Gotzhein Real-time Communication Protocols for Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks

Wireless Networking in Production and Control Systems
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-030-33319-5
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 292 Seiten

Reihe: Computer Communications and Networks

This book focuses on core functionalities for wireless real-time multi-hop networking with TDMA (time-division multiple access) and their integration into a flexible, versatile, fully operational, self-contained communication system. The use of wireless real-time communication technologies for the flexible networking of sensors, actuators, and controllers is a crucial building block for future production and control systems. WirelessHART and ISA 100.11a, two technologies that have been developed predominantly for industrial use, are currently available. However, a closer analysis of these approaches reveals certain deficits. Current research on wireless real-time communication systems shows potential to remove these limitations, resulting in flexible, versatile, and robust solutions that can be implemented on today's low-cost and resource-constrained hardware platforms. Unlike other books on wireless communication, this book presents protocols located on MAC layer and above, and build on the physical (PHY) layer of standard wireless communication technologies. 

Prof. Dr. Reinhard Gotzhein is Head of the Chair for Networked Systems at the Computer Science Department at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gotzhein, Reinhard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;10
4;About the Author;16
5;Abbreviations;17
6;1 Introduction;21
6.1;1.1 Context and Scope;21
6.2;1.2 Wireless Networked Control Systems;22
6.3;1.3 Technological Challenges;25
6.4;1.4 State-of-the-Practice;26
6.5;1.5 Survey of the Book;28
6.6;Literature;31
6.7;Chair for Networked Systems;31
6.8;Further References;33
7;2 Tick and Time Synchronization;35
7.1;2.1 Foundations;35
7.1.1;2.1.1 Context;35
7.1.2;2.1.2 Concepts and Requirements;36
7.1.3;2.1.3 Areas of Operation;37
7.2;2.2 Black Burst Synchronization (BBS);39
7.2.1;2.2.1 Overview of BBS;39
7.2.2;2.2.2 Encoding of Bit Sequences with Black Bursts;40
7.2.3;2.2.3 Master-Based BBS (BBSm);42
7.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Digest of BBSm;42
7.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Scenario of BBSm;43
7.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Algorithm of BBSm;46
7.2.3.4;2.2.3.4 Format of Master-Tick Frames;47
7.2.3.5;2.2.3.5 Abstract Analysis of BBSm;48
7.2.4;2.2.4 Decentralized BBS (BBSd);51
7.2.4.1;2.2.4.1 Digest of BBSd;51
7.2.4.2;2.2.4.2 Timing Aspects of BBSd;51
7.2.4.3;2.2.4.3 Abstract Analysis of BBSd;53
7.2.5;2.2.5 Hybrid BBS (BBSh);55
7.2.6;2.2.6 Time Sync BBS (BBSt);56
7.2.7;2.2.7 Network Stabilization;58
7.2.8;2.2.8 Redundancy;59
7.2.9;2.2.9 Analytical and Experimental Results;60
7.2.9.1;2.2.9.1 Hardware Platform;60
7.2.9.2;2.2.9.2 Concrete Analytical Results;61
7.2.9.3;2.2.9.3 Experimental Results;65
7.2.10;2.2.10 Optimizations;68
7.3;2.3 Related Work;73
7.3.1;2.3.1 Remote Clock Reading Method;73
7.3.2;2.3.2 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks;74
7.3.3;2.3.3 Reference Broadcast Synchronization;76
7.3.4;2.3.4 Syncob;77
7.3.5;2.3.5 BitMAC;78
7.3.6;2.3.6 Comparison;80
7.4;2.4 Conclusions;81
7.5;Literature;82
7.6;Chair for Networked Systems;82
7.7;Further References;83
8;3 Global Time Slotting;85
8.1;3.1 Foundations;85
8.1.1;3.1.1 Context;85
8.1.2;3.1.2 Concepts and Requirements;86
8.1.3;3.1.3 Areas of Operation;87
8.2;3.2 Global Time Slotting in ProNet 4.0;89
8.2.1;3.2.1 Physical Time Slotting;89
8.2.2;3.2.2 Virtual Time Slotting;90
8.2.3;3.2.3 Flexibility;91
8.3;3.3 Related Work;92
8.3.1;3.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4;92
8.3.2;3.3.2 WirelessHART;94
8.4;3.4 Conclusions;96
8.5;Literature;96
8.6;Chair for Networked Systems;96
8.7;Further References;97
9;4 Automatic Topology Detection;98
9.1;4.1 Foundations;98
9.1.1;4.1.1 Context;98
9.1.2;4.1.2 Concepts and Requirements;99
9.1.3;4.1.3 Areas of Operation;101
9.2;4.2 Automatic Topology Discovery Protocol (ATDP);102
9.2.1;4.2.1 Overview of ATDP;103
9.2.2;4.2.2 Virtual Time Slotting of the Topology Detection Phase;103
9.2.3;4.2.3 Link Types;104
9.2.4;4.2.4 Link-State Graph;105
9.2.5;4.2.5 Dissemination of Topology Information;108
9.2.6;4.2.6 Termination;108
9.2.7;4.2.7 Experimental Results;109
9.3;4.3 Related Work;112
9.3.1;4.3.1 Routing Protocols;113
9.3.2;4.3.2 Clustering Protocols;114
9.3.3;4.3.3 Detection of Interference Topologies;115
9.4;4.4 Conclusions;116
9.5;Literature;116
9.6;Chair for Networked Systems;116
9.7;Further References;117
10;5 Medium Access Schemes;118
10.1;5.1 Foundations;118
10.1.1;5.1.1 Context;118
10.1.2;5.1.2 Concepts and Measures;119
10.1.3;5.1.3 Areas of Operation;120
10.2;5.2 Medium Access Schemes in ProNet 4.0;121
10.2.1;5.2.1 Exclusive Medium Access—ProRes;122
10.2.2;5.2.2 Shared Medium Access—ProCont;122
10.2.3;5.2.3 Mode Medium Access—ProMod;124
10.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Motivation;124
10.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Mode-Triggered Scheduling;128
10.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Mode Medium Access with Fast Mode Signaling;133
10.2.3.4;5.2.3.4 Implementation of Mode Medium Access;134
10.2.3.5;5.2.3.5 Experimental Results;136
10.3;5.3 Related Work;137
10.3.1;5.3.1 IEEE 802.11—Wi-Fi;137
10.3.2;5.3.2 ZigBee—IEEE 802.15.4;138
10.3.3;5.3.3 WirelessHART;139
10.3.4;5.3.4 TTP/C;140
10.4;5.4 Conclusions;141
10.5;Literature;142
10.6;Chair for Networked Systems;142
10.7;Further References;142
11;6 Deterministic Arbitration;144
11.1;6.1 Foundations;144
11.1.1;6.1.1 Context;144
11.1.2;6.1.2 Concepts and Measures;145
11.1.3;6.1.3 Areas of Operation;146
11.1.3.1;6.1.3.1 Leader Election;146
11.1.3.2;6.1.3.2 Consensus;147
11.1.3.3;6.1.3.3 Quality of Service Routing;147
11.2;6.2 Arbitrating and Cooperative Transfer Protocol (ACTP);148
11.2.1;6.2.1 Encoding of Bit Sequences with Black Bursts;148
11.2.2;6.2.2 Time Structure of ACTP;148
11.2.3;6.2.3 Arbitration and Cooperative Transfer in Single-hop Networks;149
11.2.4;6.2.4 Generalization to Multi-hop Range;151
11.2.5;6.2.5 Abstract Analysis of ACTP;154
11.2.6;6.2.6 Concrete Analysis of ACTP;156
11.2.7;6.2.7 Experimental Assessment of ACTP;157
11.3;6.3 Related Work;159
11.3.1;6.3.1 Black Burst Contention (BBC);159
11.3.2;6.3.2 SYN-MAC;162
11.3.3;6.3.3 Dominance Protocol for Wireless Medium Access (WiDom);164
11.4;6.4 Conclusions;165
11.5;Literature;166
11.6;Chair for Networked Systems;166
11.7;Further References;166
12;7 Duty Cycling;168
12.1;7.1 Foundations;168
12.1.1;7.1.1 Context;168
12.1.2;7.1.2 Concepts, Measures, and Requirements;169
12.1.3;7.1.3 Areas of Operation;172
12.1.3.1;7.1.3.1 Monitoring Slope Stability in Permafrost Areas;172
12.1.3.2;7.1.3.2 Monitoring Wagons of Freight Trains;172
12.2;7.2 Duty Cycling in ProNet 4.0;173
12.2.1;7.2.1 Virtual Time Slotting;173
12.2.2;7.2.2 Duty Cycling in Idle Regions;174
12.2.3;7.2.3 Duty Cycling in Exclusive Regions;174
12.2.4;7.2.4 Duty Cycling in Shared Regions;176
12.2.5;7.2.5 Duty Cycling in Arbitrated Regions;176
12.2.6;7.2.6 Analytical Assessment;177
12.2.6.1;7.2.6.1 Application Scenario;178
12.2.6.2;7.2.6.2 Exclusive Regions;179
12.2.6.3;7.2.6.3 Shared Regions;180
12.3;7.3 Related Work;180
12.3.1;7.3.1 Sensor-MAC (S-MAC);180
12.3.2;7.3.2 Routing-Enhanced MAC (RMAC);182
12.4;7.4 Conclusions;184
12.5;Literature;184
12.6;Chair for Networked Systems;184
12.7;Further References;185
13;8 Quality of Service Multicast Routing with Mobility Support;186
13.1;8.1 Foundations;186
13.1.1;8.1.1 Context;186
13.1.2;8.1.2 Concepts and Requirements;187
13.1.3;8.1.3 Areas of Operation;189
13.2;8.2 QoS Multicast Routing (QMR);190
13.2.1;8.2.1 Context and Design Decisions for Stationary Nodes;190
13.2.2;8.2.2 Slot Inhibited Policies;192
13.2.3;8.2.3 Routing Tree Discovery for Stationary Nodes;194
13.2.4;8.2.4 Slot Scheduling for Stationary Nodes;196
13.2.5;8.2.5 Design Decisions for Partially Mobile Networks;202
13.2.6;8.2.6 Routing Tree Discovery in Partially Mobile Networks;203
13.2.7;8.2.7 Slot Scheduling in Partially Mobile Networks;205
13.2.8;8.2.8 Experimental Assessment;206
13.3;8.3 Related Work;208
13.3.1;8.3.1 Distributed Slots Reservation Protocol (DSRP);208
13.3.2;8.3.2 QoS Routing in WirelessHART;210
13.4;8.4 Conclusions;212
13.5;Literature;213
13.6;Chair for Networked Systems;213
13.7;Further References;213
14;9 Network Clustering;215
14.1;9.1 Foundations;215
14.1.1;9.1.1 Context;215
14.1.2;9.1.2 Concepts;216
14.1.3;9.1.3 Areas of Operation;218
14.2;9.2 Heterogeneous Network Clustering (HNC);219
14.2.1;9.2.1 Context and Design Decisions;219
14.2.2;9.2.2 Overview;220
14.2.3;9.2.3 Creation of a Dominating Set;222
14.2.4;9.2.4 Establishment and Optimization of Connectivity;224
14.2.5;9.2.5 Evaluation;226
14.3;9.3 Related Work;229
14.3.1;9.3.1 Linked Clustering Algorithm (LCA);229
14.3.2;9.3.2 MaxMinD;231
14.4;9.4 Conclusions;232
14.5;Literature;232
14.6;Chair for Networked Systems;232
14.7;Further References;233
15;10 Middleware for Networked Production and Control Systems;234
15.1;10.1 Foundations;234
15.1.1;10.1.1 Context;234
15.1.2;10.1.2 Concepts;235
15.1.3;10.1.3 Areas of Operation;236
15.2;10.2 Production Middleware (ProMid);237
15.2.1;10.2.1 Concepts and Design Decisions;237
15.2.2;10.2.2 Distribution and Replication of Service Registries;238
15.2.3;10.2.3 Establishment of Distributed Service Registries;239
15.2.4;10.2.4 Operation of the Service Registry;240
15.2.5;10.2.5 Service Publication and Subscription;241
15.2.6;10.2.6 Application Service Provision;243
15.3;10.3 Related Work;244
15.3.1;10.3.1 WirelessHART;244
15.3.2;10.3.2 ZigBee;245
15.4;10.4 Conclusions;246
15.5;Literature;247
15.6;Chair for Networked Systems;247
15.7;Further References;247
16;11 Implementation Aspects of ProNet 4.0;248
16.1;11.1 BiPS—Black Burst Integrated Protocol Stack;248
16.1.1;11.1.1 Conceptual Design Decisions;248
16.1.2;11.1.2 Overview of the BiPS Framework;249
16.1.3;11.1.3 Access to MAC Protocols—BiPS Multiplexer;250
16.1.4;11.1.4 BRTS—The BiPS Real-Time Scheduler;252
16.1.5;11.1.5 BAS—The BiPS Application Scheduler;254
16.1.6;11.1.6 Nesting of State-of-the-Practice Operating Systems;255
16.1.7;11.1.7 Memory Management and Fault Handling;256
16.1.8;11.1.8 Evaluation;257
16.1.8.1;11.1.8.1 Memory Usage;257
16.1.8.2;11.1.8.2 Timer Expiry Processing Delays;258
16.1.8.3;11.1.8.3 Detection Delays of Start of Frame Delimiters;259
16.2;11.2 Related Work;260
16.2.1;11.2.1 Multi-MAC Support;261
16.2.2;11.2.2 Runtime Engines of Operating Systems;262
16.3;11.3 Conclusions;263
16.4;Literature;264
16.5;Chair for Networked Systems;264
16.6;Further References;264
17;12 ProNet 4.0 Case Studies;266
17.1;12.1 Inverted Pendulum and Flow Rate System;266
17.1.1;12.1.1 Control Aspects;267
17.1.2;12.1.2 Communication Solution;268
17.2;12.2 Batch Reactor;271
17.2.1;12.2.1 Control Aspects;271
17.2.2;12.2.2 Communication Solution;272
17.3;12.3 Vertical Integration of Production Processes (VI-P);275
17.3.1;12.3.1 Application Context;275
17.3.2;12.3.2 Communication Solution;277
17.4;12.4 Conclusions;279
17.5;Literature;279
17.6;Chair for Networked Systems;279
17.7;Further References;280
18;13 Conclusions and Future Research;281
18.1;13.1 Results and Conclusions;281
18.2;13.2 Future Research;284
18.3;Literature;287
18.4;Chair for Networked Systems;287
18.5;Further References;288
19;14 Correction to: Real-time Communication Protocols for Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks;289
19.1;Correction to: R. Gotzhein, Real-time Communication Protocols for Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks, Computer Communications and Networks, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33319-5;289
20;Index;290