Dachman / Laghi Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-5852-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 308 Seiten

Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy thoroughly revises and updates Abraham Dachman's bestselling first edition. Joined in this edition by co-editor Andrea Laghi, Dr. Dachman has expanded the focus of the text to cover fundamental topics of this rapidly evolving technology, including the history of virtual colonoscopy, a review of clinical trial data from throughout the world, and a presentation of clinical background information. Also included are chapters covering patient preparation and tagging, performing and reporting virtual colonoscopy, viewing methods, MR colonography, and computer aided detection. The second part of the text presents an atlas of high-resolution images with detailed explanations of teaching points, covering normal anatomy; sessile, pedunculated, diminutive and flat lesions; masses; stool and diverticula; and common pitfalls. Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy is a valuable resource for all radiologists and gastroenterologists interested in learning the fundamentals of this exciting technique.

Abraham H. Dachman, MD, is a nationally known specialist in abdominal imaging. He uses X-rays and advanced imaging equipment to visualize the structure and function of abdominal organs. This information is used to help diagnose disease, to assist in surgical planning, and to determine if treatments are effective. Dr. Dachman is known for his expertise in using computed tomography (CT scans) to create 3-D images of abdominal structures. This 3-D technology gives physicians an additional, valuable tool to better visualize tissue without performing an invasive procedure. He is a leading authority on virtual colonoscopy--using noninvasive CT technology to detect polyps and masses in the colon. In addition, he applies 3-D techniques to aid in the detection and staging of pancreatic cancer, and in the evaluation of tumor response to chemotherapy. An active researcher, Dr. Dachman has published several journal articles, book chapters, and books, including the first text on virtual colonoscopy, 'The Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy.' In addition, he shares his knowledge about this emerging field through courses for radiologists who want to learn how to read virtual colonoscopy studies. He also has given presentations at dozens of scientific meetings around the United States.Dr. Andrea Laghi is a renowned professor at the University of Rome, and the author of various journal articles in the field of virtual colonoscopy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Laghi, Andrea

Dachman, Abraham H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy;2
1.1;Foreword I;5
1.2;Foreword II;6
1.3;Preface;8
1.4;Acknowledgments;10
1.5;Contents;11
1.6;Contributors;13
1.7;Part I:Text;16
1.7.1;1: Virtual Colonoscopy: From Concept to Implementation;17
1.7.1.1;Early Development and Clinical Trials;17
1.7.1.2;Challenges to Gain Reimbursement;18
1.7.1.3;Future Challenges for Broader Implementation;19
1.7.1.4;References;20
1.7.2;2: Global Implementation of Computed Tomography Colonography;22
1.7.2.1;Virtual Colonoscopy in Argentina;22
1.7.2.1.1;About Colorectal Cancer in Argentina;22
1.7.2.1.2;About Virtual Colonoscopy;23
1.7.2.1.3;Conclusions;24
1.7.2.2;Computed Tomographic Colonography in Austria;25
1.7.2.2.1;Introduction;25
1.7.2.2.2;Implementation of Computed Tomographic Colonography in Austria;25
1.7.2.2.3;Research;25
1.7.2.2.4;Training and Education;26
1.7.2.2.5;Distribution and Reimbursement;26
1.7.2.2.6;CTC Consensus Statement of the Austrian Radiological Society and the Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology;27
1.7.2.2.7;Conclusion;27
1.7.2.3;Computed Tomographic Colonography: Implementation in Belgium;28
1.7.2.3.1;Introduction;28
1.7.2.3.2;History: The Enthusiasm for a New Technique;28
1.7.2.3.3;Current Status: The Period of Validation;29
1.7.2.3.4;The Future: Need for Structured Education;29
1.7.2.3.5;Conclusion;30
1.7.2.4;Implementation of Computed Tomographic Colonography in Canada;30
1.7.2.4.1;Introduction;30
1.7.2.4.2;Canadian Health Care System;30
1.7.2.4.3;Funding for Physicians and Radiological Equipment;31
1.7.2.4.4;Epidemiological Importance of Colorectal Cancer in Canada;31
1.7.2.4.5;Screening Initiatives Canada Guidelines;32
1.7.2.4.5.1;Screening of Individuals at Higher Risk;32
1.7.2.4.6;Ontario;33
1.7.2.4.7;Manitoba and Alberta;33
1.7.2.4.8;Saskatewan, Quebec, and British Columbia;34
1.7.2.4.9;Remaining Provincial Initiatives;34
1.7.2.4.10;Uptake for Screening Across Canada;34
1.7.2.4.10.1;Inclusion of CTC in the Screening Guidelines for CRC;35
1.7.2.4.10.2;Ontario Health and Technology Assessment Centre Recommendations;36
1.7.2.4.11;Implementation of CTC in Canada;36
1.7.2.4.12;Interface with Gastroenterology in Canada;37
1.7.2.4.13;Reimbursement;38
1.7.2.4.14;Current Clinical Status of Computed Tomographic Colonography;38
1.7.2.4.14.1;The CTC Program at the Joint Department of Medical Imaging in Toronto;38
1.7.2.4.15;Future Directions;39
1.7.2.5;Computed Tomographic Colonography in France;39
1.7.2.5.1;Conclusion;40
1.7.2.6;Screening and Computed Tomographic Colonography: The German Experience;41
1.7.2.6.1;Geography and Demography;41
1.7.2.6.2;Health Care System;41
1.7.2.6.3;Medical Education;42
1.7.2.6.4;Radiation Protection;42
1.7.2.6.5;Screening Optical Colonoscopy;42
1.7.2.6.6;CT Colonography;43
1.7.2.7;Computed Tomographic Colonography: The Irish Experience;44
1.7.2.7.1;Introduction;44
1.7.2.7.2;The Boston Link;44
1.7.2.7.3;Access to CT Colonography in Ireland;45
1.7.2.7.4;CT Colonography and Ireland: 2010 and Beyond;45
1.7.2.8;Computed Tomographic Colonography in Israel;45
1.7.2.9;Computed Tomographic Colonography in Italy;47
1.7.2.9.1;Research;47
1.7.2.9.2;Education and Training;48
1.7.2.9.3;Political Situation;48
1.7.2.10;Computed Tomographic Colonography in Japan;49
1.7.2.10.1;Introduction;49
1.7.2.10.2;Current Status of CTC in Japan;49
1.7.2.10.3;Diagnosis of Superficial Colorectal Tumors Using CTC;50
1.7.2.10.4;Future Prospects of CTC Diagnosis in Japan;52
1.7.2.10.5;Acknowledgments;55
1.7.2.10.6;Additional Note on Categorization of Superficial Tumors;55
1.7.2.11;Global Implementation of Computed Tomographic Colonography in Korea;56
1.7.2.12;Computed Tomographic Colonography in Sweden;57
1.7.2.12.1;Acknowledgement;58
1.7.2.13;UK Implementation of Computed Tomography Colonography;59
1.7.2.13.1;Introduction;59
1.7.2.13.2;Early Research and Implementation;59
1.7.2.13.3;Further Development of CT Colonography Research in the UK;59
1.7.2.13.4;Current Implementation;60
1.7.2.13.5;UK Training Courses;61
1.7.2.13.6;Conclusion;61
1.7.2.14;References;61
1.7.3;3: Epidemiology and Screening of Colorectal Cancer;67
1.7.3.1;Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer;67
1.7.3.2;CRC Pathogenesis;67
1.7.3.3;CRC Screening;68
1.7.3.3.1;Fecal Occult Blood Test;69
1.7.3.3.2;Flexible Sigmoidoscopy;69
1.7.3.3.3;Colonoscopy;69
1.7.3.3.4;CT Colonography;70
1.7.3.4;High-Risk Individuals;70
1.7.3.4.1;Family/Personal History;70
1.7.3.4.2;Familial Adenomatous Polyposis;71
1.7.3.4.3;Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer;71
1.7.3.4.4;Peutz–Jeghers and Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome;71
1.7.3.4.5;Inflammatory Bowel Disease;72
1.7.3.5;CRC Screening Guidelines;72
1.7.3.5.1;Position Statement of the American Cancer Society, US Multisociety Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and American College of R;72
1.7.3.5.2;Position Statement of the US Preventive Task Force;73
1.7.3.6;References;74
1.7.4;4: Implementation and Clinical Trials in the United States;76
1.7.4.1;Introduction;76
1.7.4.2;Colorectal Cancer: Screening Options;76
1.7.4.3;Clinical Background: Polyp Histology, Size, and Management;77
1.7.4.4;Early CTC;77
1.7.4.5;CTC Takes a Couple of Steps Backward;78
1.7.4.6;Department of Defense Trial Sets the Bar;78
1.7.4.7;2005 Meta-analyses Muddy the Waters;79
1.7.4.8;Definitive CTC Clinical Validation;80
1.7.4.8.1;ACRIN I/II;80
1.7.4.8.2;University of Wisconsin;80
1.7.4.8.3;National Naval Medical Center Colon Health Initiative;81
1.7.4.8.4;Walter Reed Army Medical Center;81
1.7.4.8.5;Non-US-Based Clinical Trials;81
1.7.4.9;Future Clinical Trials;82
1.7.4.10;Conclusion;82
1.7.4.11;References;83
1.7.5;5: Clinical Trials in Europe;85
1.7.5.1;Introduction;85
1.7.5.2;Trials Aimed at Assessing Performance of CTC with Different Protocols and Instrumentation;85
1.7.5.3;Trials Targeting Average-Risk Individuals;85
1.7.5.4;Trials Targeting Individuals at Increased Risk for CRC by Family History;86
1.7.5.5;Trials Targeting Individuals at Increased Risk by Personal History (Surveillance);86
1.7.5.6;CTC in FOBT Positives;87
1.7.5.7;CTC in Patients with Alarm Symptoms;87
1.7.5.8;Conclusions;87
1.7.5.9;References;87
1.7.6;6: Patient Preparation and Tagging;89
1.7.6.1;Introduction;89
1.7.6.2;Diet;89
1.7.6.2.1;Fiber-Restricted Diet;89
1.7.6.2.2;Liquid Diet;89
1.7.6.3;Cathartic Preparation;89
1.7.6.3.1;Polyethylene Glycol-Based Electrolyte Solution;89
1.7.6.3.2;Bisacodyl Sodium;90
1.7.6.3.3;Sodium Phosphate;90
1.7.6.3.4;Magnesium Citrate;90
1.7.6.3.5;Current Practice;90
1.7.6.4;Fecal and Fluid Tagging;91
1.7.6.4.1;Barium-Based Agents;91
1.7.6.4.2;Ionic Iodine-Based Agents;91
1.7.6.4.3;Non-ionic Iodine-Based Agents;91
1.7.6.5;Electronic Cleansing;92
1.7.6.6;Artifacts;93
1.7.6.7;Different Cathartic Preparations and Tagging Protocols;93
1.7.6.7.1;ACRIN Trial;93
1.7.6.7.2;University of Wisconsin;94
1.7.6.7.3;Massachusetts General Hospital;95
1.7.6.8;Conclusion;95
1.7.6.9;References;95
1.7.7;7: Scheduling, Performing, and Reporting Computed Tomographic Colonography;97
1.7.7.1;Introduction;97
1.7.7.2;Screening CTC Requests;97
1.7.7.3;Documenting Site Quality Assurance;97
1.7.7.4;Selecting a Cathartic and Oral Tagging Agent: Educating Radiology Personnel;99
1.7.7.5;Training CT Technologists;101
1.7.7.6;Technologist Training in Colonic Insufflation;102
1.7.7.7;How to Insufflate;103
1.7.7.8;Minimizing Perforation Risk;104
1.7.7.9;When to Scout;104
1.7.7.10;When to Scan After Scout View;105
1.7.7.10.1;What to Do If Colonic Distension Is Suboptimal on the Scout View;105
1.7.7.10.2;After Completion of the Supine Scan;106
1.7.7.11;Post–Optical Colonoscopy Cases;108
1.7.7.12;Summary of Potential Complications of CTC;109
1.7.7.13;Addressing Radiation Dose Concerns;109
1.7.7.14;Radiologist Training Requirements;113
1.7.7.15;Reporting the CTC Exam Results;114
1.7.7.16;Summary;118
1.7.7.17;References;118
1.7.8;8: Computed Tomographic Colonography: Image Display Methods;120
1.7.8.1;Introduction;120
1.7.8.2;Primary 2D Interpretation;120
1.7.8.2.1;Workflow;120
1.7.8.2.2;Advantages;121
1.7.8.2.3;Disadvantages;124
1.7.8.3;Primary 3D Interpretation;124
1.7.8.3.1;Workflow;127
1.7.8.3.2;Advantages;129
1.7.8.3.3;Disadvantages;130
1.7.8.4;Combined 2D/3D Approach;130
1.7.8.5;Novel Display Methods;131
1.7.8.5.1;Virtual Pathology;132
1.7.8.5.2;Unfolded Cube Projection;135
1.7.8.5.3;Filet View and Panoramic Endoluminal Display (“Band” View);137
1.7.8.6;Supine-Prone Image Synchronization;138
1.7.8.7;Electronic Cleansing and Computer-Aided Detection;139
1.7.8.8;References;140
1.7.9;9: Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasia;142
1.7.9.1;Introduction;142
1.7.9.2;Definition and Terminology;142
1.7.9.2.1;Definition of Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasia;142
1.7.9.2.2;Morphologic Subtypes of Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasia;142
1.7.9.3;Epidemiology and Malignant Potential;143
1.7.9.3.1;Prevalence/Frequency of Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasia;143
1.7.9.3.2;Malignant Potential of Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasms;145
1.7.9.4;Detection with Colonoscopy;146
1.7.9.5;Detection with CT Colonography;146
1.7.9.5.1;Sensitivity of CT Colonography for Detecting Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasms;148
1.7.9.5.2;Suggestions for Better Visualization of Nonpolypoid Colorectal Neoplasms on CT Colonography;150
1.7.9.6;Conclusion;151
1.7.9.7;References;151
1.7.10;10: Magnetic Resonance Colonography;153
1.7.10.1;Introduction;153
1.7.10.2;MR Colonography Requirements;153
1.7.10.2.1;Technique;153
1.7.10.2.1.1;Tesla MRI;153
1.7.10.2.1.2;Patient Preparation and Impact on Accuracy and Acceptance;154
1.7.10.2.2;Bowel Cleansing;154
1.7.10.2.3;Fecal Tagging;154
1.7.10.2.3.1;Bowel Distension;156
1.7.10.2.3.2;Spasmolytic Agents;158
1.7.10.2.3.3;Bright Lumen and Dark Lumen MR Colonography;158
1.7.10.2.3.4;MR Colonography Results;159
1.7.10.2.3.5;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;160
1.7.10.3;References;160
1.7.11;11: Extracolonic Findings;162
1.7.11.1;Introduction;162
1.7.11.2;Detection and Reporting of ECFs on CTC;162
1.7.11.3;Incidence and Cost Effectiveness of ECF Reporting;165
1.7.11.4;References;168
1.7.12;12: Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Computed Tomographic Colonography;170
1.7.12.1;Introduction;170
1.7.12.2;Why Should CTC Readers Use CAD and How Should It Be Used?;170
1.7.12.3;CAD Schemes for Detection of Polyps in CTC;171
1.7.12.4;Technical Development of CAD Schemes;171
1.7.12.5;False-Positive Reduction in a CAD Scheme;172
1.7.12.5.1;Overview of FP Reduction Techniques;172
1.7.12.5.2;FP Reduction with 3D MTANNs;172
1.7.12.6;Stand-Alone Performance of CAD Schemes;175
1.7.12.6.1;CAD Schemes Developed in Academia;175
1.7.12.7;Industry (Nonacademic) CAD Software;176
1.7.12.8;Evaluation of a CAD Scheme with Reader Trial False-Negative CTC Cases;176
1.7.12.9;CAD Stand-Alone Performance for Reader Trial False-Negative Cases;177
1.7.12.10;Analysis of Stand-Alone CAD FP Sources;177
1.7.12.11;Stand-Alone Detection of Flat Neoplasms by CAD;177
1.7.12.11.1;Morphologically Flat Neoplasms (Flat Lesions) in CTC;177
1.7.12.11.2;Limitations of Current CAD Schemes for Flat-Lesion Detection;178
1.7.12.12;Flat-Lesion Database;179
1.7.12.12.1;Development of a 3D MTANN for Flat Lesions;180
1.7.12.12.2;Evaluation of the Stand-Alone Performance of the MTANN CAD Scheme;180
1.7.12.13;Multi-reader/Multi-case (MRMC) Observer Performance Study;181
1.7.12.14;University of Chicago Observer Performance Study (Prior Trial Cases Re-read);184
1.7.12.15;Conclusion and Authors’ Perspective;187
1.7.12.16;References;187
1.8;Part II:Atlas;190
1.8.1;13: Normal Anatomy;191
1.8.1.1;Six Colorectal Segments;191
1.8.1.2;Rectum;192
1.8.1.3;Sigmoid Colon;193
1.8.1.4;Descending Colon;194
1.8.1.5;Splenic Flexure;195
1.8.1.6;Hepatic Flexure;195
1.8.1.7;Transverse Colon;196
1.8.1.8;Ascending Colon;197
1.8.1.9;Cecum;198
1.8.1.10;Appendiceal Orifice;199
1.8.1.11;Ileocecal Valve;200
1.8.1.12;Virtual Dissection Normal Anatomy;203
1.8.1.13;References;204
1.8.2;14: Sessile polyps;205
1.8.3;15: Pedunculated Polyps;218
1.8.4;16: Diminutive Polyps;226
1.8.5;17: Flat Lesions;231
1.8.6;18: Stool, Diverticulosis;250
1.8.7;19: Masses;258
1.8.8;20: Pitfalls and Miscellaneous;271
1.9;Appendix;297
1.10;Index;302