Buch, Englisch, 304 Seiten, Paperback, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 568 g
Basic Research and Its Application: Criminological Diagnosis and Prognosis
Buch, Englisch, 304 Seiten, Paperback, Format (B × H): 170 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 568 g
ISBN: 978-3-642-71324-8
Verlag: Springer
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
Detailed Table of Contents.- I Object and Methods.- 1 Starting Point and Aim.- 2 Design of the Study.- 2.1 Methodological Implications of a (Retrospective) Comparative Study.- 2.1.1 General Problems.- 2.1.2 The Problem of Hidden Criminality.- 2.2 Selection of the Groups in the Study.- 2.3 Representativeness.- 3 Investigative Procedure.- 3.1 Conduct of the Examinations and Data Collection.- 3.1.1 Contacting the Subjects.- 3.1.2 Collection of Data and Examination of the Subjects.- 3.1.3 Data Collected in the Social Environment of the Subjects.- 3.1.4 Data Collected from Records and Written Information.- 3.2 The Problem of Completeness and Correctness of Data.- 4 Evaluation of the Data.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 Stages and Directions of the Individual Evaluations.- 4.2.1 Processing the Data.- 4.2.2 Statistical Evaluation.- 4.3 Evaluation with Regard to a Complex, Overall View.- 4.4 Summary.- II Results in the Separate Areas.- 1 Preliminary Remarks.- 1.1 Division into Separate Areas.- 1.2 Comparisons with Other Studies.- 1.3 General Information on the Presentation.- 2 The Social Spheres.- 2.1 The Family of Orientation.- 2.1.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.1.2 External Circumstances of the Family of Orientation.- 2.1.2.1 Socioeconomic Status.- 2.1.2.2 Other External Circumstances.- 2.1.2.3 Vertical Mobility of the Family of Orientation and Intergenerational Mobility.- 2.1.3 Internal Circumstances of the Family of Orientation.- 2.1.3.1 Structural Aspects.- 2.1.3.2 Functional Aspects.- 2.1.3.3 A Critical View.- 2.1.3.4 Excursus: Social Class as a Factor.- 2.1.4 Summary.- 2.2 The Sphere of Abode.- 2.2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.2.2 Places of Abode and Committal.- 2.2.2.1 Overview.- 2.2.2.2 Parents’ Home.- 2.2.2.3 Stays in Homes.- 2.2.2.4 Imprisonment.- 2.2.2.5 Military Service.- 2.2.2.6 Age of Separation from Parents’ Home.- 2.2.2.7 Own Sphere of Living.- 2.2.3 Changes of Places of Abode.- 2.2.4 Summary.- 2.3 The Sphere of Performance.- 2.3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.3.2 School.- 2.3.2.1 Level of Education.- 2.3.2.2 Conspicuousness at School.- 2.3.2.3 The Socioscholastic Syndrome.- 2.3.2.4 Measures Taken by Schools.- 2.3.2.5 Early and Late Delinquents.- 2.3.3 Occupational Training.- 2.3.3.1 Start and Completion of Occupational Training.- 2.3.3.2 Subjects with No Occupational Training.- 2.3.3.3 External Course of Occupational Training.- 2.3.3.4 Behavior During Occupational Training.- 2.3.4 Employment.- 2.3.4.1 Occupational Position (at the Time of the Study).- 2.3.4.2 Occupational Mobility.- 2.3.4.3 Job Changes.- 2.3.4.4 Regularity of Employment.- 2.3.4.5 Behavior at Work.- 2.3.4.6 The Syndrome of Lacking Occupational Adaptation.- 2.3.4.7 Employment, Imprisonment, and Special Situations in Life.- 2.3.4.8 Special Conspicuousness.- 2.3.4.9 Early and Late Delinquents.- 2.3.5 Summary.- 2.4 The Sphere of Leisure.- 2.4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.4.2 Availability of Leisure Time.- 2.4.2.1 Limitation and Extension of Leisure Time According to Age-groups.- 2.4.2.2 Direction of Leisure Time Extension.- 2.4.3 Structure and Course of Leisure.- 2.4.3.1 Leisure Activities with Definite Courses.- 2.4.3.2 Leisure Activities with Courses Inside Certain Limits.- 2.4.3.3 Leisure Activities with Entirely Open Courses.- 2.4.3.4 Structure and Course According to Age-groups.- 2.4.4 Place of Leisure.- 2.4.4.1 Place of Leisure According to Age-groups.- 2.4.4.2 Place of Leisure According to Whom the Subjects Lived with.- 2.4.4.3 Place of Leisure of Subjects with No Room at Their Disposal.- 2.4.5 Leisure Behavior and Social Class.- 2.4.6 Leisure Behavior of Early and Late Delinquents.- 2.4.7 The Leisure Syndrome.- 2.4.8 Summary.- 2.5 The Sphere of Contacts.- 2.5.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.5.2 Contacts with the Family of Orientation.- 2.5.3 Contacts with Friends and Acquaintances.- 2.5.4 Contacts According to Age-groups and to Whom the Subjects Lived with.- 2.5.5 Sexual Contacts.- 2.5.6 Own Family (of Procreation).- 2.5.6.1 Behavior Before Marriage.- 2.5.6.2 Behavior During Marriage.- 2.5.6.3 Marriage and Criminality.- 2.5.7 The Contact Syndrome Ill.- 2.5.8 Summary.- 3 Somatic, Psychiatric, and Psychological Aspects.- 3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 3.1.1 On the Somatic Aspects.- 3.1.2 On the Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects.- 3.2 Patient History and Physical Findings.- 3.3 Laboratory Tests.- 3.3.1 Cytogenetic Tests.- 3.3.2 Electroencephalograms and Echoencephalograms.- 3.4 Psychiatric and Psychological Examinations.- 3.4.1 Impressions from the Examination Situation.- 3.4.2 Psychiatric Explorations.- 3.4.2.1 Psychoses.- 3.4.2.2 Endoreactive Urges.- 3.4.2.3 Other Mental Disorders.- 3.4.3 Psychological Test Findings.- 3.4.3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 3.4.3.2 Conduct and Results of the Psychological Tests.- 3.4.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the Findings.- 3.4.4 Attitudes Related to a Specific Life-style.- 3.5 Summary.- 4 The Sphere of Delinquency.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 (Pre-)Delinquent Behavior and Actual Criminality.- 4.2.1 Social Conspicuousness and “Offenses” During Childhood.- 4.2.2 Registered and Nonregistered Delinquency at the Age of Criminal Responsibility.- 4.3 The Entire Registered Delinquency of the O-Subjects and Its Sanctioning.- 4.3.1 Sanctions and Imprisonment.- 4.3.2 Frequency and Seriousness of Offenses.- 4.3.3 Typical Offenses.- 4.3.4 The Spectrum of Delinquency of the Individual Subjects.- 4.3.5 The Development of Relative Frequency and Seriousness of Offenses.- 4.3.6 The Development of Offense Types.- 4.4 The Total Delinquency and Social Conspicuousness of the O-Subjects.- 4.5 The Criminological Appearance of the O-Subjects’ Offenses.- 4.5.1 Criminological Content and Dimension of the Appearance of the Offense.- 4.5.2 The Period Immediately Preceding the Offense.- 4.5.3 The Event of the Offense.- 4.5.4 The Period Following the Offense.- 4.6 The Development of Offenses out of Certain Situations in the O-Subjects’ Lives.- 4.7 The Registered Delinquency of the G-Subjects.- 4.7.1 Offenses and Sanctions.- 4.7.2 The Social Conspicuousness of the Previously Convicted G-Subjects.- 4.8 Summary.- 5 Survey of the Individual Findings.- III Complex, Overall View.- 1 Methodological Considerations.- 1.1 Limits of Statistical Analysis.- 1.2 Limits of Individual Case Studies.- 1.3 Conception of Ideal Types.- 2 Comparison of Ideal-typical Behavior of O- and G-Subjects.- 2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.2 A Synopsis of Ideal-typical Behavior Patterns.- 2.2.1 The Behavior of the Subjects in Connection with (Parental) Child Rearing During Childhood.- 2.2.2 The Sphere of Abode.- 2.2.3 The Sphere of Performance.- 2.2.3.1 School.- 2.2.3.2 Occupational Training.- 2.2.3.3 Employment.- 2.2.4 The Sphere of Leisure.- 2.2.4.1 Availability of Leisure Time.- 2.2.4.2 Structure and Course of Leisure Activities.- 2.2.4.3 Place of Leisure.- 2.2.5 The Sphere of Contacts.- 2.2.5.1 Given Contacts.- 2.2.5.2 Self-chosen Contacts with Friends and Acquaintances.- 2.2.5.3 Sexual Contacts.- 2.2.5.4 Own Family (of Procreation).- 3 Comparisons in the Cross Section.- 3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 3.2 The Analysis of Daily Routines.- 3.3 Criminorelevant Constellations and Criteria.- 3.3.1 Forming the Constellations.- 3.3.2 Verifying the Constellations.- 3.3.3 The Content of the Criminorelevant Criteria.- 3.3.3.1 The Criteria of the Criminovalent Constellation.- 3.3.3.2 The Criteria of the Criminoresistant Constellation.- 3.3.3.3 Further Criminorelevant Criteria.- 3.3.4 Summary.- 4 Comparisons in the Longitudinal Section.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 The Overview Forms.- 4.3 “Twin” Pairs of O- and G-Subjects.- 4.3.1 Fundamental Importance.- 4.3.2 Presentation of “Twin” Pairs.- 4.3.2.1 Groups with Comparable Fates and Difficulties Involved.- 4.3.2.2 Unfavorable Conditions at Home.- 4.3.2.3 Physical Disability.- 4.3.2.4 Marked Strains in the Sphere of Performance.- 4.3.2.5 Particular Forms of Leisure and Contact Behavior.- 4.3.3 Summary.- 4.4 The Position of the Offense in the Longitudinal Section of Life.- 4.4.1 Fundamental Importance.- 4.4.2 The Continuous Development Toward Criminality Beginning During Early Youth.- 4.4.3 The Development Toward Criminality Beginning During Adolescence or the Early Years of Adulthood.- 4.4.4 Criminality as a Sudden Event.- 4.4.5 Criminality in the Course of Personality Maturation.- 4.4.6 Criminality Despite No Other Social Conspicuousness.- 4.4.7 Summary.- 5 Patterns of Relevance and Value Orientation.- 6 Summary: The Unity of the Offender in the Context of His Social Relationships.- IV Applied Criminology — The Method and Criteria of Criminological Diagnosis and Prognosis.- 1 Importance and Range.- 1.1 The Aim of Applied Criminology.- 1.2 The Special Nature of the Comparative Analysis of Individual Cases Based on Ideal Types.- 1.3 Capability and Limits.- 2 The Criminological Assessment of Individual Cases.- 2.1 Collecting the Necessary Information.- 2.1.1 The Criminological Exploration of the Subject.- 2.1.2 Further Sources of Information.- 2.2 Data Analysis.- 2.2.1 Analysis of the Longitudinal Section of Life.- 2.2.1.1 Analysis of General Social Behavior.- 2.2.1.2 Analysis of the Sphere of Delinquency.- 2.2.2 Analysis of the Cross Section of Life.- 2.2.3 Patterns of Relevance and Value Orientation.- 2.2.3.1 Patterns of Relevance.- 2.2.3.2 Value Orientation.- 2.3 The Criminological Diagnosis.- 2.3.1 Criteria of Reference of the Criminological Triad.- 2.3.1.1 The Position of the Offense in the Longitudinal Section of Life.- 2.3.1.2 The Criminorelevant Constellations.- 2.3.1.3 Patterns of Relevance and Value Orientation.- 2.3.2 Criminality in the Life of the Offender in the Context of His Social Relationships.- 2.3.2.1 The Continuous Development Toward Criminality Beginning During Early Youth.- 2.3.2.2 The Development Toward Criminality Beginning During Adolescence or the Early Years of Adulthood.- 2.3.2.3 Criminality in the Course of Personality Maturation.- 2.3.2.4 Criminality Despite No Other Social Conspicuousness.- 2.3.2.5 Criminality as a Sudden Event.- 2.3.3 “Special Aspects” in the Life of the Offender, Particularly in View of Prognosis and Interventions.- 2.3.4 The Offender in the Context of His Social Relationships During Imprisonment.- 2.4 Conclusions.- 2.4.1 Prognosis.- 2.4.2 Interventions (and Treatment).- 3 General Explanations on the Presentation of a Criminological Assessment.- Appendix - The Criminological Assessment of a Case.- 1 Survey of Personal Record.- 2 Information from the Records and Direct Investigations.- 2.1 General Social Behavior.- 2.1.1 Childhood and Child Rearing (Family of Orientation).- 2.1.2 The Sphere of Abode.- 2.1.3 The Sphere of Performance.- 2.1.4 The Sphere of Leisure.- 2.1.5 The Sphere of Contacts.- 2.1.6 Alcohol and Drug Consumption.- 2.2 The Sphere of Delinquency.- 2.2.1 Previous Offenses, Convictions, and Sentences Served.- 2.2.2 Last Offenses.- 2.3 Orientation in Life.- 3 Data Analysis.- 3.1 The Analysis of the Longitudinal Section of Life.- 3.1.1 Behavior in the Various Social Spheres.- 3.1.1.1 Child Rearing.- 3.1.1.2 The Sphere of Abode and Living.- 3.1.1.3 The Sphere of Performance.- 3.1.1.4 The Sphere of Leisure.- 3.1.1.5 The Sphere of Contacts.- 3.1.2 The Sphere of Delinquency.- 3.2 The Analysis of the Cross Section of Life.- 3.2.1 O-Criteria.- 3.2.2 G-Criteria.- 3.3 Patterns of Relevance and Value Orientation.- 3.3.1 Patterns of Relevance.- 3.3.2 Value Orientation.- 4 The Criminological Diagnosis.- 4.1 Assessment on the Basis of the Criteria of Reference of the Criminological Triad.- 4.2 “Special Aspects” in the Life of the Offender, Particularly in View of Prognosis and Interventions.- 5 Conclusions in View of Prognosis and Interventions.- References.