Fonseca Cardiovascular Endocrinology:

Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-1-59745-141-3
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 261 Seiten

Reihe: Contemporary Endocrinology

Over the past few decades, cardiovascular disease and diabetes have emerged as major public health problems, both as distinct clinical entities and as comorbid conditions. As a result, the fields of vascular biology and endocrinology are working more closely now than ever before. With chapters by renowned experts, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads emphasizes the considerable physiological interrelationships and clinical correlations between the specialties of cardiovascular medicine and endocrinology. Offering a wealth of information, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads provides a range of insights, including a novel view of the hormonal regulation of the vascular system and the disruption of the nitric oxide signaling system. It also addresses the role of fatty acids and cytokines in the development of this problem. Importantly, this unique title also provides a state-of-the-art update on the importance of other hormones such as thyroid hormone and steroids, as well as the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and controversies surrounding the use of hormone replacement therapy. In all, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads is a first-of-its-kind title that discusses and summarizes important clinical topics in cardiology and endocrinology. It offers clinicians and researchers an important resource for navigating the increasingly interrelated pathways of cardiovascular and endocrinologic disorders. The authors discuss a range of important issues from epidemiology to bench research to translation of this research to clinical practice.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fonseca, Vivian

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Color Plates;12
5;Hormonal Regulation of the Vascular System: An Overview;13
5.1;INTRODUCTION;13
5.2;ESTROGEN;18
5.3;PROGESTERONE;19
5.4;ANDROGENS;19
5.5;CONCLUSION;21
5.6;REFERENCES;21
6;I DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;29
6.1;Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes;31
6.1.1;PREVALENCE OF DIABETES;32
6.1.2;IMPACT OF DIABETES ON HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE COSTS;32
6.1.3;DIABETES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE;33
6.1.4;OUTCOME AMONG DIABETES PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE;34
6.1.5;DIABETES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEART FAILURE;34
6.1.6;OUTCOMES AMONG DIABETES PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE;34
6.1.7;SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL;34
6.1.8;SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – LIPID CONTROL;37
6.1.9;SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – GLYCEMIC CONTROL;40
6.1.10;SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – SMOKING CESSATION;41
6.1.11;SUMMARY;42
6.1.12;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;42
6.1.13;REFERENCES;42
6.2;Disruption of the Nitric Oxide Signaling System in Diabetes;47
6.2.1;INTRODUCTION;48
6.2.2;VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;49
6.2.3;NO SYNTHASE/SOLUBLE GUANYLATE CYCLASE/CYCLIC GMP- DEPENDENT PATHWAY;49
6.2.4;ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION;50
6.2.5;INFLUENCES OF DIABETES ON THE VASCULAR WALL;50
6.2.6;NITROSATIVE STRESS STATE;56
6.2.7;MITOCHONDRIA;57
6.2.8;CONCLUSION;60
6.2.9;REFERENCES;61
6.3;Free Fatty Acids, A Major Link Between Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease;73
6.3.1;INTRODUCTION;74
6.3.2;FFA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE;75
6.3.3;MECHANISM FOR FFA-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE;76
6.3.4;FFA AND INFLAMMATION;77
6.3.5;BLOOD COAGULATION/FIBRINOLYSIS;78
6.3.6;FFA AND LIPOPROTEINS;79
6.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;80
6.3.8;REFERENCES;80
6.4;The Anti-Inflammatory and Antiatherogenic Effects of Insulin;83
6.4.1;ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF INSULIN;84
6.4.2;ANTIATHEROGENIC EFFECT OF INSULIN;86
6.4.3;PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE AND OTHER MACRONUTRIENTS;86
6.4.4;CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS;87
6.4.5;REFERENCES;89
6.5;Insulin Sensitizers and Cardiovascular Disease;93
6.5.1;INTRODUCTION;94
6.5.2;EFFECTS OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS ON LIPID METABOLISM;95
6.5.3;INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND HYPERTENSION;95
6.5.4;ROLE OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND VASCULAR REACTIVITY;96
6.5.5;INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND VASCULAR WALL ABNORMALITIES;98
6.5.6;INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND FIBRINOLYSIS AND COAGULATION;98
6.5.7;INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND ALBUMINURIA;99
6.5.8;EFFECT OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS ON CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES;99
6.5.9;OUTCOME STUDIES FOR PREVENTION OF MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE 2 DM;100
6.5.10;ONGOING STUDIES;102
6.5.11;CONCLUSION;103
6.5.12;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;103
6.5.13;REFERENCES;103
6.6;Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients with Diabetes Mellitus;109
6.6.1;CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS;110
6.6.2;STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;110
6.6.3;NUCLEAR STRESS MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING;114
6.6.4;COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCREENING;120
6.6.5;CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS;124
6.6.6;CONCLUSIONS;125
6.6.7;REFERENCES;126
7;II ENDOCRINE HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS;131
7.1;Renin-Angiotensin System;133
7.1.1;RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;134
7.1.2;THE CIRCULATING AND TISSUE RAS;135
7.1.3;RENIN;135
7.1.4;ANGIOTENSINOGEN;136
7.1.5;ENZYMES IN THE RAS;137
7.1.6;ANGIOTENSIN PEPTIDES: THEIR ACTION, FORMATION, AND DEGRADATION ( FIG. 1);141
7.1.7;ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS;142
7.1.8;TISSUE RAS;144
7.1.9;PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RAS;150
7.1.10;ROLE OF RAS IN HTN AND CVD;151
7.1.11;DRUGS AFFECTING THE RAS;152
7.1.12;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;154
7.1.13;REFERENCES;154
7.2;Microalbuminuria and Chronic Kidney Disease as Cardiovascular Risk Factors;161
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;162
7.2.2;DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT OF MA AND CKD;162
7.2.3;PREVALENCE AND NATURAL COURSE OF MA AND CKD;164
7.2.4;PATHOGENESIS OF MA;166
7.2.5;MA AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;167
7.2.6;CKD AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR;171
7.2.7;CONCLUSION;174
7.2.8;REFERENCES;174
8;III OBESITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;181
8.1;Adiponectin and Cardiovascular Disease;183
8.1.1;ADIPONECTIN: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION;184
8.1.2;ADIPONECTIN AND CVD;185
8.1.3;HYPOADIPONECTINEMIA: TREATMENT STRATEGIES;190
8.1.4;REFERENCES;191
9;IV SEX HORMONES AND VASCULAR DISEASE;197
9.1;Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease;199
9.1.1;DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY;200
9.1.2;PHYSIOLOGY;201
9.1.3;TESTOSTERONE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND AGING;203
9.1.4;CYTOKINES, TESTOSTERONE, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS;204
9.1.5;TESTOSTERONE AND STROKE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RISK;204
9.1.6;WOMEN, TESTOSTERONE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;207
9.1.7;MEN, ESTROGEN, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;207
9.1.8;REPLACEMENT THERAPY;208
9.1.9;CONCLUSION;208
9.1.10;REFERENCES;208
9.2;Sexual Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk – Links and Solutions;211
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;212
9.2.2;NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTION;212
9.2.3;PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ED;213
9.2.4;ED AS A RISK MARKER OF CVD;219
9.2.5;EVALUATION OF ED;221
9.2.6;EFFICACY OF TREATMENT FOR ED;221
9.2.7;CONCLUSION;224
9.2.8;REFERENCES;225
10;V OF INTEREST;229
10.1;Natriuretic Peptides and Cardiovascular Regulation;231
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;232
10.1.2;PROPERTIES OF NPS;232
10.1.3;NPS SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION;233
10.1.4;NPS RECEPTORS;234
10.1.5;INTERNALIZATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF NPRS;236
10.1.6;NPS AND RENAL FUNCTIONS;237
10.1.7;NPS AND VASCULAR FUNCTION;238
10.1.8;ANTIMITOGENIC EFFECTS OF NPS;239
10.1.9;NPS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES;239
10.1.10;NPS AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS;241
10.1.11;CONCLUSIONS;241
10.1.12;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;242
10.1.13;REFERENCES;242
10.2;Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease;251
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;251
10.2.2;CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;252
10.2.3;CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS;253
10.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;255
10.2.5;REFERENCES;256
11;Index;259