Dutta / Lodhari Extraction of Nuclear and Non-ferrous Metals

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-10-5172-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 247 Seiten

Reihe: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

This book presents a comprehensive overview of non-ferrous metallurgy, especially its core principles and fundamental aspects, in a concise form. The book covers all basic concepts and definitions related to metal extraction, and provide succinct summaries of relevant metallurgical processes. It also covers the scientific and engineering aspects of nuclear processes and features special chapter on ultra-high-purity metals.  The book employs a step-by-step approach, is written in an easy-to-understand style, and discusses significance of core concepts. As such, it not only offers a valuable guide for professionals and researchers working in the areas of metallurgy, mining, and chemical engineering, but can also be used as a core text in both graduate and professional coursework.

Dr. Sujay Kumar Dutta is a former Professor and Head of the Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India. He received his Bachelor of Engineering (Metallurgy) from Calcutta University in 1975 and Master of Engineering (Industrial Metallurgy) from M. S. University of Baroda in 1980. He was awarded his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India in 1992. He joined the M. S. University of Baroda as Lecturer in 1981, subsequently being appointed a Reader in 1993 and a Professor in 2001.  Prof. Dutta has received several awards, including the Essar Gold Medal (2006) from the Indian Institute of Metals, a Fellowship (2014) from the Indian Institute of Metals, and the IIM Distinguished Educator Award (2015) from the Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata in recognition of his distinguished service to the Metallurgical Education and to the Indian Institute of Metals. Prof. Dutta has published three books along with other authors: (i) 'Metallurgical Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Numericals' (2011), (ii) 'Alternate Methods of Ironmaking (Direct Reduction and Smelting Reduction Processes)' (2012), (iii) 'Iron Ore-Coal/Coke Composite Pellets' (2013), and another book (iv) 'Extractive Metallurgy (Processes and Applications)' is currently in publication. He has also published 120 papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings.  Mr. Dharmesh. R. Lodhari is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Gujarat, India. He completed his Bachelor of Engineering in Metallurgy in 1996 and Master of Engineering with specialization in Materials Technology from the M. S. University of Baroda in 2000. Presently he is pursuing his Ph.D. in the field of new alloy development. He has thirteen years of teaching and research experience in the metallurgical field, and has published numerous technical papers in national and international journals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dutta, Sujay Kumar

Lodhari, Dharmesh R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;About the Authors;15
4;Extractive Metallurgy of Nuclear Metals;16
5;1 Fundamentals of Nuclear Metallurgy;17
5.1;1.1 Atomic Structure;17
5.2;1.2 Isotopes;18
5.3;1.3 Nuclear Binding Energy;18
5.4;1.4 Radioactivity;20
5.5;1.5 Rate of Radioactive Decay;22
5.6;1.6 Neutron Reaction;23
5.7;1.7 Cross-Sections for Neutron Reactions;26
5.8;1.8 Multiplication Factors;26
5.9;1.9 Types of Reactor;27
5.10;1.10 Nuclear Fuel and Breeding Reaction;28
5.11;1.11 Cladding Materials;30
5.12;1.12 Radiation Damage;30
5.12.1;1.12.1 Atomic Displacement;31
5.12.2;1.12.2 Temperature Spikes;32
5.12.3;1.12.3 Physical Effects of Radiation;32
5.13;1.13 Reprocessing of Irradiated Fuel;33
5.13.1;1.13.1 Cooling Irradiated Fuel Elements;34
5.13.2;1.13.2 Head-End Processes;35
5.13.3;1.13.3 Separations or Extraction Process;35
5.14;1.14 Processing of Nuclear Metals;36
5.14.1;1.14.1 Separation Processes;38
5.14.1.1;1.14.1.1 Ion Exchange;38
5.14.1.2;1.14.1.2 Solvent Extraction;39
5.14.2;1.14.2 Extraction Techniques;39
5.14.2.1;1.14.2.1 Oxide and Halide Intermediates;40
6;2 Uranium;41
6.1;2.1 Introduction;41
6.2;2.2 Sources;42
6.3;2.3 Extraction of Uranium from Ore;43
6.3.1;2.3.1 Acid Leaching;43
6.3.2;2.3.2 Ion Exchange Separation;43
6.3.3;2.3.3 Production of Reactor Grade Uranyl Nitrate;46
6.3.4;2.3.4 Production of Uranium Dioxide;46
6.3.5;2.3.5 Reduction of Uranium Compounds;47
6.3.5.1;2.3.5.1 Preparation of Uranium Tetrafluoride;47
6.3.5.2;2.3.5.2 Reduction of UF4;48
6.3.6;2.3.6 High Purity Uranium Metal;49
6.4;2.4 Properties;49
6.5;2.5 Applications;51
7;3 Plutonium;52
7.1;3.1 Introduction;52
7.2;3.2 Sources;53
7.3;3.3 Extraction of Plutonium;54
7.3.1;3.3.1 Separation of Plutonium;54
7.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Precipitation;56
7.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Organic Solvent Extraction Process;56
7.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Ion-Exchange Process;58
7.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Pyrometallurgical Processes;59
7.3.2;3.3.2 Reduction to Plutonium Metal;60
7.3.3;3.3.3 Extraction of Plutonium from Spent Fuel;61
7.4;3.4 Properties;61
7.5;3.5 Applications;63
8;4 Zirconium;65
8.1;4.1 Introduction;65
8.2;4.2 Sources;65
8.3;4.3 Exreaction of Zirconium;66
8.3.1;4.3.1 Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium;66
8.3.2;4.3.2 Preparation of Zirconium Oxide;69
8.3.3;4.3.3 Production of Zirconium Tetrachloride;69
8.3.4;4.3.4 Reduction of ZrCl4 by Mg or Na;69
8.3.4.1;4.3.4.1 Kroll Process (by Mg);70
8.3.4.2;4.3.4.2 Modified Kroll Process (by Na);70
8.3.4.3;4.3.4.3 Bimetal Reduction;70
8.4;4.4 Properties;71
8.5;4.5 Applications;72
9;5 Hafnium;74
9.1;5.1 Introduction;74
9.2;5.2 Sources;74
9.3;5.3 Extraction of Hafnium;75
9.3.1;5.3.1 Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium;75
9.3.2;5.3.2 Preparation of HfO2;75
9.3.3;5.3.3 Production of Hafnium Metal;75
9.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Kroll Process;75
9.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Reduction of HfCl4 by Na;76
9.3.3.3;5.3.3.3 Reduction of HfO2 by Si/Al;76
9.4;5.4 Properties;77
9.5;5.5 Applications;78
10;6 Thorium;79
10.1;6.1 Introduction;79
10.2;6.2 Sources;80
10.3;6.3 Extraction of Thorium;80
10.3.1;6.3.1 Separation of Thorium Compound from Monazite;80
10.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Sulphuric Acid Method;80
10.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Sodium Hydroxide Method;83
10.3.2;6.3.2 Thorium Oxalate Formation;84
10.3.3;6.3.3 Chlorination of Thorium Oxalate;84
10.3.4;6.3.4 Purification of ThCl4;85
10.3.5;6.3.5 Reduction of ThCl4;85
10.3.6;6.3.6 Purification of Thorium Metal;86
10.4;6.4 Production of Thorium Powder;86
10.5;6.5 Production of Massive Thorium Metal;87
10.6;6.6 Properties;88
10.7;6.7 Applications;89
11;Extractive Metallurgy of Common Metals;91
12;7 Copper;94
12.1;7.1 Introduction;94
12.2;7.2 Sources;94
12.3;7.3 Extraction of Copper;95
12.3.1;7.3.1 Concentration;95
12.3.2;7.3.2 Roasting;95
12.3.3;7.3.3 Smelting;97
12.3.4;7.3.4 Converting;99
12.3.5;7.3.5 Refining;102
12.3.5.1;7.3.5.1 Fire Refining;103
12.3.5.2;7.3.5.2 Electrolytic Refining;104
12.4;7.4 Newer Processes;105
12.4.1;7.4.1 Flash Smelting Process;107
12.4.2;7.4.2 Continuous Process;108
12.4.2.1;7.4.2.1 WORCRA Process;108
12.4.2.2;7.4.2.2 Noranda Process;109
12.4.2.3;7.4.2.3 Mitsubishi Process;110
12.5;7.5 TORCO Segregation Process;111
12.6;7.6 Recovery of Precious Metals;112
12.7;7.7 Hydrometallurgical Process of Copper;114
12.7.1;7.7.1 Ferric Chloride Leaching;114
12.7.2;7.7.2 Leaching of Low Grade Ores;114
12.7.3;7.7.3 Leaching of Roasted Sulphide Concentrates;115
12.8;7.8 Properties;116
12.9;7.9 Applications;118
13;8 Aluminium;120
13.1;8.1 Introduction;120
13.2;8.2 Sources;120
13.3;8.3 Extraction of Aluminium;121
13.3.1;8.3.1 Bayer Process;121
13.3.2;8.3.2 Hall-Heroult Process;124
13.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Decomposition Potential;127
13.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Factors Affecting Electrolysis;129
13.3.3;8.3.3 Refining of Aluminium;130
13.4;8.4 Properties;131
13.5;8.5 Applications;132
14;9 Zinc;134
14.1;9.1 Introduction;134
14.2;9.2 Sources;134
14.3;9.3 Extraction of Zinc;135
14.3.1;9.3.1 Pyrometallurgical Process;135
14.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 Roasting;135
14.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 Retort Distillation;137
14.3.1.3;9.3.1.3 Vertical Retorts;138
14.3.1.4;9.3.1.4 Physical Chemistry of Zinc Smelting;139
14.3.2;9.3.2 Hydrometallurgical Process;141
14.4;9.4 Properties;143
14.5;9.5 Applications;143
15;10 Lead;145
15.1;10.1 Introduction;145
15.2;10.2 Sources;145
15.3;10.3 Extraction of Lead;146
15.3.1;10.3.1 Concentration;147
15.3.2;10.3.2 Dead Roasting;147
15.3.3;10.3.3 Smelting;148
15.3.4;10.3.4 Refining;151
15.3.4.1;10.3.4.1 Drossing and Skimming;152
15.3.4.2;10.3.4.2 Softening of Lead Bullion;152
15.3.4.3;10.3.4.3 Desilverization;152
15.3.4.4;10.3.4.4 Electrolytic Refining;153
15.4;10.4 Properties;154
15.5;10.5 Applications;154
16;11 Tin;157
16.1;11.1 Introduction;157
16.2;11.2 Sources;157
16.3;11.3 Extraction of Tin;157
16.3.1;11.3.1 Concentration;158
16.3.2;11.3.2 Reduction of Concentrate;159
16.3.3;11.3.3 Treatments of Slags for Recovery of Metals;159
16.3.4;11.3.4 Refining;160
16.4;11.4 Properties;161
16.5;11.5 Applications;162
17;12 Magnesium;163
17.1;12.1 Introduction;163
17.2;12.2 Sources;163
17.3;12.3 Extraction of Magnesium;164
17.3.1;12.3.1 Pyrometallurgical Process;165
17.3.1.1;12.3.1.1 Method of Production of MgO;165
17.3.1.2;12.3.1.2 Thermal Process (Reduction of MgO);165
17.3.1.3;12.3.1.3 Reaction Mechanism;168
17.3.2;12.3.2 Electrometallurgical Process;169
17.3.2.1;12.3.2.1 Method of Production of MgCl2;169
17.3.2.2;12.3.2.2 Electrolytic Process;170
17.3.2.3;12.3.2.3 Refining of Electrolytic Magnesium;172
17.3.3;12.3.3 Other Processes for Extraction of Mg;173
17.4;12.4 Properties;173
17.5;12.5 Applications;173
18;13 Nickel;175
18.1;13.1 Introduction;175
18.2;13.2 Sources;175
18.3;13.3 Extraction of Nickel;176
18.3.1;13.3.1 Concentration;176
18.3.2;13.3.2 Treatment of Ni–Cu Sulphide Concentrate;177
18.3.2.1;13.3.2.1 Roasting;177
18.3.2.2;13.3.2.2 Smelting;177
18.3.2.3;13.3.2.3 Converting;177
18.3.2.4;13.3.2.4 Separation of Ni and Cu Sulphides;178
18.3.2.5;13.3.2.5 Roast Sintering;178
18.3.2.6;13.3.2.6 Reduction;178
18.3.3;13.3.3 Refining;178
18.3.3.1;13.3.3.1 The Mond Process;179
18.3.3.1.1;(a) Carbonyl Process;179
18.3.3.1.2;(b) INCO Pressure Carbonylation Process;180
18.3.3.2;13.3.3.2 Electrolytic Process;180
18.4;13.4 Properties;181
18.5;13.5 Applications;182
19;Extractive Metallurgy of Less Common Metals and Ferro-Alloying Metals;183
20;14 Silicon;186
20.1;14.1 Introduction;186
20.2;14.2 Sources;186
20.3;14.3 Extraction;187
20.3.1;14.3.1 Metallic Silicon;187
20.3.2;14.3.2 Ferro-Silicon;188
20.4;14.4 Properties;190
20.5;14.5 Applications;190
21;15 Manganese;191
21.1;15.1 Introduction;191
21.2;15.2 Sources;191
21.3;15.3 Extraction;192
21.3.1;15.3.1 Beneficiation;192
21.3.2;15.3.2 Metallic Manganese;192
21.3.2.1;15.3.2.1 Alumino-Thermic Method;192
21.3.2.2;15.3.2.2 Electrolytic Method;193
21.3.3;15.3.3 Ferro-Manganese;193
21.3.3.1;15.3.3.1 Blast Furnace Method;193
21.3.3.2;15.3.3.2 Electric Furnace Method;194
21.4;15.4 Properties;195
21.5;15.5 Applications;196
22;16 Chromium;198
22.1;16.1 Introduction;198
22.2;16.2 Sources;198
22.3;16.3 Extraction;199
22.3.1;16.3.1 Metallic Chromium;199
22.3.2;16.3.2 Ferro-Chromium;200
22.3.2.1;16.3.2.1 High Carbon Ferro-Chrome;201
22.3.2.2;16.3.2.2 Low Carbon Ferro-Chrome;202
22.3.2.3;16.3.2.3 Extra-Low Carbon Ferro-Chrome;202
22.4;16.4 Properties;203
22.5;16.5 Applications;203
23;17 Tungsten;205
23.1;17.1 Introduction;205
23.2;17.2 Sources;205
23.3;17.3 Extraction;206
23.3.1;17.3.1 Metallic Tungsten;206
23.3.2;17.3.2 Ferro Tungsten;207
23.4;17.4 Properties;207
23.5;17.5 Application;208
24;18 Molybdenum;209
24.1;18.1 Introduction;209
24.2;18.2 Sources;209
24.3;18.3 Extraction;210
24.3.1;18.3.1 Concentration of Molybdenite;210
24.3.2;18.3.2 Metallic Molybdenum;211
24.3.3;18.3.3 Calcium Molybdate;212
24.3.4;18.3.4 Ferro-Molybdenum;212
24.4;18.4 Properties;213
24.5;18.5 Applications;213
25;19 Vanadium;214
25.1;19.1 Introduction;214
25.2;19.2 Sources;214
25.3;19.3 Extraction;215
25.3.1;19.3.1 Recovery of Vanadium Pentoxide;215
25.3.2;19.3.2 Metallic Vanadium;215
25.3.3;19.3.3 Ferro-Vanadium;218
25.4;19.4 Properties;220
25.5;19.5 Applications;221
26;20 Niobium and Tantalum;222
26.1;20.1 Introduction;222
26.2;20.2 Sources;222
26.3;20.3 Extraction;223
26.3.1;20.3.1 Separation of Niobium and Tantalum from Ores;223
26.3.2;20.3.2 Metallic Niobium;223
26.3.3;20.3.3 Metallic Tantalum;226
26.3.4;20.3.4 Ferro-Niobium;228
26.4;20.4 Properties;229
26.4.1;20.4.1 Niobium;229
26.4.2;20.4.2 Tantalum;229
26.5;20.5 Applications;230
26.5.1;20.5.1 Niobium;230
26.5.2;20.5.2 Tantalum;231
27;Production of Ultra-High Purity Metals;232
28;21 Methods of Refining;233
28.1;21.1 Introduction;233
28.2;21.2 Zone Refining;233
28.3;21.3 Vacuum Induction Melting;235
28.4;21.4 Vacuum Arc Melting;236
28.5;21.5 Inert Atmosphere Arc Melting;239
28.6;21.6 Electron Beam Melting;240
29;Appendix;244
30;Some Thermodynamic Data*;246
31;Bibliography;247