11.10;10. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HALOGENATION TECHNOLOGY ;310
11.11;11. DISINFECTION SYSTEM DESIGN ;314
11.12;12. DESIGN AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES ;319
11.13;NOMENCLATURE;325
11.14;REFERENCES;325
12;Ozonation;329
12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;329
12.2;2. PROPERTIES AND CHEMISTRY OF OZONE ;330
12.3;3. APPLICATIONS OF OZONE;333
12.4;4. PROCESS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ;335
12.5;5. OZONATION SYSTEM;354
12.6;6. COSTS OF OZONATION SYSTEMS;363
12.7;7. SAFETY;367
12.8;NOMENCLATURE;368
12.9;REFERENCES;369
13;Electrolysis;372
13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;372
13.2;2. MECHANISMS OF ELECTROLYSIS;375
13.3;3. ORGANIC AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL;376
13.4;4. DISINFECTION;379
13.5;5. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL;381
13.6;6. AMMONIUM REMOVAL;382
13.7;7. CYANIDE DESTRUCTION;382
13.8;8. METAL REMOVAL;383
13.9;9. REMEDIATION OF NITROAROMATIC EXPLOSIVES-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER;385
13.10;10. ELECTROLYSIS-STIMULATED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT;387
13.11;REFERENCES;389
14;Sedimentation;392
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION ;392
14.2;2. TYPES OF CLARIFICATION;393
14.3;3. THEORY OF SEDIMENTATION;394
14.4;4. SEDIMENTATION TANKS IN WATER TREATMENT ;403
14.5;5. SEDIMENTATION TANKS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT ;407
14.6;6. GRIT CHAMBER ;411
14.7;7. GRAVITY THICKENING IN SLUDGE TREATMENT;416
14.8;8. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS;419
14.9;9. SEDIMENTATION IN AIR STREAMS;425
14.10;10. COSTS;427
14.11;11. DESIGN EXAMPLES ;431
14.12;NOMENCLATURE;439
14.13;REFERENCES;440
15;Dissolved Air Flotation;443
15.1;1. INTRODUCTION ;443
15.2;2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLARIFICATION PROCESSES ;447
15.3;3. DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION PROCESS ;452
15.4;4. DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION THEORY ;456
15.5;5. DESIGN, OPERATION, AND PERFORMANCE ;465
15.6;6. CHEMICAL TREATMENT;467
15.7;7. SAMPLING, TESTS, AND MONITORING ;469
15.8;8. PROCEDURES AND APPARATUS FOR CHEMICAL COAGULATION EXPERIMENTS;469
15.9;9. PROCEDURES AND APPARATUS FOR LABORATORY DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION EXPERIMENTS ;471
15.10;10. NORMAL OPERATING PROCEDURES ;474
15.11;11. EMERGENCY OPERATING PROCEDURES ;476
15.12;12. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ;477
15.13;13. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION TECHNOLOGY ;480
15.14;14. APPLICATION AND DESIGN EXAMPLES ;484
15.15;NOMENCLATURE;503
15.16;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;504
15.17;REFERENCES;505
16;Gravity Filtration;513
16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;513
16.2;2. PHYSICAL NATURE OF GRAVITY FILTRATION;514
16.3;3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS;516
16.4;4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF GRAVITY FILTERS;522
16.5;5. APPLICATIONS;534
16.6;6. DESIGN EXAMPLES ;539
16.7;NOMENCLATURE;551
16.8;REFERENCES;552
17;Polymeric Adsorption and Regenerant Distillation;556
17.1;1. INTRODUCTION;556
17.2;2. POLYMERIC ADSORPTION PROCESS DESCRIPTION ;558
17.3;3. POLYMERIC ADSORPTION APPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION ;559
17.4;4. POLYMERIC ADSORBENTS;561
17.5;5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ;563
17.6;6. DISTILLATION;568
17.7;7. DESIGN AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES;571
17.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;581
17.9;REFERENCES;582
18;Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption;583
18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;583
18.2;2. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS FOR GAC PROCESS;586
18.3;3. ADSORPTION COLUMN MODELS;587
18.4;4. DESIGN OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON COLUMNS ;595
18.5;5. REGENERATION;601
18.6;6. FACTORS AFFECTING GAC ADSORPTION;602
18.7;7. PERFORMANCE AND CASE STUDIES;603
18.8;8. ECONOMICS OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM;605
18.9;9. DESIGN EXAMPLES;612
18.10;10. HISTORICAL AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION ;633
18.11;NOMENCLATURE;638
18.12;REFERENCES;640
19;Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse;644
19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;644
19.2;2. CONVENTIONAL PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES;645
19.3;3. MEMBRANE PROCESSES ;667
19.4;REFERENCES;684
20;Introduction to Sludge Treatment;686
20.1;1. THE ORIGIN OF SLUDGE;686
20.2;2. CONDITIONING PROCESSES;687
20.3;3. DEWATERING PROCESSES ;693
20.4;4. STABILIZATION PROCESSES;700
20.5;5. THERMAL PROCESSES ;708
20.6;REFERENCES;712
21;Index;713