Burrows / Nash The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates

2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6661-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 306 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

I first became involved in research into primate behavior and ecology in 1968, over 40 years ago, driven by a quest for a better understanding of the natural context of primate evolution. At that time, it was virtually unknown that primates can exploit exudates as a major food source. I was certainly unaware of this myself. By good fortune, I was awarded a postdoctoral grant to work on lemurs with Jean-Jacques Petter in the general ecology division of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Brunoy, France. This provided the launching-pad for my first field study of lesser mouse lemurs in Madagascar, during which I gained my initial inklings of exudate feeding. It was also in Brunoy that I met up with Pierre Charles- Dominique, who introduced me to pioneering observations of exudate feeding he had made during his field study of five lorisiform species in Gabon. This opened my eyes to a key feeding adaptation that has now been reported for at least 69 primate species in 12 families (Smith, Chap. 3) - almost 20% of extant primate species. So exudativory is now firmly established as a dietary category for p- mates, alongside the long-recognized classes of faunivory (including insectivory), frugivory, and folivory. Soon after I encountered Charles-Dominique, he published the first synthetic account of his Gabon field study in a French language journal (Charles-Dominique 1971).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Burrows, Anne M.

Nash, Leanne T

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;7
2;Acknowledgments;15
3;Contents;17
4;Contributors;19
5;Chapter 1: Introduction: Advances and Remaining Sticky Issues in the Understandingof Exudativory in Primates;23
5.1;Introduction;23
5.2;Exudates as a Primate Dietary Component;26
5.2.1;Updates on Primate Exudativores;26
5.2.2;Exudates as Fallback Foods and Primate Feeding Adaptations;28
5.3;Factors Influencing Selectivity in Exudate-Feeding;30
5.3.1;Digestive Challenges and Nutrients in Gum;31
5.3.2;Digestible Energy form of Trunk Gum vs. Pod Gum vs. Honeydew;32
5.3.3;Measuring Distribution and Seasonality of Availability and Its Consumption;33
5.4;Anatomical Adaptations to Exudativory;34
5.4.1;Cranial and Dental Anatomy: The Problem of “Gouge” vs. “Scrape”;34
5.4.2;Soft Tissues: Guts, Tongues, and Pelage;37
5.4.3;Locomotion and Limbs;39
5.5;Diet and Captive Husbandry of Exudativores;39
5.6;Concluding Remarks;40
5.7;References;41
6;Chapter 2: Nutritional and Digestive Challenges to Being a Gum-Feeding Primate;46
6.1;Introduction;47
6.2;Exudates as Food;48
6.3;Fore-Gut and Hind-Gut Digestion;52
6.4;Body Size;53
6.5;Protein;53
6.6;Calcium;55
6.7;Callitrichid Digestive Function;56
6.8;Marmoset Digestive Tracts;61
6.9;Summary;62
6.10;References;63
7;Chapter 3: Exudativory in Primates: Interspecific Patterns;66
7.1;Introduction;66
7.2;Literature Analysis;69
7.3;Results;69
7.3.1;Prevalence of Gummivory;69
7.3.2;Seasonality of Consumption;70
7.3.3;Species Consumed;70
7.3.4;Patterns of Gummivory Within the Primates;95
7.4;Discussion;95
7.4.1;Prevalence of Gummivory;95
7.4.2;Seasonality of Consumption;96
7.4.3;Pod Gums;96
7.4.4;Species Consumed;98
7.4.5;Degrees of Gummivory Within the Callitrichidae;98
7.4.6;Patterns of Gummivory Within the Primates;99
7.5;Conclusion;100
7.6;References;101
8;Chapter 4: The Ecology of Exudate Production and Exudate Feeding in Saguinus and Callimico;109
8.1;Introduction;110
8.2;Methods;112
8.2.1;Behavioral Data;112
8.2.2;Exudate Production;113
8.3;Results;114
8.3.1;Exudate Feeding in Saguinus: General Results;114
8.3.2;Exudate Feeding in Callimico: General Results;115
8.3.3;Exudate Production: Daily Exudate Flow;116
8.3.4;Exudate Production: Monthly Exudate Flow;120
8.3.5;Exudates as a Renewable Resource;122
8.4;Discussion;123
8.5;References;126
9;Chapter 5: Influences on Gum Feeding in Primates;129
9.1;Introduction;129
9.2;Methods;131
9.2.1;Data Analysis;132
9.3;Results;132
9.3.1;Tamarin Exudate Feeding;132
9.4;Discussion;133
9.4.1;Overlap in Gums Eaten Between Species and Groups;134
9.4.2;Seasonal Patterns of Gummivory;135
9.4.3;Patterns of Gummivory Across the Day;136
9.5;Summary;138
9.6;References;138
10;Chapter 6: Gummivory in Cheirogaleids: Primitive Retention or Adaptation to Hypervariable Environments?;142
10.1;Introduction;142
10.2;Methods;144
10.2.1;Adaptations to Gummivory;144
10.2.2;The Diet of M. griseorufus;144
10.2.3;Energy Content of Gums and Fruits in Southern and Western Madagascar;145
10.2.4;Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Food and Hypervariability;146
10.2.5;Data Analyses;146
10.3;Results;147
10.3.1;Diverse Forms of Adaptation to Gummivory;147
10.3.2;Is M. griseorufus a Gum-Specialist?;147
10.3.3;Fruit and Gum Profitability;149
10.3.4;Unpredictability of Rainfall: The Best Ecological Predictor for Gummivory;153
10.4;Conclusion;157
10.5;References;158
11;Chapter 7: Seasonality in Gum and Honeydew Feeding in Gray Mouse Lemurs;160
11.1;Introduction;161
11.2;Material and Methods;163
11.2.1;Study Site and Climate Conditions;163
11.2.2;Focal Observation and Analysis;164
11.2.3;Data and Statistical Analysis;164
11.3;Results;165
11.3.1;Activity Budget During the Dry and Rainy Season;165
11.3.2;Food Items Consumed;165
11.3.3;Usage of Gum and Honeydew Sites;166
11.4;Discussion;168
11.5;References;171
12;Chapter 8: Comparative Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus);173
12.1;Introduction;174
12.2;Methods;176
12.3;Results;176
12.3.1;Review of Exudativory in Wild Lorises and Pottos;176
12.3.2;Captive Sumatran Study;178
12.4;Discussion;181
12.5;References;184
13;Chapter 9: Exudativory and Primate Skull Form;187
13.1;Introduction and Background;188
13.2;Force-Resisting Structures;189
13.3;Tradeoffs in Jaw-Opening and Force-Generating Structures;191
13.4;Anterior Dentition;193
13.5;Summary and Conclusions;199
13.6;References;200
14;Chapter 10: A Comparative Analysis of the Articular Cartilage in the Temporomandibular Joint of Gouging and Nongouging New World Monkeys;204
14.1;Introduction;204
14.1.1;The Marmoset Masticatory Apparatus and Gouging at Wide Jaw Gapes;205
14.1.2;Form and Function of Temporomandibular Joint Articular Cartilage and Gouging;205
14.1.3;Hypothesis and Predictions;207
14.1.3.1;Prediction One;207
14.1.3.2;Prediction Two;208
14.1.3.3;Prediction Three;208
14.2;Materials and Methods;208
14.2.1;Samples;208
14.2.2;Histology;209
14.2.3;Histomorphometric Measurements of Temporomandibular Joint Cartilage;209
14.2.3.1;Cartilage Arc Lengths;209
14.2.3.2;Cartilage Area;209
14.2.3.3;Cartilage Depth;211
14.2.3.4;Proteoglycan Density;211
14.2.4;Analysis;212
14.3;Results;212
14.3.1;Histomorphology of the TMJ and Cartilage Arc Length;212
14.3.2;Area;213
14.3.3;Depth;216
14.3.4;Proteoglycan Density (Metachromasia);218
14.4;Discussion;218
14.4.1;The Evolutionary Morphology of TMJ Articular Cartilage in Primates;220
14.4.2;Unraveling the Complexity of Articular Cartilage Function;221
14.4.3;Limitations and Future Directions;223
14.5;Conclusions;224
14.6;References;224
15;Chapter 11: Searching for Dental Signals of Exudativory in Galagos;228
15.1;Galago Diets;231
15.1.1;Prediction 1: The Toothcomb;234
15.1.2;Prediction 2: Non-toothcomb Dentition;234
15.2;Materials and Methods;235
15.3;Results;237
15.3.1;The Toothcomb;237
15.3.2;Maxillary Dentition;238
15.3.3;Non-toothcomb Mandibular Dentition;242
15.4;Discussion;244
15.5;Implications for Exudativory Signals in the Fossil Record;246
15.6;References;247
16;Chapter 12: A Guide to Galago Diversity: Getting a Grip on How Best to Chew Gum;251
16.1;Introduction;251
16.1.1;Galago Diversity;251
16.1.2;Morphological Aspects of Niche Differentiation;252
16.1.3;Adaptations to Exudate Exploitation;252
16.2;Methods;252
16.2.1;Toothscraper Analysis;253
16.2.2;Hand and Foot Morphology;254
16.3;Results;254
16.3.1;Toothscraper Morphology;254
16.3.2;Hand Pad Morphology;256
16.3.2.1;Qualitative Analysis of Pad Shape;256
16.3.2.2;Statistical Analyses of Hand Pad Size;258
16.3.2.2.1;Variation in Hand Pad Size at the Species Level;258
16.3.2.2.2;Variation in Hand Pad Size at the Genus Level;258
16.3.3;Foot Pad Morphology;258
16.3.3.1;Comparative Analysis of Foot Pad Shape;258
16.3.3.2;Statistical Analyses of Foot Pad Size;261
16.3.3.2.1;Variation in Foot Pad Size at the Species Level;262
16.3.3.2.2;Variation in Foot Pad Size at the Genus Level;262
16.3.4;Nail Shape;266
16.4;Discussion;267
16.4.1;Dental Adaptations to Exudate Eating;267
16.4.2;Implications for the Evolution of the Toothscraper;267
16.4.3;Hand and Foot Pad Morphology;268
16.4.3.1;Functional Significance of Pad Morphology;268
16.4.4;Nail Shape and the Exploitation of Exudates;269
16.4.5;Hand and Foot Morphology and Niche Differentiation;269
16.5;References;270
17;Chapter 13: Tongue Morphology in Infant and Adult Bushbabies (Otolemur spp.);272
17.1;Introduction;272
17.2;Methods;274
17.2.1;Light Microscopy;274
17.2.2;Scanning Electron Microscopy;275
17.2.3;Quantification of Fungiform Papillae in Adult Otolemur;275
17.3;Results;276
17.3.1;Microscopic Characteristics of the Tongue in Otolemur;276
17.3.2;Quantitative Findings;277
17.4;Discussion;278
17.4.1;Comparative Morphology of Tongue Papillae in Mammals;278
17.4.2;Taste Buds and Pores;282
17.5;Summary and Conclusions;283
17.6;References;284
18;Chapter 14: Adaptive Profile Versus Adaptive Specialization: Fossils and Gummivory in Early Primate Evolution;287
18.1;Introduction;288
18.2;Objectives, Principles, and Methods;289
18.3;Adaptational Analysis: Gummivory – Adaptive Profile Versus Adaptive Specialization;293
18.4;The Gum-Gouging Model: Marmoset Behavior and Functional Morphology;295
18.5;Testing Hypotheses;298
18.5.1;Plesiadapiforms and the Sugar Glider Analogy;298
18.5.2;Strepsirrhines: Toothcombs and Their Origins;301
18.6;Conclusions;305
18.7;References;307
19;Index;310