Buch, Englisch, 288 Seiten, Gewicht: 567 g
A Nonspecific Stimulant of the Immune System
Buch, Englisch, 288 Seiten, Gewicht: 567 g
ISBN: 978-1-394-23761-6
Verlag: Wiley
The book presents invaluable insights into the latest advancements, challenges, and research on vaccine adjuvants, which are key to developing more effective and safer vaccines essential for tackling pressing global health challenges.
Emerging Pathways of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Nonspecific Stimulant of the Immune System aims to drive progress in vaccine research, paving the way for the development of more potent and safer vaccines to address global health threats. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of vaccine adjuvants, encompassing a wide range of topics critical to their design, development, and application. Adjuvants play a crucial role in vaccine formulations by boosting the immunogenicity of antigens, thereby enhancing vaccine efficacy. While antigens can initiate immune responses independently, adjuvants amplify these responses. Extensive research efforts are focused on the formulation of adjuvants to establish accurate, efficient, and safe manufacturing techniques. This book provides a clear explanation of the strict regulatory issues, making it an essential resource for students, businesspeople, and academics across the globe.
Readers will find the book: - Encompasses current adjuvant usage and possible tactics to ensure effective production and delivery of the active constituent;
- Presents challenges and innovations with implications to provide cheaper, more efficient solutions in the industry;
- Prepares students for work in the industry, refining their skills for the production of critical medications.
Audience
Researchers and pharmacy students in biomedical engineering and chemical engineering, biotechnology, as well as pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry engineers working in drug discovery, chemical biology, computational chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and bioinformatics.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xv
1 Adjuvants Boosting Vaccine Effectiveness 1
Vasso Apostolopoulos
1.1 Vaccines Over the Years 1
1.2 Adjuvants in the Modern Era 2
1.3 Conventional Adjuvants 3
1.4 Particulate Adjuvants 5
1.5 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 7
1.6 Approved Adjuvants for Human Use 8
1.7 Conclusion 9
References 10
2 In Silico Adjuvant Design and Validation for Vaccines 15
Vivek P. Chavda, Anjali P. Bedse, Pankti C. Balar, Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Shilpa S. Raut and Vasso Apostolopoulos
2.1 Introduction 16
2.1.1 Importance of Vaccines and Adjuvants in Immunology 16
2.1.2 Limitations of Traditional Adjuvant Discovery Methods 16
2.1.3 Introduction to In Silico Approaches for Adjuvant Design 17
2.2 In Silico Techniques for Adjuvant Discovery 17
2.2.1 Immunoinformatics Tools for Epitope Prediction 18
2.2.1.1 Identification of B-Cell and T-Cell Epitopes 18
2.2.1.2 Tools Used for MHC and B-Cell Receptor Binding Prediction Tools 19
2.2.2 Molecular Docking Simulation 20
2.2.2.1 Application of Molecular Docking in Adjuvant Design 21
2.2.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Adjuvant Design 21
2.2.3.1 Leveraging Large Datasets for Adjuvant Discovery 22
2.2.3.2 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms Used 22
2.2.3.3 Case Study 23
2.2.4 In Silico Toxicology Prediction 23
2.2.4.1 Minimizing Safety Concerns During Adjuvant Design 24
2.2.4.2 Software Tools for Virtual Toxicity Assessment 24
2.3 Case Studies: Successful Applications of In Silico Adjuvant Design 25
2.3.1 Designing Adjuvants Targeting Specific Immune Pathways (e.g., TLR Agonists) 25
2.3.2 Development of Multi-Epitope Vaccines with In Silico Adjuvant Selection 27
2.3.3 Repurposing Existing Drugs as Vaccine Adjuvants Through In Silico Analysis 28
2.4 Challenges and Future Directions of In Silico Adjuvant Design 29
2.5 Conclusion 31
References 32
3 Adjuvant and Immunity 39
Himel Mondal, Shaikat Mondal, Bairong Shen and Rajeev K. Singla
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Immune Response to Vaccines 42
3.2.1 Immune Response to Pathogens 42
3.2.2 Immune Response to Vaccines 44
3.3 Mechanisms of Adjuvants in Modulating Immunity 45
3.3.1 Sustained Release of Antigen 45
3.3.2 Upregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines 46
3.3.3 Cellular Recruitment at the Site of Injection 47
3.3.4 Increased Antigen Uptake and Presentation 47
3.3.5 Activation and Maturation of APCs 48
3.3.6 Activation of Inflammasomes 48
3.4 Immunogenicity According to the Types of Adjuvants 49
3.4.1 Minerals 49
3.4.2 Emulsions 50
3.4.3 Polymers 50
3.4.4 Saponins 51
3.4.5 Complement Components and Cytokines 52
3.4.6 Bacterial Components 52
3.5 Adjuvants and Humoral Immunity 53
3.5.1 B-Cell Activation and Antibody Production 53
3.5.2 Enhanced Germinal Center Formation 53
3.5.3 Isotype Switching 54
3.5.4 Long-Lasting Antibody Responses 54
3.5.5 Antibody Affinity Maturation 54
3.5.6 Enhanced IgG Subclass Responses 55
3.5.7 Increased Antibody Titers 55
3.6 Adjuvants and Cellular Immunity 56
3.6.1 Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) 56
3.6.2 Cytokine Production and T-Cell Differentiation 56
3.6.3 Cytotoxic T-Cell Activation 57
3.6.4 Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens 57
3.6.5 Inflammation and Immune Cell Recruitment 57
3.6.6 Memory T-Cell Generation 57
3.6.7 Enhancement of Antigen Persistence 58
3.6.8 Antigen Depot Formation 58
3.6.9 Induction of Th1 Responses 58
3.7 Adjuvants and Innate Immunity 58
3.7.1 Phagocytosis and Antigen Processing 59
3.7.2 Complement Activation 59
3.7.3 Induction of Local Inflammation 59
3.7.4 Pattern Recognition Receptor Activation 60
3.7.5 Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activation 60
3.7.6 Activation of Epithelial Cells 60
3.8 Adjuvants and Mucosal Immunity 61
3.8.1 Enhanced Mucosal Antigen Uptake 61
3.8.2 Secretory IgA Production 62
3.8.3 Induction of Tolerance 62
3.8.4 Activation of Dendritic Cells 62
3.8.5 Recruitment of Effector Cells 62
3.8.6 Cross-Presentation at Mucosal Sites 63
3.8.7 Improvement of Oral and Nasal Vaccines 63
3.9 Adjuvants and Vaccine Efficacy in Specific Populations 63
3.9.1 Infant 64
3.9.2 Elderly 64
3.9.3 Immunocompromised Individuals 64
3.10 Conclusion 65
3.10.1 Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy 65
3.10.2 Tailored Immune Responses 66
3.10.3 Protection in Vulnerable Populations 66
3.10.4 Reduction in Antigen Doses 66
3.10.5 Development of Universal Vaccines 66
3.10.6 Management of Emerging Diseases 66
3.10.7 Prevention of Epidemics and Pandemics 66
3.10.8 Public Health Impact 67
References 67
4 Antigen Selection and Design 73
Pankti C. Balar, Anjali P. Bedse, Vivek P. Chavda, Chukwuebuka E. Umeyor, Prafull Kolekar, Brian O. Ogbonna, Ankita Anure, Daniel U. Eze, Payal Dodiya and Vandana B. Patravale
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Types of Antigens Used in Vaccines 75
4.2.1 Whole Inactivated Pathogens 75
4.2.2 Live Attenuated Vaccine 76
4.2.3 Viral Subunit Vaccines 76
4.2.4 Conjugate Vaccines 77
4.2.5 DNA Vaccines 77
4.2.6 Other Antigen Types 78
4.2.7 Considerations for Antigen Selection 78
4.2.7.1 Specificity and Immunogenicity 78
4.2.7.2 Target Pathogen Life Cycle Stage 79
4.2.7.3 Safety and Stability 80
4.3 Antigen Design Strategies 80
4.3.1 Recombinant Protein Engineering (RPE) 80
4.3.1.1 Selection of Antigenic Regions 81
4.3.1.2 Gene Cloning 81
4.3.1.3 Vector Selection 81
4.3.1.4 Codon Optimization 81
4.3.1.5 Fusion Tags 81
4.3.1.6 Protein Refolding 81
4.3.1.7 Post-Translational Modifications 82
4.3.1.8 Structural Stabilization 82
4.3.1.9 Multimerization 82
4.3.2 Peptide Optimization 83
4.3.2.1 Identification of Immunogenic Epitopes 83
4.3.2.2 Selection of Conserved Regions 83
4.3.2.3 Length Optimization 83
4.3.2.4 Modification of Amino Acid Residues 83
4.3.2.5 Conjugation to Carrier Proteins 83
4.3.3 Reverse Vaccinology 84
4.3.3.1 Genome Sequencing 84
4.3.3.2 General Process Followed for Reverse Vaccinology Platform-Based Modification 84
4.4 Adjuvants: Mechanism of Action and Types 85
4.4.1 The Rationale for Using Adjuvants 85
4.4.2 Mechanisms of Adjuvant Action 86
4.4.3 Types of Adjuvants 86
4.4.3.1 Aluminum Salts (Alum) 86
4.4.3.2 Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Agonists 87
4.4.3.3 Saponins 88
4.4.3.4 Liposomes and Lipid-Based Nanoparticles (LNPs) 88
4.4.3.5 Polymer-Based Adjuvants 89
4.5 Novel Formulation Strategies for Improved Vaccine Efficacy 90
4.5.1 Biological Adjuvants 90
4.5.2 Biodegradable Polymers 93
4.5.3 Designer Adjuvants with Specific Immunomodulatory Properties 94
4.5.4 Adjuvanted Mucosal Vaccines 95
4.6 Future Directions and Challenges 96
4.6.1 Personalized Vaccines and Adjuvant Selection 96
4.6.2 Novel Adjuvant Discovery Platforms 97
4.6.3 Addressing Safety Concerns of New Adjuvants 97
4.7 Conclusion 97
References 98
5 Adjuvants in Licensed Vaccines 107
Kaushika Patel, Nandita Chawla, Yashvi Mehta and Sachin Patel
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Adjuvants Included in Vaccines 109
5.3 Cellular and Molecular Targets for Adjuvant 110
5.3.1 Depot Formation at the Injection Site 111
5.3.2 Induction and Upregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines 112
5.3.3 Antigen Presentation 112
5.3.4 Activation and Maturation of DCs 112
5.3.5 Activation of Inflammasomes 113
5.4 Endogenous Adjuvants in Live Vaccines 113
5.4.1 Alum 114
5.4.2 Aluminum-Based Adjuvants 115
5.4.3 Mf 59 117
5.4.4 Combination of Immune Stimulants: Adjuvant System (AS) 117
5.4.4.1 AS04 118
5.4.4.2 AS03 118
5.4.4.3 AS01 119
5.4.4.4 AS15 119
5.4.5 Cytosine Phosphoguanosine 1018 (CpG 1018) 120
5.4.5.1 Saponin-Based Adjuvants 120
5.4.5.2 Liposomal Adjuvants 121
5.4.6 Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines 122
5.4.7 Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants 123
5.5 Vaccine Adjuvants in COVID-19 Vaccines 124
5.5.1 Reasons and the Advantages of Adjuvant Incorporation Into Vaccines Against COVID- 19 125
5.5.2 Current Adjuvanted COVID-19 Vaccines 125
5.6 Adjuvant-Related Toxicities 127
5.6.1 Adjuvant-Associated Local Toxicity 127
5.6.2 Adjuvant-Associated Systemic Toxicity 127
5.7 Conclusion 128
References 128
6 Nanomaterial-Based Vaccine Adjuvants 137
Tanvi, Philips Kumar, Rajat Goyal, Kashish Wilson, Hitesh Chopra and Rajeev K. Singla
6.1 Introduction 138
6.1.1 Unveiling the Essence: Navigating Vaccine Definition and Conceptualizing Vaccines 138
6.1.1.1 Nanomaterials as Immune Modulators 139
6.1.1.2 Enhancing Efficacy and Safety 139
6.1.1.3 Personalized Vaccinology 139
6.1.2 Importance in Preventing Infectious Diseases 140
6.2 Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Role in Enhancing Immune Responses 141
6.2.1 Mechanism of Action 142
6.2.2 Types of Adjuvants 142
6.2.3 Need for Novel Adjuvants to Improve Vaccine Effectiveness and Safety 144
6.3 Overview of Nanotechnology and Introduction to Innovative Applications in Medicines 145
6.3.1 Nanomaterials in Vaccines: Enhancing Immunity with Precision 147
6.4 Exploring the Nano Realm: Properties and Varied Types of Nanomaterials in Vaccines or Exploring Nanomaterials in Vaccines: Properties
