Clément / Slenzka Fundamentals of Space Biology

Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-387-37940-1
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 18, 376 Seiten

Reihe: Space Technology Library

This book examines the effects of spaceflight at cellular and organism levels. Research on the effects of gravity - or its absence - and ionizing radiation on the evolution, development, and function of living organisms is presented in layman's terms. The book describes the benefits of space biology for basic and applied research to support human space exploration and the advantages of space as a laboratory for scientific, technological, and commercial research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Clément, Gilles

Slenzka, Klaus

Slenzka, K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;7
2;FOREWORD;14
3;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;17
4;Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPACE BIOLOGY;18
4.1;1 SPACE BIOLOGY: WHAT IS IT?;18
4.1.1;1.1 Definitions;20
4.1.2;1.2 Objectives of Space Biology;23
4.1.3;1.3 Why Send Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space?;25
4.1.4;1.4 Justification for Animals Models;26
4.1.5;1.5 Frequently Asked Questions;28
4.2;2 GRAVITATIONAL BIOLOGY;30
4.2.1;2.1 Principles of Gravitational Biology;31
4.2.2;2.2 Cell Physics;33
4.2.3;2.3 Research Questions;37
4.3;3 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY;42
4.3.1;3.1 Principles of Development Biology;43
4.3.2;3.2 Genetic Analyses;48
4.3.3;3.3 Research Questions;50
4.4;4 PLANT BIOLOGY;53
4.4.1;4.1 Gravitropism;55
4.4.2;4.2 Development of Plants;55
4.4.3;4.3 Research Questions;56
4.5;5 RADIATION BIOLOGY;58
4.6;6 BIOTECHNOLOGY;60
4.6.1;6.1 Definition;60
4.6.2;6.2 Protein Crystal Analysis;61
4.6.3;6.3 Tissue and Cell Culture;62
4.6.4;6.4 New Technology;64
4.7;7 REFERENCES;66
5;Chapter 2 ANIMALS AND PLANTS IN SPACE;68
5.1;1 SPACEFLIGHT HISTORY;68
5.1.1;1.1 Preparation for Human Spaceflights;69
5.1.2;1.2 Beginning of Systematic Biological Investigations;74
5.1.3;1.3 Orbital Space Biology Laboratories;77
5.2;2 ORGANISMS STUDIED IN SPACE;79
5.3;3 MODEL ORGANISMS;81
5.3.1;3.1 Bacteria;82
5.3.2;3.2 Yeast;83
5.3.3;3.3 Nematodes;83
5.3.4;3.4 Drosophila;84
5.3.5;3.5 Mammals;85
5.3.6;3.6 Plants;88
5.4;4 THE CLASSICS;90
5.4.1;4.1 Amphibians;91
5.4.2;4.2 Fish;92
5.4.3;4.3 Avian;93
5.5;5 CONCLUSION;95
5.6;6 REFERENCES;96
6;Chapter 3 FACILITIES FOR GRAVITATIONAL BIOLOGY;98
6.1;1 TOOLS TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY;98
6.1.1;1.1 Microgravity Facilities;99
6.1.2;1.2 Ground-Based Simulations;108
6.1.2.1;1.2.1 Clinostat and Bioreactor;109
6.1.2.2;1.2.2 Centrifuge;112
6.1.2.3;1.2.3 Muscle Unloading;113
6.2;2 ISSUES IN CONDUCTING SPACE BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS;114
6.2.1;2.1 Choice of Species;114
6.2.2;2.2 Loading and Retrieval;115
6.2.3;2.3 Control Groups;116
6.3;3 SPACE BIOLOGY FACILITIES;118
6.3.1;3.1 Cell Biology Facilities;118
6.3.2;3.2 Animal Research Facilities;120
6.3.3;3.3 Plant Research Facilities;129
6.3.4;3.4 Multipurpose Facilities;131
6.4;4 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION FACILITIES;133
6.5;5 REFERENCES;136
7;Chapter 4 CELL BIOLOGY;138
7.1;1 INTRODUCTION ;139
7.1.1;1.1 Prologue;139
7.1.2;1.2 History of Research on Cell Biology in Space;139
7.1.3;1.3 Phase One;141
7.1.4;1.4 Phase Two;142
7.1.5;1.5 Phase Three;144
7.1.6;1.6 Phase Four;144
7.2;2 CRITICAL QUESTIONS IN CELL BIOLOGY;145
7.2.1;2.1 Theoretical Considerations;146
7.2.2;2.2 Further Considerations;150
7.3;3 RESULTS OF SPACE EXPERIMENTS;151
7.3.1;3.1 Results by Kinds of Cells;152
7.3.2;3.2 Results by Cell Functions;165
7.3.3;3.3 Conclusions;178
7.4;4 SPACE RESEARCH IN CELL BIOLOGY: ISSUES;178
7.5;5 CELL BIOLOGY IN SPACE: OUTLOOK;180
7.6;6 REFERENCES;184
8;Chapter 5 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT IN MICROGRAVITY;188
8.1;1 INTRODUCTION;189
8.2;2 FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT;190
8.2.1;2.1 Fertilization in Microgravity;191
8.2.2;2.2 Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Neurulation;193
8.2.3;2.3 Comparative Aspects of Embryonic Development;198
8.3;3 ORGAN DEVELOPMENT ;199
8.3.1;3.1 Nervous System and Sensory Organs;199
8.3.2;3.2 Muscle and Bone Development;204
8.3.3;3.3 Respiratory Organ;211
8.3.4;3.4 Other Organs;213
8.4;4 FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT;213
8.4.1;4.1 Neuronal Activity;214
8.4.2;4.2 Metabolic Activity;216
8.4.3;4.3 Behavior;219
8.4.4;4.4 Age-Related Microgravity Effects and Critical Periods;225
8.4.5;4.5 Pregnancy;228
8.4.6;4.6 Developmental Velocity;229
8.4.7;4.7 Longevity and Aging;230
8.4.8;4.8 Regeneration;231
8.5;5 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES;233
8.5.1;5.1 Fertility during Long-Term Exposure;233
8.5.2;5.2 Is Gravity Genetically Coded?;234
8.6;6 REFERENCES;236
9;Chapter 6 PLANT DEVELOPMENT IN MICROGRAVITY;244
9.1;1 INTRODUCTION;244
9.2;2 THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO A CHANGE IN THE DIRECTION OF GRAVITY ;246
9.2.1;2.1 Perception of Gravity in Plants;246
9.2.2;2.2 Transduction of Gravistimulus;250
9.2.3;2.3 Transmission of the Stimulus to the Reaction Zone;253
9.2.4;2.4 Differential Growth;254
9.3;3 GRAVITROPISM IN ACTUAL AND SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY ;257
9.3.1;3.1 Estimate of Gravisensitivity;257
9.3.2;3.2 Statocyte Polarity;261
9.3.3;3.3 Gravisensors: Starch Content and Volume;263
9.3.4;3.4 Movement of the Organelles in Microgravity;264
9.3.5;3.5 Gravitropic Response in Microgravity;266
9.3.6;3.6 The Clinostat as a Tool for Studying Gravisensitivity;268
9.4;4 THE ROLE OF GRAVITY IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT ;269
9.4.1;4.1 Plants and their Environments;269
9.4.2;4.2 The Role of Gravity in Plant Growth: Gravimorphism;273
9.4.3;4.3 Formation of the Cell Wall and Differentiation of the Supporting Tissues;274
9.5;5 DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS IN ACTUAL AND SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY;276
9.5.1;5.1 Vegetative Development of Plants;276
9.5.2;5.2 Cell Wall in Microgravity;287
9.5.3;5.3 Plant Protoplasts and Embryogenesis;287
9.5.4;5.4 Conclusion on the Vegetative Phase of Plant Development in Microgravity;288
9.6;6 PLANTS AND THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT ;290
9.6.1;6.1 Space Environment and the Organs Formation;290
9.6.2;6.2 Gas Composition of the Atmosphere in the Satellite;291
9.6.3;6.3 Gas Exchanges and the Reproductive Phase;292
9.7;7 CONCLUSIONS ;293
9.7.1;7.1 Plant Gravitropism: What is Known and What is to be Done;293
9.7.2;7.2 Contribution of Space Experiments to our Knowledge of Plant Development;296
9.8;8 REFERENCES;299
10;Chapter 7 RADIATION BIOLOGY;308
10.1;1 INTRODUCTION ;308
10.1.1;1.1 Radiation on Earth;308
10.1.2;1.2 Radiation in Low Earth Orbit;310
10.1.3;1.3 Radiation Beyond Low Earth Orbit;311
10.1.4;1.4 Radiation and Life;311
10.2;2 THE RADIATION FIELD IN SPACE;312
10.3;3 BASIC RADIATION BIOLOGY;315
10.3.1;3.1 Indirect Radiation Effects;316
10.3.2;3.2 Direct Radiation Effects;318
10.3.3;3.3 Radiation Units;319
10.3.4;3.4 Effects of Radiation Exposure on Humans;321
10.4;4 RESULTS OF RADIO-BIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SPACE;323
10.4.1;4.1 Biological Effects of HZE Particles;323
10.4.2;4.2 Cosmic Radiation and Spaceflight Factors;332
10.5;5 RADIATION DOSIMETRY IN SPACE ;337
10.5.1;5.1 Physical Radiation Monitoring;337
10.5.2;5.2 Biological Radiation Monitoring;341
10.6;6 RADIATION PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS;343
10.6.1;6.1 LEO Missions;343
10.6.2;6.2 Exploration Missions;344
10.6.3;6.3 Research Needed;346
10.7;7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;347
10.8;8 OPEN QUESTIONS AND OUTLOOK;348
10.9;9. REFERENCES;351
11;Chapter 8 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN SPACE;354
11.1;1 INTRODUCTION;354
11.2;2 CELL CULTURE ;355
11.2.1;2.1 Objectives;355
11.2.2;2.2 Results of Ground and Space Experiments;355
11.2.3;2.3 Limitations;357
11.2.4;2.4 Research Facilities;358
11.2.5;2.5 Perspectives;360
11.3;3 PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH ;361
11.3.1;3.1 Objectives;361
11.3.2;3.2 Minimal Resolution;363
11.3.3;3.3 Results of Space Experiments;364
11.3.4;3.4 Limitations;368
11.3.5;3.5 Protein Growth Facilities on Board the ISS;369
11.3.6;3.6 Perspectives;370
11.4;4 SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION ;373
11.4.1;4.1 Potential;373
11.4.2;4.2 Problems and Solutions;374
11.5;5 REFERENCES;377
12;INDEX ;380