Webster Safety of Nanoparticles

From Manufacturing to Medical Applications
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-387-78608-7
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 239 Seiten

Reihe: Nanostructure Science and Technology

In spite of the potential use of nanomaterials as tissue engineering devices, implants, biosensors, drug delivery devices, etc., there has yet to be a compilation of the risks associated with the in vivo use of nanomaterials. There are numerous and well-known risks because of the size of nanoparticles. For example, nanoparticles can cross cell membranes and enter the cytoplasm undetected. The aim of this book is to provide one of the first (if not the first) detailed views of how cells and tissues in the body deal with nanoparticles. This is important not only for implantable devices, but also for the manufacturing of nanophase materials when particles can be inhaled or enter the body through the skin. Only by compiling research at the intersection of nanoparticles and biological processes can we determine if nanophase materials are safe to be manufactured, handled, and/or implanted for various medical applications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Webster, Thomas J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;8
3;Developing Practices for Safe Handling of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in a Development-Stage Enterprise: A Practical Guide for Research and Development Organizations;12
3.1;Contents;12
3.2;1.1 Introduction;13
3.3;1.2 ElectroNanosprayTM Generated Nanomaterials;13
3.4;1.3 Evolving Safe Handling Practices;16
3.5;1.4 General Approaches for Categorizing Risk;21
3.6;1.5 Regulatory Aspects of Working with Nanoparticles;24
3.7;1.6 Conclusions;28
3.8;References;29
4;Cytotoxicity of Photoactive Nanoparticles;30
4.1;Contents;31
4.2;2.1 Introduction;31
4.3;2.2 Quantum Dots;32
4.4;2.3 Noble Metal Nanoparticles;35
4.5;2.4 Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles;38
4.6;2.5 Summary;39
4.7;References;41
5;Breeching Epithelial Barriers – Physiochemical Factors Impacting Nanomaterial Translocation and Toxicity;43
5.1;Contents;43
5.2;3.1 Introduction;44
5.3;3.2 Nanomaterial Physiochemical Properties;45
5.4;3.3 Skin;47
5.5;3.4 Respiratory Tract;58
5.6;3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions;63
5.7;References;64
6;Safety and Efficacy of Nano/Micro Materials;73
6.1;Contents;73
6.2;4.1 Introduction;74
6.3;4.2 Drugs;75
6.4;4.3 Polymeric Carriers;77
6.5;4.4 Additives;81
6.6;4.5 Structure;82
6.7;4.6 Processes;84
6.8;4.7 Workers’ Safety;86
6.9;4.8 The Related Guidance;87
6.10;References;89
7;Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles;99
7.1;Contents;99
7.2;5.1 Introduction;100
7.3;5.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest;101
7.4;5.3 Factors that Require Considerations for Using Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications;108
7.5;5.4 Current and Potential Applications of Nanoparticles;114
7.6;5.5 Summary;116
7.7;References;116
8;Unexpected Reactions by In Vivo Applications of PEGylated Liposomes;120
8.1;Contents;120
8.2;6.1 A Long-Circulating Liposome, PEGylated Liposome;121
8.3;6.2 Passive Targeting of PEGylated Liposomes;122
8.4;6.3 Clinical Applications of PEGylated Liposomes;122
8.5;6.4 Accelerated Blood Clearance (ABC) of PEGylated Liposomes upon Repeated Injections;124
8.6;6.5 Adverse Reactions to PEGylated Liposomes Observed in Clinical Use;131
8.7;6.6 Conclusions;134
8.8;References;134
9;Hydrogel Nanocomposites: Biomedical Applications, Biocompatibility, and Toxicity Analysis;140
9.1;Contents;140
9.2;7.1 Introduction;141
9.3;7.2 Hydrogels;141
9.4;7.3 Hydrogel Nanocomposites;142
9.5;7.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Analysis;156
9.6;7.5 Concluding Remarks;162
9.7;References;163
10;Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials;167
10.1;Contents;167
10.2;8.1 Introduction;168
10.3;8.2 Assays for the Assessment of Cytotoxicity;169
10.4;8.3 Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials;171
10.5;8.4 Differential Biocompatibility of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds;180
10.6;8.5 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials;185
10.7;8.6 Concluding Remarks;191
10.8;References;191
11;Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: Toxicology and Lymph Node Targeting for Cancer Metastasis Prevention;196
11.1;Contents;196
11.2;9.1 Introduction;197
11.3;9.2 Lymphatic System;198
11.4;9.3 Synthesis of Drug Conjugates;202
11.5;9.4 Characterization of Nano- and Micro-conjugates;205
11.6;9.5 In Vitro Tests;206
11.7;9.6 In vivo Tests;211
11.8;9.7 Conclusions;213
11.9;References;214
12;Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy;216
12.1;Contents;216
12.2;10.1 Introduction;217
12.3;10.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles;218
12.4;10.3 Gold Nanoparticles;222
12.5;10.4 Quantum Dots;224
12.6;10.5 Dendrimers;227
12.7;10.6 Liposomes;229
12.8;10.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles;233
12.9;10.8 Albumin-bound Paclitaxel (Abraxane);237
12.10;10.9 Summary;237
12.11;References;238
13;Index;243