Bajpai Pulp and Paper Industry

Chemicals
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-803425-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 334 Seiten

Pulp and Paper Industry: Chemicals features in-depth and thorough coverage of Chemical additives in the Pulp and Paper Industry. It discusses use of Enzymes 'Green Chemicals' that can improve operations in pulp and paper, describes Chemicals demanded by the end user and many key and niche players such as Akzo Nobel NV, Eka Chemicals AB, Ashland, Inc., BASF, Buckman Laboratories International, Inc., Clariant, Cytec Industries, Inc., Enzymatic Deinking Technologies, LLC, ERCO Worldwide, FMC Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Chemicals LLC, Imerys SA, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Novozymes, Kemira Chemicals, Nalco Holding Company, Omya AG, Solvay AG, and Solvay Chemicals, Inc.. Paper and pulp processing and additive chemicals are an integral part of the total papermaking process from pulp slurry, through sheet formation, to effluent disposal. Environmental concerns, increased use of recycled waste paper as a replacement for virgin pulp, changes in bleaching and pulping processes, increased efficiency requirements for the papermaking process, limits on effluent discharge as well as international competitiveness have greatly impacted the paper and pulp chemical additive market. This book features in-depth and thorough coverage of Chemical additives in Pulp and Paper Industry. - Detailed and up-to-date coverage of Chemicals in Pulp and Paper Industry - Authoritative, thorough, and comprehensive content on a wide variety of Enzymes 'Green Chemicals' - Comprehensive list of Paper and Pulp Related Chemicals - Comprehensive list of all Pulp and paper Suppliers - Comprehensive Indexing

Dr. Pratima Bajpai is currently working as a Consultant in the field of Paper and Pulp. She has over 36 years of experience in research at the National Sugar Institute, University of Saskatchewan, the Universitiy of Western Ontario, in Canada, in addition to the Thapar Research and Industrial Development Centre, in India. She also worked as a visiting professor at the University of Waterloo, Canada and as a visiting researcher at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. She has been named among the World's Top 2% Scientists by Stanford University in the list published in October 2022. This is the third consecutive year that she has made it into the prestigious list. Dr. Bajpai's main areas of expertise are industrial biotechnology, pulp and paper, and environmental biotechnology. She has contributed immensely to the field of industrial biotechnology and is a recognized expert in the field. Dr. Bajpai has written several advanced level technical books on environmental and biotechnological aspects of pulp and paper which have been published by leading publishers in the USA and Europe. She has also contributed chapters to a number of books and encyclopedia, obtained 11 patents, written several technical reports, and has implemented several processes in Indian Paper mills. Dr. Bajpai is an active member of the American Society of Microbiologists and is a reviewer of many international research journals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bajpai, Pratima

Leseproben

Chapter 2

Paper and Paperboard Industry

Abstract

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with very high capital investments. The world's total paper production amounted to 403million tons in 2013. The majority of manufacturing facilities in the paper industry are integrated. Most paper mills begin with wood chipping at the front end, followed by pulping, bleaching, papermaking, and recycling of post consumer products. The paper and paperboard industry in the global market and general aspects of pulp and papermaking processes are presented.

Keywords

Bleaching; Papermaking; Pulp and paper industry; Pulping; Recycling

2.1. General Background

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with very high capital investments. Growth is fastest in Asia. This is mostly because of China’s rapidly expanding industry. Asia already accounts for well over a third of global paper and paperboard production. The world’s total paper production amounted to 403million tons in 2013 (399million tons in 2012) (www.forestindustries.se/Documentation/International). Asia, which accounts for 45% (179million tons) of paper production, is by far the largest paper producer. Europe (107million tons) and North America (85million tons) are also significant producers (Table 2.1). Paper and paperboard consumption continues to grow in Asia, especially in China. It has been estimated that global paper consumption in 2025 will amount to 500million tons. This means growth of about 1.6% a year. Global consumption of paper has increased by almost half since 1980. Europe and North America account for almost a third of consumption, whereas Asia’s share of global consumption is already 44%. Demand in Eastern Europe is also growing faster than in traditional markets. Belgium is the biggest paper consumer in the world. Table 2.2 shows global paper production by grade (printing and writing paper 30%; corrugated material 37%; paper board packaging 13%; newsprint 5%; others 7%). In 2012, 39.9million tons of graphic papers were produced in Western Europe. More than 70% of printing paper is consumed in Western Europe and North America. In Western Europe in 2012, packaging paper production amounted to 41million tons. Tables 2.3 and 2.4 show global pulp production by region and by quality. The total pulp production was 181million tons in 2012 (chemical pulp 72%; mechanical pulp 20%; others 20%). The world consumption of paper is shown in Table 2.5 and per capita consumption is shown in Table 2.6. Per capita paper and paperboard consumption varies a great deal by country and region. The United States and Canada have historically been large consumers of the world’s paper. North Americans consume more than 17% of the world’s paper despite having only 5% of the population. The global average is about 57kg of paper per person, with the extremes being the United States’ 300kilos and Africa’s about 7kilos. In densely populated areas in Asia, paper consumption amounts to only approximately 35kilos per capita. This means that there is enormous growth potential in Asia, if development follows the same path as in the Western industrialized countries. In spite of the continued focus on digitization, India’s demand for paper is expected to increase 53% in the next 6years, basically because of a sustained increase in the number of school-going children in rural areas (Kumar, 2014). Rising literacy (continued government spending on education through the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), increasing use of documentation, growing consumerism, and modern retailing will keep demand for writing and printing paper buoyant. Though India’s per capita consumption is quite low compared with global peers, things are looking up and demand is set to rise from the current 13million tons to an estimated 20million tons by 2020 (www.paperage.com). An India Ratings report estimates India’s per capita paper consumption at 10kg, against 22kg in Indonesia, 25kg in Malaysia, and 42kg in China. The global average stands at 58kg. This clearly shows there is a lot of headroom for growth in India. From a demand point of view, every 1kg incremental per capita consumption results in additional demand of more than 1million tons a year. Policy factors also have a key role to play in the growth of the domestic paper industry in India. Factors positively affecting paper consumption and demand in India are presented here:

Table 2.1

Global paper production by region

North America

21%

Asia

45%

Europe

27%

Latin America

5%

Oceana

1%

Africa

1%

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

Table 2.2

Global paper production by grade

Printing and writing paper

30%

Corrugated material

37%

Paperboard for packaging

13%

Tissue paper

8%

Newsprint

7%

Other papers

5%

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

Table 2.3

Global pulp production by region

North America

37%

Asia

23%

Europe

25%

Latin America

12%

Oceana

2%

Africa

1%

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

Table 2.4

Global pulp production by quality

Chemical pulp

72%

Mechanical pulp

20%

Others

8%

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

Table 2.5

The world consumption of paper

North America

20%

Asia

46%

Europe

24%

Latin America

7%

Oceana

2%

Africa

1%

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

Table 2.6

Per capita paper consumption 2012

Paper consumption

kg/capita

North America

224

European Union

158

Europe, other

52

Japan

218

China

75

Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia

158

Rest of Asia

15

Oceania

132

Latin America

47

Based on Swedish Forest Industries Federation (Skogsindustrierna).

• Government’s sustained focus on literacy

• Increased consumerism

• Expansion in organized retail

Digital media has a lot of ground to cover, at least as far as penetration is concerned, basically in rural areas. Paper is an established business and its consumption is being encouraged. What is heartening it that although there were challenges, the packaging side of the segment continues to grow. In the past 5years, the Indian paper sector has made an investment of about Rs 20,000crore on technology upgradation, capacity enhancement, and acquisitions. Now, companies in the sector are seeking to improve their balance sheets. Although the sector is enthusiastic to expand the capacity further, decisions in this regard will depend on how soon companies can improve their financials. According to the India Ratings report in 2014–2015, paper companies would achieve better profitability and free cash flows with lower capital expenditure, and this would help in deleveraging. This is because the debt levels of these companies have peaked and cost benefits will accrue from backward integration (because of capital expenditure) and a larger scale of operations. The capacity expansion that took place in the industry through the past few years is now being absorbed because of the rising demand for paper in India. The sector, which faced challenge from rising input costs, is now better placed because of a renewed thrust on agro-forestry and softening of pulp costs. Commissioning of several...