Buch, Englisch, Band 164, 94 Seiten, Format (B × H): 230 mm x 310 mm, Gewicht: 500 g
Reihe: Zoologica
Buch, Englisch, Band 164, 94 Seiten, Format (B × H): 230 mm x 310 mm, Gewicht: 500 g
Reihe: Zoologica
ISBN: 978-3-510-55051-7
Verlag: E. Schweizerbart
The authors present the first extensive comparative study of the tarsal morphology of stick and leaf insects or Phasmatodea. The tarsi of 116 repre sentative species are examined using scanning electron microscopy and described in detail, with particular focus on their attachment devices. Attachment devices with different surface micro-structures evolved on the tarsi of insects, and previous biomechanical studies have shown for a few species that different types of the microstructure have different attachment properties. As the mesodiverse stick and leaf insects are distributed worldwide and exhibit several distinct ecological preferences, this lineage might serve as a model for evolutionary scenarios and to assess possible correlation between the species’ ecology and tarsal morphology. Therefore the studied species were chosen from all subfamilies currently recognised within Phasmatodea covering the entire range of biogeographic distribution to investigate the relationship between the attachment microstructure and the ecological preferences and/or oviposition techniques. In addition, one species of Embioptera (webspinners), which is assumed to be the sister group of the Phasmatodea, is examined. An impressive diversity of the attachment pad microstructures is observed in stick insects which can be classified into twelve types, seven of which were previously unknown. The distribution of these types among the selected taxa is discussed in context of ecology, habitat and phylogeny of stick and leaf insects and suggests a high dependence on the ecological background of the species. Additionally, two different ancestral character states of these structures are discussed for stick and leaf insects, which need to be corroborated in future phylogenetic studies. The functional relevance of all microstructures is discussed and the attachment properties of the different microstructural types are evaluated based on previous studies of similar structures in other insect groups and artificial model systems. This study is of interest to biologists interested in biological attachment systems, functional morphology, as well as the evolution, ecology and morphology of Phasmatodea. Furthermore, this monograph features a comprehensible description of the tarsal morphology of a high number of phasmid species, generously illustrated with high resolution scanning electron microscopy images, and therefore is a substantial reference work for future researchers working on this character system.
Zielgruppe
his study is of interest to biologists interested in biological attachment systems, functional morphology, as well as the evolution, ecology and morphology of Phasmatodea. Furthermore, this monograph features a comprehensible description of the tarsal morphology of a high number of phasmid species, generously illustrated with high resolution scanning electron microscopy images, and therefore is a substantial reference work for future researchers working on this character system.
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Zusammenfassung 1
Abstract 1
Contents 2
1 Introduction 2
1.1 General 2
1.2 Tarsal morphology of insects 2
1.3 Tarsal morphology of Phasmatodea 3
1.4 Phylogenetic and functional relevance of attachment systems 4
1.5 Aim of the study 4
2 Material and methods 5
2.1 Species examined 5
2.2 Habitat and oviposition techniques of the species 5
2.3 Preservation of the samples 5
2.4 Imaging 5
3 Results 6
3.1 Euplantular surface microstructure in Phasmatodea 6
Timematidae Caudell, 1903 6
Agathemeridae Bradler, 2003 8
Diapheromeridae Kirby, 1904 9
Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 excluding Lanceocercata 22
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 30
Stephanacridini Günther, 1953 39
Aschiphasmatidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 40
Damasippoididae Zompro, 2004 43
Prisopodidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 45
Anisacanthidae Günter, 1953 46
Achriopterini Günter, 1953 47
Bacillidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 49
Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 50
Phylliidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 55
Heteronemiidae Rehn, 1904 55
Pseudophasmatidae Rehn, 1904 55
3.2 Euplantular microstructure in Embioptera 62
3.3 Euplantular microstructure: Summary 64
3.3.1 Phylogeny 65
3.3.2 Euplantular microstructure and the type of oviposition 67
3.3.3 Euplantular microstructure and the species’ habitat 67
3.4 Euplantula on tarsomere 5 67
4 Discussion 68
4.1 Analysis of attachment microstructure 68
4.1.1 Phylogeny 68
4.1.2 Habitat 71
4.1.3 Oviposition 71 .
4.2 Presence of the euplantula on tarsomere 5 72
4.3 Ontogenetical changes of adhesive micro-structures 73
4.4 Functional aspects of euplantular micro-structures 73
4.5 Comparison with adhesive structures of Embioptera 74
5 Conclusions 75
6 Outlook 76
Acknowledgements 76
References 76
Appendix 83
