Barszcz Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-030-05971-2
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 14, 233 Seiten

Reihe: Applied Condition Monitoring

This book describes in detail different types of vibration signals and the signal processing methods, including signal resampling and signal envelope, used for condition monitoring of drivetrains. A special emphasis is placed on wind turbines and on the fact that they work in highly varying operational conditions. The core of the book is devoted to cutting-edge methods used to validate and process vibration data in these conditions. Key case studies, where advanced signal processing methods are used to detect failures of gearboxes and bearings of wind turbines, are described and discussed in detail. Vibration sensors, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), portable data analyzers and online condition monitoring systems, are also covered. This book offers a timely guide to both researchers and professionals working with wind turbines (but also other machines), and to graduate students willing to extend their knowledge in the field of vibration analysis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Barszcz, Tomasz

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;Abbreviations;14
5;Symbols;17
6;1 Introduction;19
6.1;1.1 Who Should Read This Book;19
6.2;1.2 Types of Drivetrains;20
6.3;1.3 Stall Controlled and Pitch Controlled Turbines;23
6.4;1.4 Key Machinery Parts and Their Characteristic Frequencies;26
6.4.1;1.4.1 Excitation Versus Structural Frequencies;27
6.4.2;1.4.2 Shaft;30
6.4.3;1.4.3 Bladed Rotor;31
6.4.4;1.4.4 Coupling;32
6.4.5;1.4.5 Parallel Gear;34
6.4.6;1.4.6 Planetary Gear;35
6.4.7;1.4.7 Rolling Element Bearing;38
6.4.8;1.4.8 Wind Turbine Characteristic Frequencies;40
6.5;1.5 Varying Operational Conditions;41
6.6;1.6 Condition Monitoring Methods;44
6.6.1;1.6.1 Vibration Analysis;45
6.6.2;1.6.2 Ultrasonic Analysis;45
6.6.3;1.6.3 Oil Analysis;46
6.6.4;1.6.4 Electrical Parameters Analysis;47
6.6.5;1.6.5 SCADA Data Analysis;48
6.7;References;49
7;2 Standard Vibration Analysis Methods;51
7.1;2.1 Background;51
7.2;2.2 Vibration Signal Examples;52
7.3;2.3 Frequency Analysis;57
7.3.1;2.3.1 Overview;57
7.3.2;2.3.2 Fourier Series;58
7.3.3;2.3.3 Fourier Transform;59
7.3.4;2.3.4 Discrete Fourier Transform;60
7.3.5;2.3.5 Real Signal Spectrum;61
7.3.6;2.3.6 Spectral Leakage;62
7.3.7;2.3.7 Signal Windowing;63
7.3.8;2.3.8 Spectrum Digitization;67
7.4;2.4 Envelope Analysis;68
7.4.1;2.4.1 Overview;68
7.4.2;2.4.2 Selection of Demodulation Band;74
7.4.3;2.4.3 Considerations of Envelope Implementations;75
7.4.4;2.4.4 Calculation of Narrowband Signal Envelope;78
7.5;2.5 Order Analysis;80
7.6;2.6 Time Synchronous Averaging;83
7.7;2.7 Time-Frequency Analysis;85
7.8;2.8 Vibration Signal Features;87
7.8.1;2.8.1 Broadband Features;88
7.8.2;2.8.2 Narrowband Features;90
7.9;2.9 Vibration-Based Norms and Guidelines;92
7.9.1;2.9.1 Overview;92
7.9.2;2.9.2 Allianz Guidelines;95
7.9.3;2.9.3 VDI 3834 Guidelines;96
7.9.4;2.9.4 ISO 10816-21 Standard;100
7.10;References;103
8;3 Condition Monitoring Systems;105
8.1;3.1 Sensors;105
8.1.1;3.1.1 Vibration Acceleration Sensors;106
8.1.2;3.1.2 Process Sensors;111
8.2;3.2 SCADA Systems;114
8.3;3.3 Online Condition Monitoring Systems;118
8.3.1;3.3.1 Monitoring Versus Diagnostics;118
8.3.2;3.3.2 General Structure of CMS;119
8.3.3;3.3.3 CMS Architecture;120
8.3.4;3.3.4 CMS Operator Stations;122
8.3.5;3.3.5 CMS Diagnostic Centers;126
8.3.6;3.3.6 CMS Configuration;127
8.3.7;3.3.7 CMS Examples;129
8.4;3.4 Portable Vibration Analyzers;134
8.4.1;3.4.1 Differences Between Off-Line and On-Line Systems;134
8.4.2;3.4.2 Portable Analyzers Examples;135
8.5;References;137
9;4 Signal Preprocessing and Validation;139
9.1;4.1 Importance of Signal Validation;139
9.2;4.2 Data Selection and Storage Frameworks;143
9.2.1;4.2.1 Selection Based on Fixed Time Intervals;143
9.2.2;4.2.2 Selection Based on Operational States;143
9.3;4.3 Process Parameters Validation;145
9.3.1;4.3.1 Single Process Parameters Validation;145
9.3.2;4.3.2 Multi-dimensional Process Parameters Validation;146
9.4;4.4 Vibration Signals Validation;147
9.4.1;4.4.1 Signal Selection Criteria;147
9.4.2;4.4.2 Vibration Signals Validation Rules;150
9.4.3;4.4.3 Signal Stationarity Validation;156
9.4.4;4.4.4 Probability Distribution Function Fit;159
9.5;4.5 Complete Data Validation Algorithm;163
9.6;4.6 Case Study—Validation of Signals from a Wind Farm;165
9.7;References;166
10;5 Advanced Analysis Methods;167
10.1;5.1 Load Susceptibility Characteristics;167
10.1.1;5.1.1 Overview;167
10.1.2;5.1.2 Method Description;169
10.1.3;5.1.3 Case Study—Generator Bearing Fault;171
10.1.4;5.1.4 Case Study—Main Bearing Fault;172
10.2;5.2 Spectral Kurtosis;175
10.2.1;5.2.1 Overview;175
10.2.2;5.2.2 Method Description;176
10.2.3;5.2.3 Case Study—Planetary Gear Failure Due to a Tooth Fillet Crack;177
10.3;5.3 Protrugram;183
10.3.1;5.3.1 Overview;183
10.3.2;5.3.2 Method Description;184
10.3.3;5.3.3 Case Study—Test Rig REB Fault with Presence of a Single Non-Gaussian Peak;189
10.4;5.4 Cyclostationarity;193
10.4.1;5.4.1 Overview;194
10.4.2;5.4.2 Method Description;196
10.4.3;5.4.3 Case Study—Application of Spectral Coherence for Detection of the REB Fault;203
10.5;5.5 Modulation Intensity Distribution;207
10.5.1;5.5.1 Overview;207
10.5.2;5.5.2 Method Description;207
10.5.3;5.5.3 Case Study—Simulated Second-Order Cyclostationary Signal;211
10.5.4;5.5.4 Case Study—REB Fault Development on the Test Rig;213
10.6;5.6 Instantaneous Circular Pitch Cyclic Power;214
10.6.1;5.6.1 Overview;214
10.6.2;5.6.2 Method Description;219
10.6.3;5.6.3 Case Study—Planet Gear Fault on Epicyclic Gear;220
10.6.4;5.6.4 Case Study—Planet Tooth Fault on Test Rig Gear;221
10.7;References;221
11;6 Further Research;223
11.1;6.1 Varying Operational Conditions;223
11.2;6.2 Fault Modelling;225
11.3;6.3 Automated Data Analysis;227
11.4;6.4 Lifetime Prognostics;229
11.5;References;231