Electrochemical Water Splitting

Fundamentals, Challenges and Advances
1. Auflage 2024
ISBN: 978-981-99-9859-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buch, Englisch, 345 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 582 g

Reihe: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials

This book provides a comprehensive platform for the research, scientific and educational communities working on electrocatalysis. It covers water electrolysis from different fields of catalysis research, deals with the fundamentals and critically discusses the precise and correct use of evaluating parameters and their calculation for a fair evaluation. Readers find an analysis to probe the origin of different bottlenecks in water electrolysis and scientific methods to enhance the electrode selectivity with high intrinsic activity, effective mass and electron transfer ability, abundant active sites with super hydrophilicity-aerophobicity characteristics and structural, mechanical and chemical stability with high corrosion resistance.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Haik, Yousef

Haq, Tanveer ul

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Chemie Physikalische Chemie Elektrochemie, Magnetochemie
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Alternative und erneuerbare Energien
• Naturwissenschaften Chemie Physikalische Chemie Chemische Reaktionen, Katalyse
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Energie- & Versorgungswirtschaft Energiewirtschaft: Alternative & Erneuerbare Energien

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Common abbreviations viChapter 1. Electrocatalysis Fundamentals for OER and HER 11.1 Abstract 11.2 Hydrogen Energy: A Sustainable Future 11.3 Hydrogen production technologies 41.4 Electrochemical Water Splitting 51.5 Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 81.6 Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction 101.7 OER Mechanism with Consideration of Spin 121.8 d band Theory for HER 171.9 d band Theory for OER 171.10 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical water Splitting 19 Chapter 2. Electrode Setups and Water Electrolysis Technologies 262.1 Abstract 262.2 Introduction 262.3 Voltage and Potential 292.4 Electrocatalysts: Function and Role in Electrode Potential 292.4.1 Working Electrode 312.4.2 Reference Electrode 332.4.3 Counter Electrode 342.5 Electrode Setups: From 2 to 3 Electrode Systems 362.6 Water electrolysis technologies 392.6.1 Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) 392.6.2 Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) 412.6.3 Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) 432.7 Stability of Precious and Non-Precious metals in different medium. 49Chapter 3. Emerging Techniques for the Synthesis of Self-Supported Electrocatalysts 583.1 Abstract 583.2 Role of Electrocatalyst 583.3 Self-Supported Electrocatalyst 623.4 Comparative Study of Different Synthesis Techniques for Self-Supported Electrocatalysts 643.4.1 Electrodeposition 643.4.2 Hydro/solvothermal Synthesis 743.4.3 Supercritical hydro/solvothermal process 763.4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition for the development of Self-Supported Electrocatalyst 80Chapter 4. Electrochemical Methods for Measuring Water Splitting Efficiency 914.1 Abstract 914.2 Electrochemical Methods 914.2.1 Cyclic Voltammogram 914.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 934.2.3 Tafel Plots 984.2.4 Exchange Current Density 1014.2.5 Turnover Number and Turnover Frequency 1034.2.6 Faradic Efficiency 1044.2.7 Chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry 1074.2.8 Corrosion Experiment 1094.2.9 Electrochemical Active Surface Area 111Chapter 5  Best Practices for Accurately Reporting Electrocatalytic Performance of Nanomaterials 1215.1 Abstract 1215.2 Introduction 1215.3 Electrolyte Preparations 1225.3.1 Removal of Fe Impurities 1255.4 How to reliably report the overpotential 1275.5 How to Calculate the Tafel Slope 1305.5.1 Tafel Plot from Polarization Curve 1305.5.2 Tafel Plot from Amperometry/Potentiometry 1315.5.3 Tafel Slope from EIS 1325.6 How to Properly Report TOF 1335.6.1 Redox Peak Integration 1365.7 Double Layer Capacitance 1375.8 Mass and Specific Activity 1395.8.1 BET Surface Area Normalized Activity 1405.8.2 ECSA Normalized Activity 1425.9 Faradic Efficiency and its Significance 142Chapter 6. Bottlenecks in Water Electrolysis: A Comprehensive Exploration for Hydrogen Production 1516.1 Abstract 1516.2 Challenges in Water Electrolysis 1516.3 Membrane Challenges in Electrolysis 1516.4 Metal Corrosion 1546.4.1 Solution Composition and Concentrations 1586.4.2 Diffusion Rate of Ions 1596.4.3 Surrounding Conditions 1606.4.4 Reaction Conditions 1606.4.5 Electrode Configurations 1616.5 Structural Instability 1626.5.1 Mechanism behind structural instability: 1646.5.2 Agglomerations 1676.6 Mechanical Strength of Electrocatalysts: 1736.7 Support Degradation 1756.8 Electrode Aerophilic Nature 1776.8.1 Nucleation 1786.8.2 Growth 1796.8.3 Coalescence Top of Form 1806.8.4 Bubble Detachment 180Chapter 7. Electronic Modulation of Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Water Electrolysis 1937.1 Abstract 1937.2 Electronic Modification 1937.2.1 Cation Doping 1937.2.2 Heteroatom doping 1997.2.3 Oxygen Vacancies 2057.2.4 Multimetallic Electrocatalyst 212Strategies to Control the Ligand Effect: 213Strategies to Control the Ligand Effect: 216Chapter 8. Structural Modification of Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Water Electrolysis 2228.1 Abstract 2228.2 Catalyst Surface Structure 2228.2.1 Chemical composition 2238.2.2 Crystal structure 2248.2.3 Morphology 2248.3 Catalyst Surface Engineering 2258.3.1 Core-Shell Nanostructure 2258.3.2 3D Materials 2308.3.3 2D Nanomaterials 2378.3.4 Defects Engineering 2468.3.5 Porous Materials 253Chapter 9. Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Splitting 2749.1 Abstract 2749.2 Introduction 2749.3 Unique features of Single Atom catalysts (SAC’s) 2769.4 Effects of Support Materials on Single Atom Catalysts 2789.5 Chemical Natures of SACs 2819.6 Stability and Durability of Single Atom Catalysts 2839.7 Noble Metal SACs for OER 2869.8 Noble Metal SACs for HER 2899.9 Transition Metal based SACs for HER 2919.10 Transition Metal based SACs for OER 294Chapter 10. Emerging Electrocatalytic Strategies for Hydrogen Production from Water 31110.1 Abstract 31110.2 Introduction 31110.3 Conventional Water Electrolysis 31310.3.1 Challenges of conventional water electrolysis 31410.4 Approaches to overcome conventional approach 31610.4.1 Non-Conventional/Overall water electrolysis 31610.4.2 Hybrid water electrolysis 32110.4.3 Decoupled Water Electrolysis 32510.4.4 Tandem Water Electrolysis 330

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Tanveer ul Haq received his Ph.D. in sustainable energy from Texas A&M University, USA. He completed his MS in Chemistry from the Lahore University of Management and Science (LUMS), Lahore. He currently serves as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Sharjah, UAE. His research primarily focuses on the electronic, surface, and structural engineering of electrocatalysts for direct seawater electrolysis, decoupled and tandem water electrolysis, and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). He is keen on utilizing advanced electronic and spectroscopic characterization tools to explore surface and structural defects in catalysts, study phase transformations during electrocatalysis, and identify active centers for electrochemical reactions.

Yousef Haik is an internationally recognized scholar in nanotechnology.  His research focus is in the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials for a myriad of applications including hydrogen production, biomedical sensors, diagnostics and imaging.  His scholarly output includes over 300 peer-reviewed scientific articles, over 80 issued patents and patent applications and a number of textbooks. His academic appointments include Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering and Professor of Medicinal Chemistry.  His academic affiliation includes Harvard University, Texas A & M University, University of North Carolina, Florida State University, and the University of Sharjah.  Professor Haik has over 25 years of academic experience in senior academic administrative positions ranging from a program director, department chair, dean, associate provost, associate vice president, provost and vice chancellor. Prof. Haik has B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering and a Juris Doctor degree.