Challenges and New Solutions
E-Book, Englisch, 996 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-323-26503-4
Verlag: Elsevier Reference Monographs
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Provides information on composites and their inherent engineering advantages over traditional materials.Presents state-of-the-art information on this exciting and rapidly developing field, enabling engineers and materials scientists to achieve multi-functionality in their own products.Includes the latest developments in a wide range of applications, including automotive/aerospace, electronics, construction, and medical engineering.An essential reference for any researcher or engineer hoping to stay ahead of the curve in this high-potential area.
Klaus Friedrich was formerly a Professor in the Institute for Composite Materials (IVW GmbH) at Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (University of Kaiserslautern), Germany, and is now a part time Professor of Materials Science at the King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. He is an editorial board member of several key publications in the area, including Composites Science and Technology, contributes to committees and conferences internationally relating to composite materials, and has received numerous awards and honours throughout his prolific research career.
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Preface
Klaus Friedrich and Ulf Breuer, Editors Strength, stiffness, and toughness are typically driving the science and engineering of materials for structural systems. Multifunctional structural materials possess attributes beyond these basic requirements. They can be designed to have integrated electrical, magnetic, optical, locomotive, power generative, and possibly other functionalities that work in synergy with the mechanical property profile. Materials of this kind have tremendous potential to impact future structural performance by reducing size, weight, cost, power supply, energy consumption, and complexity while improving efficiency, safety, and versatility [1]. This means that multifunctional systems are an important research topic from both industrial and fundamental points of view. They find use in many fields such as automotive, aeronautics and space industry, cabling, civil engineering, and medicine [2]. Applicable materials cover a wide range, e.g., blends, alloys, gels, and interpenetrating polymer networks, but in most of the cases they are based on polymer matrix composites. Polymer composite materials are an enabling technology to develop structures requiring a combination of high strength, high stiffness, and low weight. Composite materials are also naturally suited for the concept of multifunctionality, i.e., where a material performs more than one function. These multiple functions are typically structural (to carry load or to define shape) plus one or more of a variety of other functions such as energy storage (capacitors or batteries), actuation (controlling position or shape), thermal management (heat shielding), health (sensing damage or deformation), shielding (from radiation of electromagnetic interference), self-healing (autonomically responding to localized damage), energy absorption (crashworthiness), signal transfer (electrical signals), or electrical energy transfer. By using multifunctional structures, large weight savings become possible through the elimination or reduction in the number of multiple monofunctional components [3]. The importance of multifunctionality in polymer composites has been recognized by several authors in recent years, whereby each of them has concentrated on specific aspects, e.g., multifunctional materials in the field of biomimetics, nanoscale multifunctional materials, shape memory polymers for multifunctional composites, or other important aspects [1–8]. The present book examines recent advantages in the field of multifunctionality of polymer composites, including mechanical, interfacial, and thermophysical properties, manufacturing techniques, and characterization methods. At the same time, it will give an impression of many industrial areas in which multifunctionality is an important factor for the use in various applications. More than 30 groups of authors worldwide, many of them well known in the polymer composite community since years, have agreed to share their particular expertise on multifunctionality of polymer composites in individual chapters. The latter cover not only different types of polymer matrices, i.e., from thermosets to thermoplastics and elastomers, but also a variety of micro- and nanofillers, e.g., from ceramic nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes, in combination with traditional reinforcements, such as glass or carbon fibers. The book is divided into four sections: transportation, tribology, electrical components, and smart materials/other future trends. In Section I, K. Friedrich (Germany) describes possible routes to achieve multifunctionality in reinforced polymers and composite structures. This is illustrated by different case studies, covering tribologically loaded automotive components, erosion resistant wind energy blades, or a biomedical training material. The following chapter by M.S. Aly-Hassan (Japan) concentrates on new perspectives of multifunctional composite materials, in particular carbon–carbon composites with tailored heat-directing properties, and sandwich roofs with smart behavior under snowfall environments. Section II focuses on special matrices, reinforcements, and interphases in order to influence the multifunctional behavior of various composites. Z. Mohd-Ishak and his team (Malaysia) describe the use of natural fiber reinforcements (in particular wood fibers) for interior and exterior building materials, with a special focus on flame retardancy. A similar aspect is also discussed by D. Bhattacharyya et al. (New Zealand) in their chapter on “Natural fibers: Their composites and flammability characterization”. R. Suprakas (South Africa) summarizes current developments of multifunctional nanocomposites consisting of biodegradable polylactide and nanoclay. This type of reinforcement is also used by P. Frontini et al. (Argentina) and A. Pouzada (Portugal) for the multifunctional performance of injection moldable polyolefines with special attention on processing, morphology, and mechanical/thermal issues. A. Lucas (Brazil) highlights the improvement of polymeric nanocomposites by expanded graphite, especially with regard to mechanical, barrier, electrical, and thermal properties. The group of V. Altstädt (Germany) discusses multifunctional aspects of foam core materials, with special emphasis on thermal, acoustic, dielectric, and impact behaviors. Another matrix influence is presented by S.S. Pesetskii et al. (Belarus), considering reactive extrusion of poly(alkylene terephthalate)-based composites, reinforced with nano- and microscale fillers. The section is concluded by a chapter of S.L. Gao and E. Mäder (Germany), in which multifunctional interphases in polymer composites are analyzed and discussed. Section III covers the applications of multifunctional materials, with in-depth illustrations of four selected areas. The area of Transportation begins with a contribution by X.S. Yi (China) on multifunctional composites for aerospace applications, with a special view on how to improve toughness and impact resistance of thermosetting composite laminates. E. Botelho et al. (Brazil) put their focus on lightweight aircraft components (e.g., radoms) with good mechanical properties and certain microwave transparency. The combination of electrical and damage tolerant properties in airframe structures is highlighted by U. Breuer and S. Schmeer (Germany). The same combination of properties in aerospace applications, but by the incorporation of nanofillers, e.g., CNT, in carbon fiber composite laminates is illustrated in the chapter by V. Kostopoulos et al. (Greece). A similar concept is also applied by M. Nejhad (Hawaii, USA) for multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposite laminates for automotive and aerospace applications, whereby the keywords “nano-resin matrices” and “nano-forest fibers” play a special role. R. Umer et al. (Abu Dhabi) completes this area with a chapter on synergistic effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) on multifunctional properties of polymer composites, foreseen for the use in aerospace, automotive, and other technical applications. The area Tribology of Section III starts with a contribution of J. Bijwe et al. (India) on the multifunctionality of nonasbestos, organic brake materials. The requirements for these materials are multifold, including a reliable friction coefficient over its lifetime, high heat resistance, braking comfort, etc. Z. Zhang et al. (China) concentrate on the development of scratch resistant coatings with excellent optical properties, especially by the use of silica nanoparticles in a thermosetting matrix. Another interesting property combination was developed by J. Yang et al. (Singapore) with regards to the self-healing of polymers subjected to rolling wear contact. The incorporation of self-healing agents could not only reduce the critical growth of fatigue cracks during rolling but also improve the fracture toughness of these composites. The first chapter in the area Electrical Components of Section III is presented by L. Asp et al. (Sweden) on multifunctional composites for batteries and supercapacitors. Besides the mechanical properties, electrochemical and conductive capabilities are of major importance. Another battery-related contribution is supplied by Y.W. Mai and L.M. Zhou (Australia; Hong Kong) on electrospun nanostructured composite fiber anodes for lithium-ion batteries. V.G. Shevchenko and his partners (Russia) elucidate multifunctional polymer composites for intelligent structures in general, before demonstrating in various examples how multifunctionality can be achieved. Novel thermoplastic-based electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing composites with low combustibility, enhanced thermal and mechanical properties are introduced. The final chapter in this area is written by M. Meo (UK) on multifunctional shape memory alloy (SMA)-based composites for aerospace application. This chapter is a link between the previously mentioned area and the next one, because it combines the use of intrinsic electrical properties of SMA for aerospace use (e.g., de-icing) with smart material applications, including actuator functions. The application section III is completed with chapters on Smart Materials and Future Trends. M. Gurka (Germany) starts with active hybrid structures from shape memory alloys and carbon fiber-reinforced composites, used for future actuator applications. The next chapter, written by E.T. Thorstenson et al. (USA) focuses on the processing and characterization of self-sensing carbon nanotube composites. Mechanical, electrical, and other physical properties are of...
