Wills Visualizing Time

Designing Graphical Representations for Statistical Data
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-387-77907-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 256 Seiten

Reihe: Statistics and Computing

Art, or Science? Which of these is the right way to think of the field of visualization? This is not an easy question to answer, even for those who have many years experience in making graphical depictions of data with a view to help people understand it and take action. In this book, Graham Wills bridges the gap between the art and the science of visually representing data. He does not simply give rules and advice, but bases these on general principles and provide a clear path between them  This book is concerned with the graphical representation of time data and is written to cover a range of different users. A visualization expert designing tools for displaying time will find it valuable, but so also should a financier assembling a report in a spreadsheet, or a medical researcher trying to display gene sequences using a commercial statistical package.

Graham Wills is Visualization Architect and Principal Software Engineer for SPSS, Inc.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wills, Graham

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Visualizing Time;3
1.1;Preface;7
1.2;Acknowledgements;9
1.3;A Note on the Figures;11
1.4;Contents;13
1.5;1 History;17
1.5.1;1.1 The Importance of Time;17
1.5.2;1.2 Ancient Visualizations of Time;18
1.5.2.1;1.2.1 Summary;21
1.5.3;1.3 Playfair;22
1.5.3.1;1.3.1 Summary;24
1.5.4;1.4 Napoleon's March;25
1.5.4.1;1.4.1 A Fortunate Correlation;27
1.5.4.2;1.4.2 Summary;30
1.5.5;1.5 Comic Books;31
1.5.5.1;1.5.1 Summary;34
1.5.6;1.6 Further Exploration;36
1.6;2 Framework;37
1.6.1;2.1 How to Speak Visualization;37
1.6.2;2.2 Elements;39
1.6.2.1;2.2.1 Point;40
1.6.2.2;2.2.2 Line;41
1.6.2.3;2.2.3 Area;42
1.6.2.4;2.2.4 Interval;45
1.6.2.5;2.2.5 Schema;49
1.6.2.6;2.2.6 Multiple Elements;49
1.6.3;2.3 Statistics;51
1.6.3.1;2.3.1 Local Smooths;52
1.6.3.2;2.3.2 Complex Statistics;55
1.6.4;2.4 Aesthetics;57
1.6.4.1;2.4.1 Categorical and Continuous Aesthetics;60
1.6.4.2;2.4.2 Combining Aesthetics;62
1.6.5;2.5 Coordinates and Faceting;65
1.6.5.1;2.5.1 Coordinates;66
1.6.5.2;2.5.2 Faceting;71
1.6.6;2.6 Additional Features: Guides, Interactivity, Styles;72
1.6.6.1;2.6.1 Guides;72
1.6.6.2;2.6.2 Interactivity;74
1.6.6.3;2.6.3 Styles;74
1.6.7;2.7 Summary;77
1.6.8;2.8 Further Exploration;78
1.7;3 Designing Visualizations;79
1.7.1;3.1 Guiding Principles;79
1.7.1.1;3.1.1 The GQM Methodology;80
1.7.2;3.2 Goals;81
1.7.2.1;3.2.1 Presenting What Is Important;82
1.7.2.2;3.2.2 Seeing General Patterns;82
1.7.2.3;3.2.3 Spotting Unusual Features;84
1.7.3;3.3 Questions;85
1.7.3.1;3.3.1 One Variable: Unusual Values;86
1.7.3.2;3.3.2 One Variable: Showing Distribution;87
1.7.3.3;3.3.3 Two Variables: Showing Relationships and Unusual Values;89
1.7.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Trends: One Variable Varying Over Time;93
1.7.3.4;3.3.4 Multiple Variables: Conditional Relationships, Groups, and Unusual Relationships;94
1.7.3.5;3.3.5 Multiple Variables: Showing Models;96
1.7.4;3.4 Mappings;101
1.7.5;3.5 Systems of Visualizations;102
1.7.5.1;3.5.1 Narrative Structure;104
1.7.5.2;3.5.2 Consistency;105
1.7.5.3;3.5.3 Stereotypes;105
1.7.6;3.6 Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up;105
1.7.7;3.7 Summary;107
1.7.8;3.8 Further Exploration;109
1.8;4 Types of Data;110
1.8.1;4.1 Four-Minute Mile, Day of the Week, Bottom of the Ninth;110
1.8.1.1;4.1.1 Scales of Measurement;111
1.8.1.2;4.1.2 Form Follows Function;112
1.8.2;4.2 Events and Intervals;114
1.8.3;4.3 Regular and Irregular Data;116
1.8.4;4.4 Date and Time Formats;117
1.8.5;4.5 Summary;118
1.8.6;4.6 Further Exploration;119
1.9;5 Time as a Coordinate;120
1.9.1;5.1 Put It on the Horizontal Axis;120
1.9.2;5.2 Event Occurrences;123
1.9.2.1;5.2.1 Many Events;129
1.9.3;5.3 Regular Categorical Sequences;131
1.9.3.1;5.3.1 Patterns in Sequences;133
1.9.4;5.4 Summary;136
1.9.5;5.5 Further Exploration;136
1.10;6 Coordinate Systems, Transformations, Faceting, and Axes;137
1.10.1;6.1 Time Series;137
1.10.1.1;6.1.1 Aspect Ratio;138
1.10.2;6.2 Coordinate Transformations;141
1.10.3;6.3 Axes;143
1.10.3.1;6.3.1 Drawing Time Axes;146
1.10.3.2;6.3.2 Formatting Time Ticks;149
1.10.4;6.4 Faceting;150
1.10.4.1;6.4.1 Faceting by Time;152
1.10.4.2;6.4.2 Faceting Complexity;154
1.10.4.3;6.4.3 Time Within a Faceting;158
1.10.4.4;6.4.4 Faceting When Data Are Not Categorical;162
1.10.5;6.5 Summary;164
1.10.6;6.6 Further Exploration;164
1.11;7 Aesthetics;165
1.11.1;7.1 Time as a Main Aesthetic;165
1.11.1.1;7.1.1 Representing Counts;166
1.11.1.2;7.1.2 Summarizing and Splitting Aesthetics;168
1.11.2;7.2 Specific Aesthetics;170
1.11.2.1;7.2.1 Coloring by Time;170
1.11.2.2;7.2.2 Sizing by Time;171
1.11.2.3;7.2.3 Shaping by Time;172
1.11.2.4;7.2.4 Other Aesthetics and Time;175
1.11.3;7.3 Time as a Secondary Aesthetic;175
1.11.4;7.4 Summary;179
1.11.5;7.5 Further Exploration;180
1.12;8 Transformations;182
1.12.1;8.1 Distortions of Time;182
1.12.2;8.2 Time as Frequency;185
1.12.3;8.3 Converting Between Categorical and Continuous;189
1.12.3.1;8.3.1 From Categories to Continuous;189
1.12.3.2;8.3.2 From Continuous to Categories;191
1.12.4;8.4 Summary;192
1.12.5;8.5 Further Exploration;193
1.13;9 Interactivity;194
1.13.1;9.1 A Framework for Interactivity;194
1.13.1.1;9.1.1 Display Pipeline;195
1.13.2;9.2 Modifying Parameters;197
1.13.2.1;9.2.1 Modifying Element Parameters;197
1.13.2.2;9.2.2 Modifying Aesthetic Parameters;199
1.13.2.3;9.2.3 Modifying Coordinate Parameters;201
1.13.2.4;9.2.4 Modifying Statistic Parameters;204
1.13.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Fitting Seasonality Interactively;205
1.13.2.5;9.2.5 Modifying Scale Parameters;207
1.13.2.6;9.2.6 Modifying Facet Parameters;208
1.13.2.7;9.2.7 Modifying Transform Parameters;209
1.13.3;9.3 Interacting via the Data;209
1.13.3.1;9.3.1 Brushing and Linking;211
1.13.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 Selection Details;215
1.13.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 Nonboolean pseudovariable;217
1.13.3.2;9.3.2 Drill-down;217
1.13.3.3;9.3.3 Summary;218
1.13.4;9.4 Further Exploration;219
1.14;10 Topics In Time;220
1.14.1;10.1 Large Data Sets;220
1.14.1.1;10.1.1 Aggregration;221
1.14.1.2;10.1.2 Augmenting Traditional Displays;226
1.14.2;10.2 Time Lines and Linked Events;230
1.14.2.1;10.2.1 Linked Events;231
1.14.2.2;10.2.2 Timelines;233
1.14.3;10.3 Summary;237
1.14.4;10.4 Further Exploration;237
1.15;11 Gallery of Figures;239
1.15.1;11.1 Chart Complexity;239
1.15.1.1;11.1.1 Complexity Study Procedure;240
1.15.1.2;11.1.2 Initial Analysis;242
1.15.1.3;11.1.3 Model Fitting;245
1.15.1.4;11.1.4 Discussion;246
1.15.1.5;11.1.5 Application to the Figures in This Book;247
1.15.2;11.2 The Gallery;248
1.16;References;259
1.17;Index;265