Basar / Basar Brain Function and Oscillations

Volume II: Integrative Brain Function. Neurophysiology and Cognitive Processes
1999
ISBN: 978-3-642-59893-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 476 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Series in Synergetics

Neuroscience is ripe for a paradigm change as Freeman and Mountcastle describe. Brain Oscillations provide an important key to this change. In this book the functional importance of the brain's multiple oscillations is treated with an integrative scope. According to the author, neurophysiology and cognition demand integrative approaches similar to those of Galilei and Newton in physics and of Darwin in biology. Not only the human brain but also lower brains and ganglia of invertebrates are treated with electrophysical methods. Experiments on sensory registration, perception, movement, and cognitive processes related to attention, learning, and memory are described. A synopsis on brain functions leads to a new neuron assemblies doctrine, extending the concept of Sherrington, and new trends in this field. The book will appeal to scientists and graduate students.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Basar, Erol

Inhaltsverzeichnis

I. Dynamics of Electrical Signals in the Animal Brain.- 1. Dynamics of Potentials in the Visual and Auditory Pathway, Hippocampus, and Reticular Formation of the Cat Brain.- 1.1 Surgery, Experimental Conditions, and Raw EEG.- 1.2 Sensory Pathways in the Cat Brain.- 1.3 Evoked Potentials to Auditory Stimulation in the Cat Brain - Time Domain.- 1.4 Evoked Potentials to Visual Stimulation in the Cat Brain - Time Domain.- 1.5 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics Obtained with Auditory Stimulation.- 1.5.1 Auditory Cortex.- 1.5.2 Medial Geniculate Nucleus.- 1.5.3 Mesencephalic Reticular Formation.- 1.5.4 Inferior Colliculus.- 1.5.5 Hippocampus.- 1.5.6 Cerebellar Cortex.- 1.6 Amplitude-Frequency Charateristics: Visual Stimulation.- 1.6.1 “Filtered Potentials”.- 1.7 Coherence Functions Between All Possible Pairings of Recording Electrodes-Auditory Stimulation.- 1.8 Phase Synchronization Demonstrated by Phase Spectra - Auditory Stimulation.- 1.9 Coherence Functions Between All Possible Pairings of Recording Electrodes-Visual Stimulation.- 1.10 Phase Synchronization Demonstrated by Phase Spectra - Visual Stimulation.- 2. Cross-Modality Experiments on the Cat Brain.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 What Are Multimodal Recognition and Cross-Modality Attention? View of Hartline.- 2.3 The Present Chapter Combines Cross-Modality Experiments, Frequency Analysis, and Wavelet Transform Approaches.- 2.4 Results.- 2.4.1 Averaged EPs (Single Animal, Grand Average).- 2.4.2 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics.- 2.4.3 Results of Digital Filtering.- 2.4.4 Results of Wavelet Analysis of EPs.- 2.4.5 Statistical Comparison of Results of Wavelet and Frequency Analysis.- 2.5 Single-Trial Analysis of EPs.- 2.5.1 Example of Single-Trial Analysis.- 2.5.2 Wavelet Analysis of Single-Trials.- 2.6 Physiological Implications of Cross-Modality Experiments.- 2.6.1 Hippocampus Is a Supramodal Center.- 2.6.2 Possible Functional Roles of Evoked Alpha Oscillations.- 2.7 EP/ERP Frequency Components - “Real Components” Related to Psychophysiological Functions.- 2.8 Monomodal vs. Bimodal Stimulation.- 3. Selectively Distributed Gamma-Band Responses Studied in Cortex, Reticular Formation, Hippocampus, and Cerebellum.- 3.1 Gamma Responses to Auditory Stimuli Recorded from Various Structures.- 3.2 Gamma Responses to Visual Stimuli Recorded from Various Structures.- 3.3 Gamma Responses - Multiple Functional Correlates.- 4. Highest Frequency Range in Reticular Formation and Inferior Colliculus (100–1000 Hz).- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Selectively Averaged Transient Evoked Potentials.- 4.3 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics.- 4.4 Consistent Selectivities in the Highest Frequency?.- 4.5 Very High Frequency Responses in the Human Brain.- 5. The Brain of the Sleeping Cat: Dynamics of Electrical Signals.- 5.1 Some Sleep Stages of the Cat.- 5.1.1 Spindle Sleep Stage.- 5.1.2 Slow Wave Sleep Stage.- 5.2 Evoked Potentials During Sleep Stages.- 5.3 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics During Sleep Stages.- 5.3.1 Spindle Sleep (SS) Stage.- 5.3.2 Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) Stage.- 5.4 Application of Combined Analysis Procedure to the Spontaneous and Evoked Activities.- 5.4.1 Simultaneously Recorded and Filtered.- EEG-EP Epochs (1–45 Hz).- 5.4.2 The Coherence Functions Between All Possible Pairings of Recording Electrodes.- 5.5 Further Comments on the Component Analysis and the Real Responses in Evoked Potentials.- 5.6 Interpretation of Results on Stereodynamics in the Auditory Pathway During the Slow Wave Sleep Stage.- 5.6.1 Synchronization and Coupling of Resonances in the Responses of Various Brain Centers in Alpha and Beta Frequency Ranges.- 5.7 Human Frequency Responses During SWS Sleep.- 6. Dynamics of Potentials from Invertebrate Brains.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate (Gastropods) Nervous System.- 6.2.1 The Abdominal Ganglia Complex.- 6.2.2 The Pedal and Buccal Ganglia.- 6.2.3 Microscopic Anatomy.- 6.3 Materials and Methods.- 6.4 Results.- 6.4.1.Ongoing Compound Field Potentials.- 6.4.2 Spikes.- 6.4.3 Relationship Between EEG of Vertebrates and Field Potential Fluctuations of Invertebrates.- 6.5 Potentials Evoked by Means of Electrical Stimulation.- 6.5.1 Aplysia.- 6.5.2 Helix Pomatia.- 6.6 Gamma (30–50 Hz) Activity.- 6.7 Neurochemical Modulation.- 9.8 Unsolved Problems.- 7. Dynamics of Potentials from the Brain of Anamniotes (Vertebrates).- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Methods.- 7.2.1 Ray.- 7.2.2 Goldfish.- 7.3 Results.- 7.3.1 Ray.- 7.3.2 Goldfish.- 7.4 The Reasons for Neuroethological Comparison.- 7.5 Similarities and Differences.- 7.5.1 Unsolved Questions.- 8. Frequency Response of the Cat Brain Is Influenced by Pharmacological Agents.- 8.1 Effects of Ceruletide in the Brain.- 8.2 Methodological Remarks on Experiments with Pharmacological Agents (Haloperidol, Neostigmine, Acetylcholine).- 8.2.1 Experimental Procedure and Data Analysis.- 8.3 Auditory EPs (AEPs) upon Application of Cerulein, Haloperidol, and Neostigmine.- 8.3 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics.- 8.5 Interpretation of Pharmacologically Induced Changes by Application of Cerulein, Neostigmine, and Haloperidol.- 8.6 The Utility of Frequency Analysis to Neuropharmacological research.- II. The Human Brain: Dynamics of EEG, Evoked Potentials, and MEG.- 9. Evoked Alpha and Theta Responses in Humans to Auditory and Visual Stimuli.- 9.1 Subjects, Methods, Environment.- 9.1.1 Evoked Potentials: Auditory and Visual Stimuli.- 9.1.2 Frequency-Domain Approach to Evoked Potentials….- 9.1.3 Component Analysis by Means of Digital Band-Pass Filtering.- 9.2 Brain Resonance Phenomena and their Manifestation in Evoked Potentials.- 9.3 Single EEG-EP Epochs, Averaged EPs, and AFCs for the Study of Brain Resonance Phenomena.- 9.4 Functional Correlates of Theta and Alpha EP Components in Responses to Inadequate and Adequate Stimuli.- 9.5 Prospective and Future Research.- 9.6 Conclusions.- 10. “Cross-Modality” Experiments in Humans.- 10.1 Analysis of Evoked Potentials and Their Frequency Characteristics: Auditory and Visual Stimuli.- 10.2 Filtered Evoked Potentials.- 10.3 Cross-Modality Responses Analyzed with Single EEG-EP Sweeps.- 10.4 Immediate Interpretation of Cross-Modality Experiments.- 10.5 Cat Intracranial Recordings Support the Result from Human Data.- 10.6 Physiological Implications of “Cross-Modality” Experiments: Possible Functional Roles of Induced Rhythmicities.- 10.7 Responses to Adequate and Inadequate Stimuli in MEG Recordings in Human Subjects.- 10.8 Further Thoughts Concerning Functional Correlates of Theta and Alpha Responses.- 11. The Bisensory Evoked Theta Response - A Correlate of Supramodal Association?.- 12. Evoked Delta Oscillations on the Hearing Threshold.- 12.1 Slow Wave Oscillations at Hearing Level: An Individual Experiment.- 12.2 AEP Investigations at the Threshold Level.- 12.3 Experimental Procedure.- 12.3.1 The Threshold Experiment:.- 12.4 Brain Response to Auditory Stimuli with Different Intensities.- 12.4.1 Time Domain Averages.- 12.4.2 Digitally Filtered AEPs.- 12.4.3 Grand Average Amplitude-Frequency Analysis.- 12.4.4 Selectively Filtered Auditory EPs.- 12.4.5 Frequency Distribution in Single Subjects.- 12.5 Has the Frequency Shift a Sensory-Cognitive Interpretation?..- 12.5.1 Possible Origin of the Delta Response.- 12.5.2 The Decision-Memory System.- 13. Evoked Oscillations in Magnetoencephalography.- 13.1 Technical Remarks and Advantages of MEG.- 13.2 Neural Currents Underlying the ECD.- 13.3 The Electric and Magnetic Alpha: A Comparative Study of Auditory and Visual Evoked Fields.- 13.4 Evoked Fields to Sensory Stimulation: Alpha Response.- 13.4.1 Methods.- 13.5 Human MEG Responses - Temporoparietal Versus Occipital Alpha and Delta-Theta Responses.- 13.6 Evidence of 10 Hz and 5 Hz Evoked Magnetic Rhythm.- III. Cognitive Processes.- 14. Selective Attention and Memory: Neurophysiology and Cognitive Psychology.- 14.1 Background and Perspective.- 14.2 Comparative Studies.- 14.3 Concept of Selective Attention and P300.- 14.4 Visual Selective Attention.- 14.4.1 Selective Attention: Experiments with Monkeys.- 14.5 Stages of Memory Processing: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.- 14.6 Encoding and Sensory Register.- 14.7 Memory.- 14.7.1 Short-Term Memory.- 14.7.2 Long-Term Memory.- 14.8 Pattern Recognition.- 15. Memory Templates in Event-Related Oscillations, P300, MMN.- 15.1 Remarks on Family of P300 Responses: ERPs.- 15.2 Experimental Setup and Paradigms.- 15.2.1 Paradigm 1 - Oddball.- 15.2.2 Paradigm 2 - Oddball with Increased Certainty of Alternating Targets.- 15.3 Frequency Analysis of ERPs: Preliminary Results.- 15.3.1 Comparative Analysis of Poststimulus Frequency Changes Under Different Experimental Conditions and Their Contribution to Different Latency Peaks.- 15.3.2 Formation of Peaks.- 15.3.3 Comparison of ERP Responses to Regular and Random Infrequent Target Stimuli.- 15.4 Orientation Reaction and Learning During Repetitive Stimulation.- 15.5 Analysis of Pre- and Poststimulus Activity in Single Sweeps: “Preparation Rhythms”.- 15.6 Event-Related Theta Oscillations.- 15.7 Event-Related 10 Hz Oscillations.- 15.8 The Modulation of P300 Activity by Preparation Rhythms.- 15.9 P300, Prestimulus EEG Activity and Their Relation.- to Short-Term Memory: Memory Templates.- 15.10 Theta and Alpha Oscillations in Klimesch’s Memory Model.- 15.11 Habituation.- 15.12 Appendix: Frequency Analysis of MMN.- 15.12.1 MMN Formation of Peaks.- 16. Dynamics of Compound Potentials (P300) in Freely Moving Cats.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Methods and Paradigms Utilized for Obtaining P300 from Freely Moving Cats.- 16.3 Systematic Analysis of the Effect of Omission Rate on ERPs Recorded from the Cat Hippocampus.- 16.4 Utility of Analysis in the Frequency Domain.- 16.5 Multiple Electrodes in the Hippocampus.- 16.6 Hippocampal P300 and Its Cognitive Correlates: The Theta Component in the CA3 Layer.- 17. The Compound P300–40Hz Response of the Cat Hippocampus.- 17.1 The P30–40 Hz Compound Potential.- 17.2 Gamma Activity in Earlier Studies.- 18. Event-Related Potentials During States of High Expectancy: Results on the Cat Hippocampus, Cortex, and Reticular Formation.- 18.1 Neuronal Activity of the Hippocampus During learning, Searching, and Decision Making.- 18.1.1 Unit Activity and Behavior.- 18.1.2 Multiple Sensory-Behavioral Correlates in Single Neurons - Theta Cells in the Hippocampus: View of Ranck.- 18.1.3 Training-Induced Increase in Hippocampal Unit Activity: View of Thompson.- 18.1.4 Signal Detection in the Hippocampus.- 18.2 Event-Related Potentials in Cortex and Hippocampus in a P300-like Paradigm.- 18.3 Frequency Responses During States of “High Expectancy”.- 18.3.1 Time-Domain Analysis of the Responses to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Stimuli Preceding the Omitted Stimulus.- 18.3.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis by Means of the AFCs.- 18.3.3 The Differences Between AFCs of Responses to 1st, 2nd, and 4th Stimuli Preceding the Omitted Stimulus.- 18.3.4 Adaptive Digital Filtering of the Responses and Statistical Testing of the Results.- 18.4 Selectively Distributed Theta System of the Brain: The Limbic, Frontal, and Parietal Areas Are Mainly Involved.- 18.4.1 Frequency Selectivity of the Amplitude Enhancements in Hippocampus.- 18.4.2 Comments on the Anatomical and Physiological Links Between the Hippocampal Formation and the Association Areas of the Neocortex.- 18.4.3 The Integrative Analysis of the Increased Theta Response in the Brain: Diffuse Theta Response System in the Brain.- 18.5 Interpretation of Changes in ERPs.- 18.6 Why We Compare EP Results with Conventional Experiments on Hippocampus.- 19. Event-Related Potentials During States of High Expectancy and Attention in Human Subjects.- 19.1 Selective Theta Distribution.- 19.2 Experimental Paradigm.- 19.3 ERPs to Repetitive Stimuli.- 19.3.1 Averaged Responses.- 19.3.2 Adaptive Filtering of Respectively Applied Evoked Responses.- 19.4 Increase in Theta Components Is Highest in Frontal Recordings.- 19.5 In Visual Modality the Secondary Dominant Theta Increase Occurs in the Parietal Recordings.- 19.6 The Cognitive Theta Components of ERPs as a Sign of Hippocampocortical Interaction.- 19.7 Concluding Remarks.- 20. Topological Distribution of Oddball “P300” Responses.- 20.1 Experimental Paradigm.- 20.2 Topological Differences Between AFCs of AEPs.- 20.3 Differences Between Time-Domain Grand Averages and AFCs of Responses in the Three Paradigms.- 20.4 Adaptive Filtering of the Responses.- 20.5 The “Selectively Distributed Theta-Response System in the Brain” and the Corticohippocampal Interaction.- 20.6 Paradigms Used.- 20.6.1 Oddball Paradigm.- 20.6.2 Paradigm with Omitted Fourth Signal and to-Be-Attended 3rd Signal.- 21. Wavelet Analysis of Oddball P300.- 21.1 Results.- 21.2 The P300 Wave Can Be Detected in the Single-Trial ERPs by the Spline Wavelet Coefficients in the Delta Frequency Range.- 21.3 The Response-Based Classification of the ERP Trials Yields Enhanced P300 Amplitudes Compared with the Average of the Target Responses.- 21.4 A Functional Interpretation.- 21.5 The Number of Sweeps Containing a P300 Wave May Be Used as an Additional Measure in ERP Analysis.- 22. Dynamic Memory Manifested by Induced Alpha.- 22.1 Why Look for Internal Event-Related Oscillations?.- 22.2 Coherent and Ordered States of EEG due to Cognitive Tasks.- 22.2.1 Preliminary Experiments and Method.- 22.2.2 Preliminary Results in Special Cases.- 22.2.3 Global Trends of Pretarget Event-Related Rhythms. Expectation and Reaction of Subjects; Subject Variability.- 22.3 Paradigms with Increasing Probability of Occurrence.- 22.4 Experiments with Light Stimulation.- 22.4.1 Examples of Experiments with Varied Probabilities of Stimulus Occurrence.- 22.5 Long-Standing Experiments with Subject A.F.- 22.6 Quasi-deterministic EEG, Cognitive States, Dynamic Memory 318 22.6.1 What Is New in the “Dynamics of Time-Locked EEG Patterns”.- 22.7 Appendix.- 23. Event-Related Oscillations as a Strategy in Cognition Research.- 23.1 Generalization of Cognitive Responses: Advantages of the Brain Dynamics Research Program and the Concept of Event-Related Oscillations.- 23.2 Component Analysis Towards Functional Understanding During Cognitive Processes.- IV. Integrative Systems in Brain Function.- 24. Functional Alphas Selectively Distributed in the Brain - A Theory.- 24.1 The EEG 10 Hz Band Rhythms Classified.- 24.2 Why the Expression “Alphas”?.- 24.3 Alphas and Alpha Activity Revisited.- 24.4 Some Physiologically Based Theories on the Generation of Alpha Rhythms.- 24.4.1 The Facultative Pacemaker Theory.- 24.4.2 The Scope of Lopes da Silva and Coworkers.- 24.4.3 Survey by Andersen and Andersson.- 24.5 Multifunctional and Selectively Distributed 10 Hz Oscillations - A New Survey.- 24.6 Secondary Alpha Response or Alpha Response with Delay….- 24.7 Synopsis on Multiple Functions of “Alphas”.- 24.7.1 Memory Mechanisms and Alpha.- 24.7.2 Alpha as Sensory Response.- 24.7.3 Alpha and Motor Processes.- 24.7.4 Association Mechanisms and Attention.- 24.8 “Alphas” Selectively Distributed in the Brain.- 24.9 An Integrative Theory of Alphas.- 25. Theta Rhythms in Integrative Brain Function.- 25.1 Functional Importance of Theta Rhythms.- 25.1.1 A Summary of Theta Rhythms in the Limbic System..- 25.2 Earlier Experiments on Induced or Evoked Theta Oscillations.- 25.3 Correlating with Orienting: Review by Miller.- 25.4 Theta Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex.- 25.5 Miller’s Description of the Relation of Intracellular Potentials to EEG Activity in the Theta EEG Activity.- 25.6 Selectively Distributed and Induced Theta Oscillations in the Brain; A Theory.- 26. Gamma-Band Responses in the Brain: Functional Significance.- 26.1 Historical Note: Four Phases of Pioneering Studies Related.- to the Gamma Band.- 26.2 A Classification of Gamma-Band Activities by Galambos.- 26.3 40 Hz Responses at the Cellular Level.- 26.4 40 Hz Responses in Field-Potential Recordings: Sensory and/or Cognitive Processes?.- 26.4.1 Measurements in Animals.- 26.4.2 Measurements in Humans.- 26.5 Functional Interpretation of 40 Hz Responses in Light of Comparative Data.- 26.5.1 The Binding Problem: Gamma-Band-Induced Rhythm as a Mechanism of Feature-Linking in the Visual Cortex.- 26.5.2 The Diffuse and Selectively Distributed Gamma System of the Brain.- 26.5.3 Conclusion.- 27. Structures, Brain Waves, and Their Functions.- 27.1 Parallel Processing - A Principle of Brain Function Accessible.- to Investigation by Means of Field Potentials and EEG.- 27.2 The Basic Cortical Circuit and Cortical Oscillatory Responses.- 27.3 Thalamus: Sensory Gate for the Alpha Response.- 27.3.1 Classical Thalamocortical Projection.- 27.4 Hippocampus.- 27.4.1 Hippocampus as “Supramodal Structure”.- 27.4.2Cross-Modality Experiments.- 27.5 Frontal Cortex.- 27.6 Cerebellum.- 28. Brain Functioning: Integrative Models.- 28.1 EEG Frequencies as General Operators.- 28.2 Do EEG Frequencies Reflect Repertoires of Higher Brain Function?.- 28.3 From “Functional EEG Modules” to “Selectively Distributed Frequency Systems” in the Brain.- 28.3.1 Does Cortico-Cortical communication between EEG Modules in the Distant Parts of the Cortex Exist?.- 28.4 Tentative Conclusions.- 28.4.1 Activation of Alpha System with Light.- 28.4.2 Activation of the Alpha System with Auditory Stimulation.- 28.4.3 Activation of Theta and Delta Systems.- 28.4.4 Experiments with Focused Attention.- 29. EEG and Event-Related Oscillations as Brain Alphabet.- 29.1 The Integrative Character of the Compound Potential EP.- 29.2 Compound P300 Potential.- 29.3 A Cognitive Input Reduces the Compound Potentials to Almost Homogeneous Oscillatory Responses.- 29.4 How Is a Compound EP Almost Reduced to Homogeneous Oscillatory Response Potential in the Delta Frequency Range?.- 29.5 Event-Related Rhythms in 5 Hz and 10 Hz: Reduction of the Compound Potential by Topological Differentiation.- 29.6 Brain Codes: Brain Alphabet EEG?.- 29.7 Examples of the Brain Alphabet EEG.- 29.8 The Concept of “EEG Codes” as an Important Step Towards.- the New Integrative Neurophysiology.- 29.9 Thoughts Concerning the So-Called Grandmother Cell.- 29.10 Possible Operator Properties of EEG Frequencies.- 30. Event-Related Oscillations in Brain Function.- 30.1 Selectively Distributed Theta Oscillations: Properties, Functions, and Hypotheses.- 30.1.1 Properties.- 30.1.2 Functions.- 30.1.3 Hypotheses.- 30.2 Selectively Distributed Alpha Oscillations: Properties, Functions, and Hypotheses.- 30.2.1 Properties and Functions.- 30.2.2 Hypotheses.- 30.3 Functions and Hyphotheses Related to the Selectively Distributed Gamma Oscillations.- 30.3.1 Hypotheses.- 30.4 Selectively Distributed Delta Oscillations:.- Functions and Hyphotheses.- 30.5 Conclusion: Multiple Functions.- V. Conclusion.- 31. An Integrative Neurophysiology Based on Brain Oscillations.- 31.1 Oscillations Govern the General Transfer Functions in Neural Tissues of the Brain.- 31.2 Brain Oscillatory Theory and Functional Interpretations.- 31.2.1 Spontaneous Oscillations.- 31.2.2 The Origin of Event-Related Oscillations.- 31.2.3 Functional Interpretation.- 31.2.4 The Approaches of Relevance.- 31.2.5 Final Conclusion.- 32. A “Neurons-Brain” Doctrine: New Thoughts.- 33. Epilogue: EEG Oscillations in Integrative-Cognitive Neurophysiology.- References.- Author Index.