an introduction to Industrial Chemistry

1991
ISBN: 978-0-7514-0113-4
Verlag: Springer US

Buch, Englisch, 410 Seiten, Paperback, Format (B × H): 152 mm x 229 mm, Gewicht: 628 g

The importance of industrial chemistry Chemistry is a challenging and interesting subject for academic study. Its principles and ideas are used to produce the chemicals from which all manner of materials and eventually consumer products are manufactured. The diversity of examples is enormous, ranging from cement to iron and steel, and on to modern plastics which are so widely used in the packaging of consumer goods and in the manufacture of household items. Indeed life as we know it today could not exist without the chemical industry. Its contribution to the saving of lives and relief of suffering is immeasurable; synthetic drugs such as those which lower blood pressure (e. g. /3-blockers), attack bacterial and viral infections (e. g. antibiotics such as the penicillins and cephalosporins) and replace vital natural chemicals which the body is not producing due to some malfunction (e. g. insulin, some vitamins), are particularly noteworthy in this respect. Effect chemicals also clearly make an impact on our everyday lives. Two examples are the use of polytetrafluoroethylene (polytetrafluoroethene Teflon or Fluon) to provide a non-stick surface coating for cooking utensils, and silicones which are used to ease the discharge of bread from baking tins. It should also be noted that the chemical industry's activities have an influence on all other industries, either in terms of providing raw materials or chemicals for quality control analyses and to improve operation, and to treat boiler water, cooling water and effiuents.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Heaton, C A

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Verfahrenstechnik, Chemieingenieurwesen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Editorial introduction.- General bibliography.- References.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Characteristics of the industry.- 1.2 Scale of operations.- 1.3 Major chemical producing countries.- 1.4 Major sectors and their products.- 1.5 Turning chemicals into useful end products.- 1.6 Environmental issues.- 2 Sources of chemicals.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Sources of organic chemicals.- 2.3 Sources of inorganic chemicals.- 2.4 Recycling of materials.- References.- 3 The world’s major chemical industries.- 3.1 History and development of the chemical industry.- 3.2 The chemical industry today.- 3.3 The United Kingdom chemical industry.- 3.4 The U.S. chemical industry.- 3.5 Other chemical industries.- 3.6 World’s major chemical companies.- 3.7 General characteristics and future of the chemical industry.- 4 Organization and finance.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Structure of a company.- 4.3 Organization of R&D.- 4.4 Production organization.- 4.5 Marketing.- 4.6 Sources of finance.- 4.7 Multinationals.- References.- 5 Technological economics.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cost of producing a chemical.- 5.3 Variable costs.- 5.4 Fixed costs.- 5.5 Direct, indirect and capital related costs.- 5.6 Profit.- 5.7 Effects of scale of operation.- 5.8 Effect of low rate operation.- 5.9 Diminishing return.- 5.10 Absorption costing and marginality.- 5.11 Measuring profitability.- 5.12 Time value of money.- 5.13 Project evaluation.- 5.14 Conclusion.- Appendix (D.C.F. calculations).- References.- 6 Chemical engineering.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Material balances.- 6.3 Energy balances.- 6.4 Fluid flow.- 6.5 Heat transfer.- 6.7 Process control.- References.- 7 Energy.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Types of energy.- 7.3 Use of energy in the chemical industry.- 7.4 Efficient utilization of energy.- 7.5 Conclusions.-References.- 8 Environmental pollution control.- 8.1 Technology and pollution.- 8.2 Methods of pollution control.- 8.3 Economics of pollution control.- 8.4 Industrial health and hygiene.- 8.5 Legislation.- 8.6 Environmental topics.- References.- 9 Chlor-alkali products.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Uses of chlorine.- 9.3 Uses of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).- 9.4 Uses of hydrogen.- 9.5 Types of cell.- 9.6 Future developments.- 10 Catalysts and catalysis.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Definitions and constraints.- 10.3 Thermodynamic relationships.- 10.4 Homogeneous catalysis.- 10.5 Heterogenization of homogeneous catalytic systems.- 10.6 Heterogeneous catalysis.- 10.7 Applications and mechanisms.- 10.8 The future.- References.- 11 Petrochemicals.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Crude oil, gas and refinery operations.- 11.3 Lower olefins (alkenes) and acetylene (ethyne).- 11.4 Synthesis gas, ammonia and methanol.- 11.5 Acetic (ethanoic) acid and anhydride.- 11.6 C1 products.- 11.7 C2 products.- 11.8 C3 products.- 11.9 C4 products.- 11.10 C5 aliphatics.- 11.11 Aromatics.- 11.12 Nylon intermediates.- 11.13 The future.- References.- Periodical special issues and supplements.