D'Août / D'Aout / Vereecke Primate Locomotion

Linking Field and Laboratory Research
2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-1420-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

Primate locomotion has typically been studied from two points of view. Laboratory-based researchers have focused on aspects like biomechanics and energetics, whereas field-based researchers have focused on (locomotor) behaviour and ecology. Unfortunately, to date, there is relatively little scientific exchange between both groups. With a book, which will be the result of a symposium on the 2008 Meeting of the International Primatological Society in Edinburgh, we would like to bring together laboratory and field-based primate locomotion studies. We are convinced this will be beneficial for both research lines. For example, biomechanists might wonder how frequently the locomotor style they study in the lab actually occurs in nature, and field workers might use calculated costs of locomotion to understand why certain locomotor behaviours are favoured under specific conditions. Thus, on the one hand, an established link between both groups may help interpret the results by using each other's findings. On the other hand, recent technological advances (e.g. portable high-speed cameras) make it possible to bridge the gap between lab-based and field-based research by actually collecting biomechanical data in situ. Again, communication between both groups is necessary to identify the specific needs and start up achievable and successful research projects in the field. In order to generate a wide interest, we have invited biomechanists, ecologists, and field-based researchers who combine both disciplines, and we hope their combined contributions will facilitate lasting cooperation between the mentioned disciplines and stimulate innovative research in Primatology. We are convinced that the most appropriate format to publish the different symposium contributions is a conference volume within an existing book series. Firstly, the chapters will not only contain new data but will also review existing data and elaborate on potential future work - more so than can be done in a journal article. Secondly, the combination of chapters will form an entity that is more valuable than the sum of the separate chapters and therefore they need to be presented together. Lastly, this volume will benefit from the typically long 'shelf life' of a book in a renowned series, allowing it to be used as reference book for both researchers and students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

D'Aout, Kristiaan

D'Août, Kristiaan

Vereecke, Evie E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Contents;12
3;Contributors;14
4;Chapter 1: Introduction. Primate Locomotion: Toward a Synergy of Laboratory and Field Research;18
4.1;References;22
5;Chapter 2: Translating Primate Locomotor Biomechanical Variables from the Laboratory to the Field;24
5.1;Introduction;25
5.2;Variables That Can Be Collected Under Field and Laboratory Conditions;27
5.2.1;Gait Choice;27
5.2.2;Footfall Sequence and Limb Timing;27
5.2.3;Limb Protraction and Retraction;29
5.2.4;Contact Time;29
5.2.5;Elbow Yield;29
5.3;Performance Measures Examined;31
5.3.1;Stability;31
5.3.2;Peak Ground Forces;31
5.3.3;Metabolic Costs;31
5.4;The Connection Between Biomechanical Variables and Performance Measures;34
5.4.1;Gait Choice, Stability, and Energy Efficiency;34
5.4.2;Limb Protraction, Contact Time, and Elbow Yield;37
5.4.3;Stride Frequency and Locomotor Cost;39
5.5;Conclusion;39
5.6;References;40
6;Chapter 3: Studying Captive Ape Locomotion: Past, Present, and Future;45
6.1;Introduction;46
6.2;Research Ex Situ: Accomplishments;47
6.2.1;High-Tech Experimental Setups;47
6.2.2;Locomotion in Bonobos;48
6.2.3;Locomotion in Gibbons;50
6.3;Research Ex Situ: Current Issues and How to Deal with Them;51
6.3.1;Substrate Complexity;51
6.3.2;Gait Variability;54
6.4;Need for Field Studies;55
6.4.1;Locomotor Behavior in Captivity: Representative of the Wild?;55
6.4.2;Which Gaits Should Be Studied Ex Situ?;56
6.4.3;Substrate Use and Substrate Properties in the Wild;57
6.4.4;Energetics: Importance of Efficiency?;58
6.5;Conclusions;58
6.6;References;58
7;Chapter 4: Experimental and Computational Studies of Bipedal Locomotion in the Bipedally Trained Japanese Macaque;63
7.1;Introduction;64
7.2;Kinematics of Bipedal Locomotion in Trained and Ordinary Japanese Macaques;65
7.3;Ground Reaction Force Profiles of Bipedal Locomotion in Trained and Ordinary Japanese Macaques;67
7.4;Musculoskeletal Model of Japanese Macaques;69
7.5;Musculoskeletal Motion During Bipedal Locomotion in Trained Japanese Macaques;71
7.6;Computer Simulation of Locomotion;73
7.7;Conclusion;74
7.8;Acknowledgments;74
7.9;References;74
8;Chapter 5: In What Manner Do Quadrupedal Primates Walk on Two Legs? Preliminary Results on Olive Baboons (Papio anubis);76
8.1;Introduction;77
8.2;Materials and Methods;78
8.2.1;Subjects;78
8.2.2;Protocols and Study Site;78
8.2.2.1;The Motion Capture Protocol;79
8.2.2.2;Motion Analysis;79
8.3;Results;81
8.3.1;General Features of the Bipedal Locomotor Mode;81
8.3.2;Type of Foot Contact to the Ground;84
8.3.3;Vertical Excursion of Joint Centers;84
8.3.4;Spatiotemporal Parameters;84
8.3.5;Joint Angles;87
8.4;Discussion and Perspectives;91
8.5;Acknowledgments;94
8.6;References;94
9;Chapter 6: Scapula Movements and Their Contribution to Three-Dimensional Forelimb Excursions in Quadrupedal Primates;98
9.1;Introduction;99
9.2;Materials and Methods;101
9.2.1;Subjects;101
9.2.2;Motion Analysis;101
9.2.3;Morphometry;102
9.3;Results and Discussion;104
9.3.1;Scapular Motion in Cranio-caudal Direction and Its Importance for Limb Pro- and Retraction;104
9.3.2;Scapular Motion and Its Importance for Three-Dimensional Forelimb Excursions;108
9.3.3;Different Patterns of Shoulder Motion and Their Evolutionary Aspects;109
9.3.4;Morphological Correlates of Scapular Mobility;112
9.4;Conclusion;118
9.5;Acknowledgments;120
9.6;References;120
10;Chapter 7: The Influence of Load Carrying on Gait Parameters in Humans and Apes: Implications for the Evolution of Human Bipedalism;124
10.1;Introduction;125
10.1.1;Human Carrying Observations;127
10.1.2;Human Gait Parameters;127
10.1.3;Ape Gait Parameters;128
10.2;Methods;128
10.2.1;Human Carrying Observations;128
10.2.2;Human Gait Parameters;129
10.2.3;Ape Gait Parameters;130
10.2.4;Data Normalization;132
10.3;Results;133
10.3.1;Human Carrying Observations;133
10.3.2;Human Gait Parameters;133
10.3.3;Ape Gait Parameters;136
10.3.3.1;Bonobos;136
10.3.3.2;Gorillas;136
10.3.3.3;Chimpanzees;138
10.3.3.4;Orang-utans;138
10.3.4;Footfall Sequences;141
10.3.4.1;Bonobos;142
10.3.4.2;Gorillas;142
10.3.4.3;Chimpanzees;142
10.3.4.4;Orang-utans;145
10.4;Discussion;145
10.4.1;Human Observations;145
10.4.2;Human Gait Parameters;146
10.4.3;Ape Gait Parameters;146
10.5;Conclusion;147
10.6;Acknowledgments;147
10.7;References;147
11;Chapter 8: Field and Experimental Approaches to the Study of Locomotor Ontogeny in Propithecus verreauxi;150
11.1;Introduction;151
11.2;Methods;154
11.3;Results and Discussion;157
11.3.1;Phenotype;157
11.3.2;Function;159
11.3.3;Performance;161
11.3.4;Fitness;162
11.4;Conclusions;166
11.5;Acknowledgments;167
11.6;References;167
12;Chapter 9: Comparisons of Limb Structural Properties in Free-ranging Chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Taï Communities;170
12.1;Introduction;171
12.2;Materials and Methods;175
12.3;Results;178
12.3.1;Kibale Chimpanzees versus Other Community Chimpanzees;178
12.3.2;Sex-Specific Comparisons of Kibale Chimpanzees with Chimpanzees in Other Communities;181
12.3.3;Ranks of Community Structural Properties versus Habitat Differences;190
12.4;Discussion;191
12.5;Acknowledgments;193
12.6;References;194
13;Chapter 10: Field Study Methods for Primate Locomotor Ecology and Biomechanics;198
13.1;Introduction;199
13.2;Observational Field Methods;202
13.2.1;Categories 1–3: Date, Species, and Time;203
13.2.2;Category 4: Locomotor and Postural Mode;203
13.2.3;Categories 5–8: Support Diameter and Orientation;203
13.2.4;Interactions Between Locomotion and Substrate: The Case of Leaping Prosimians;204
13.2.5;Categories 9 and 10: Initial and Terminal Height;207
13.2.6;Category 11: “Horizontal” Distance Traveled;207
13.2.7;Category 12: Activity;209
13.2.8;Category 13: Continues from Previous?;209
13.2.9;Support Availability;210
13.2.10;Ranging;210
13.3;Field Techniques for Estimation of Mechanical Energy Costs of Locomotion and Estimates of Metabolic Energy Budgets;211
13.3.1;Diet and Metabolism;211
13.3.2;Measurement of Metabolic Rates;212
13.4;Conclusion;212
13.5;Acknowledgments;213
13.6;References;213
14;Chapter 11: Gibbon Locomotion Research in the Field: Problems, Possibilities, and Benefits for Conservation;215
14.1;Introduction;215
14.2;The Focus of Current Field Studies;217
14.3;Introducing the Gibbons: The True Brachiators;217
14.3.1;Evolutionary Advantages of Brachiation;219
14.3.2;Perceptual Motor Skills;220
14.4;Why Study Gibbon Locomotion in the Field?;220
14.5;Methods: Problems and Solutions for Field-Based Locomotor Studies;222
14.5.1;Video Cameras;222
14.5.2;Measuring Forces and Pressure;223
14.5.3;Behavioral Data;224
14.6;Recent Findings from the Field;224
14.7;Conservation Implications;225
14.8;Acknowledgments;225
14.9;References;225
15;Chapter 12: Posture, Ischial Tuberosities, and Tree Zone Use in West African Cercopithecids;228
15.1;Introduction;229
15.2;Methods;233
15.3;Results;236
15.4;Discussion;248
15.5;Conclusions;254
15.6;Acknowledgments;255
15.7;References;255
16;Chapter 13: Forelimb Suspensory Gait Characteristics of Wild Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth: Developing Video-based Methodologies in Free-ranging Primates;259
16.1;Introduction;260
16.1.1;Study Objectives;263
16.2;Methods;264
16.2.1;Study Site and Subjects;264
16.2.2;Data Collection;265
16.2.3;Evaluating Suspensory Locomotion;266
16.2.3.1;General Arm Raising Ability;266
16.2.3.2;Relative Degree of Elbow-Flexion During Forelimb Swings, Steps, and Strides;267
16.2.3.3;Tail Use During Suspension;267
16.2.3.4;Gait Symmetry and Hand and Tail Touchdown/Lift-off Patterns;267
16.2.3.5;Initiation and Termination of Forelimb Swings, Steps, and Strides;268
16.2.3.6;Forelimb Suspensory Temporal Gait Parameters;268
16.2.4;Statistical Analysis;269
16.3;Results;269
16.3.1;Reaching Overhead During Ateline Positional Behavior;269
16.3.2;Descriptive Characteristics of Forelimb Suspension in Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth;271
16.3.3;Temporal-gait Characteristics of Forelimb Suspension in Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth;273
16.4;Discussion;274
16.5;Conclusion;277
16.6;Acknowledgments;278
16.7;References;278
17;Chapter 14: Gait and Kinematics of Arboreal Quadrupedal Walking of Free-ranging Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) in French Guiana;282
17.1;Introduction;283
17.2;Study Site, Subjects, and Methods;284
17.3;Results;286
17.4;Discussion;290
17.5;Acknowledgments;295
17.6;References;295
18;Chapter 15: From Treadmill to Tropics: Calculating Ranging Cost in Chimpanzees;299
18.1;Introduction;300
18.2;Laboratory Studies of Energy Expenditure;303
18.2.1;Walking, Trotting, and Galloping;303
18.2.1.1;Allometric Studies;303
18.2.2;Determinants of COL and COT;304
18.2.3;Climbing and Leaping;307
18.2.4;Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE);309
18.3;Case Study: Kanyawara Chimpanzees;310
18.3.1;Daily Walking Cost;310
18.3.2;Daily Climbing Cost;312
18.3.3;Daily Energy Expenditure;312
18.4;Results and Discussion;313
18.4.1;Daily Ranging Costs and DEE for Kanyawara Chimpanzees;313
18.4.2;Estimating Ranging Costs for Wild Primates;314
18.4.3;Integrating Laboratory and Field Investigation of Primate Ranging Cost;316
18.5;References;317
19;Chapter 16: Linking Field and Laboratory Approaches for Studying Primate Locomotor Responses to Support Orientation;320
19.1;Introduction;321
19.2;The Problem of Branch Inclination: Limb Kinematics on Oblique Supports;321
19.2.1;Incline Predictions;323
19.2.2;Decline Predictions;323
19.3;Locomotor Kinematics in Eulemur: A Case Study for Naturalistic Experimental Research;324
19.4;Methods;324
19.4.1;Focal Subjects;324
19.4.2;Measuring Locomotor Kinematics in the Laboratory and in the Field;325
19.5;Results;327
19.6;Discussion;334
19.6.1;Exploring Kinematic Patterns in Experimental and Natural Conditions;335
19.6.2;The Role of Kinematic Approaches in the Wild;337
19.6.3;Challenges and Solutions for Integrating In Situ and Ex Situ Data;337
19.6.4;Future Directions for Linking Laboratory and Field Techniques;338
19.7;Conclusions;339
19.8;Acknowledgments;339
19.9;References;339
20;Chapter 17: Quadrupedal Locomotion of Saimiri boliviensis: A Comparison of Field and Laboratory-based Kinematic Data;343
20.1;Introduction;344
20.2;Materials and Methods;346
20.2.1;Laboratory Data;346
20.2.2;Field Data;347
20.2.3;Kinematic Variables;347
20.2.4;Substrate Variables;349
20.2.5;Statistical Analyses;350
20.3;Results;350
20.3.1;Comparison of laboratory- and field-based data on quadrupedal locomotion in Saimiri boliviensis;350
20.3.1.1;Limb Phase;350
20.3.1.2;Speed and Duty Factor;352
20.3.2;Effects of Natural Substrate Variation on Quadrupedal Locomotion in Saimiri boliviensis;352
20.3.2.1;Substrate Orientation;352
20.3.2.2;Relative Substrate Size;353
20.3.3;Summary of Results;354
20.4;Discussion;355
20.5;Summary and Conclusions;360
20.6;Acknowledgments;361
20.7;References;361
21;Index;365