Buch, Englisch, 480 Seiten
Buch, Englisch, 480 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-28301-9
Verlag: Wiley
This book provides in-depth insights into plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation, it covers advanced topics and emerging trends, making it a valuable resource for experts in these areas. It offers practical guidance on implementing plasma technology in nitrogen fixation, cost analysis, and case studies, making it relevant for engineers, plant managers, and decision-makers seeking to optimize their ammonia and NOx manufacturing processes.
The book is split into six parts covering Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation; Plasma Technology and Plasma Reactors; Plasma-Assisted Nitrogen Fixation; Mechanisms of Nitrogen Fixation; Environmental and Economic Viability; and Advanced Processes of Nitrogen Fixation. The comprehensive structure provides readers with a thorough understanding of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation, from the fundamental principles to practical applications and future prospects in the field.
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About the Editors
Preface
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of ammonia production
Kevin Rouwenhorst, Leon Lefferts
1.1. Introduction to nitrogen fixation
1.2. The Haber-Bosch process
1.3. Production pathways to ammonia
1.4. Novel methods for ammonia synthesis
1.5. Applications of ammonia
1.6. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of NOx production
Filippo Buttignol, Alberto Garbujo, Raffaele Ostuni, Michal Bialkowski and Pierdomenico Biasi
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Ostwald process
2.2.1. Catalytic oxidation of ammonia
2.2.2. NO oxidation to NO2
2.2.3. Nitrogen oxides absorption and HNO3 production
2.3. Type of processes
2.3.1. Weak nitric acid
2.3.2. Concentrated nitric acid
2.4. Environmental protection and treatment of exhaust gases
2.4.1. Control of NOx emissions
2.4.2. Control of N2O emissions
2.5. Future trends
2.6. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Introduction to plasma technology
Anthony B Murphy
3.1. Fundamental concepts
3.1.1. Types of plasma
3.1.2. Scaling parameters
3.2. Plasma generation
3.3. Plasma chemistry
3.3.1. Inelastic collisions between electrons and heavy particles
3.3.2. Inelastic collisions between heavy particles
3.3.3. Equilibrium in plasmas
3.4. Plasma technology
3.4.1. Low-pressure plasma applications
3.4.2. Non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma applications
3.4.3. Thermal plasma applications
3.5. Role of plasma in ammonia and NOx synthesis
3.6. Conclusions
Chapter 4. Plasma reactors
Evgeny Rebrov
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Microwave & RF plasma
4.2.1. Microwave plasma torch
4.2.2. Surfaguide-type discharge
4.2.3. RF plasma torch
4.3. Spark and high-frequency pulsed discharges
4.4. Gliding arc
4.5. Propeller arc
4.6. Glow discharge
4.7. Dielectric barrier discharge
4.7.1. Micro-DBD reactors
4.7.2. DBD reactors for N2/water plasma
4.8. Conclusions and outlook
Chapter 5. Plasma assisted ammonia synthesis
Ruiz-Martín M., Megías-Sánchez A., Marín-Meana S., Oliva-Ramírez M., González-Elipe A.R., Gómez-Ramírez A.
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Advanced plasma technologies for ammonia synthesis
5.2.1. Ammonia synthesis reactions and plasma types
5.2.2. Effects of plasma reactor operational conditions
5.3. Plasma-catalysis of ammonia: seeking synergies to improving energy efficiency
5.3.1. Plasma-catalysis: A brief introduction
5.3.2. Barrier materials and catalysts in packed-bed plasma reactors for NH3 synthesis
5.3.3. New paradigms in plasma catalysis for ammonia synthesis
5.4. Conclusions
Chapter 6. Plasma-assisted NOx synthesis
Tianyu Li, Haoxuan Jiang, Rusen Zhou, Jing Sun, Renwu Zhou
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The mechanism of plasma-assisted nitrogen oxidation
6.3. Nitrogen oxidation achieved by different types of plasma
6.4. Plasma-water-based nitrogen fixation
6.5. Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 7. Ammonia synthesis with plasma catalysis: mechanisms
Kevin Rouwenhorst, Leon Lefferts
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Methods to study mechanisms in catalysis
7.3. Experimental kinetics: from catalysis to plasma catalysis
7.4. Beyond equilibrium and reverse reactions
7.5. Effect of catalyst on plasma
7.6. Kinetics of plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis
7.7. Mechanism of plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis
7.7.1. Dominant pathway: catalytic dissociation of excited N2
7.7.2. Dominant pathway: N2 dissociation in plasma
7.7.3. Surface intermediate species
7.7.4. Other mechanisms
7.8. Energy efficiency
7.9. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Mechanisms of plasma-driven NOx synthesis
Weitao Wang, Xin Tu
8.1. Introduction
8.2. NOx synthesis without a catalyst
8.2.1. Plasma physics relevant to NOx formation
8.2.2. Plasma chemistry and key reaction mechanisms
8.2.3. Factors influencing reaction pathways
8.2.4. Mechanistic insights from experimental studies
8.3. Plasma-catalytic NOx synthesis
8.4. Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 9. Environmental impact and sustainability aspects of plasma based nitrogen fixation
Nam Nghiep Tran, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Muhammad Yousaf Arshad, Jose Luis Osorio Tejada, Volker Hessel
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Environmental benefits of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation
9.2.1. Carbon footprint analysis
9.2.2. Comparison with the Haber-Bosch process
9.2.3. Energy efficiency and consumption
9.2.4. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
9.2.5. Integration with renewable energy sources
9.3. Circular economy considerations
9.3.1. PANF within the circular economy model
9.3.2. Resource utilisation and waste minimisation
9.3.3. Closed-Loop systems and recycling opportunities
9.3.4. Decentralisation via small-scale production
9.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
9.4.1. LCA of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation – Overview
9.4.2. Benchmarking against the Haber-Bosch Process
9.4.3. Environmental impact analysis (including CO2 emissions and pollutants)
9.5. Perspectives for sustainable plasma-based nitrogen fixation
9.6. Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 10. Industrial applications and economic viability of plasma-based nitrogen fixation
Magnus Nyvold, Rune Ingels
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Overview of the reactive nitrogen industry
10.3. Conventional nitrogen fixation
10.3.1. Fossil-based ammonia production
10.3.2. Electricity based ammonia production
10.3.3. Nitric acid production
10.3.4. Overall performance of nitrate production
10.4. Plasma-based nitrate production
10.4.1. Stand-alone nitric acid process
10.4.2. Integrated nitric acid process
10.4.3. Nitrate enrichment of organic substrates
10.4.4. Other avenues
10.5. Economic comparison
10.6. Competitive landscape
10.7. Conclusion
Chapter 11. Microplasma for Nitrogen Fixation
Liangliang Lin
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Microplasma configurations for nitrogen fixation
11.3. Microplasma-based process for nitrogen fixation
11.3.1. NOx
11.3.2. NH3
11.3.3. Nitride, carbonitride, and oxynitride nanomaterials
11.3.4. N-doped nanomaterials
11.4. Challenges and perspectives for microplasma nitrogen fixation
11.5. Conclusions
Chapter 12. Plasma-liquid interaction for nitrogen fixation
Tianqi Zhang, Jungmi Hong and Patrick Cullen
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Plasma systems for plasma-liquid discharges
12.3. Mechanisms of nitrogen fixation in plasma-liquid systems
12.3.1. Physical aspects of plasma-liquid interactions
12.3.2. Chemical aspect of plasma-liquid interactions
12.3.3. Mass transport through the plasma-liquid interface
12.4. Key challenges
12.4.1. Diagnostics
12.4.2. Modelling
12.5. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Industrial applications and economic viability of plasma-based nitrogen fixation
Plasma-electrochemistry for nitrogen fixation
Susanta Bera, Dimitrios Zagoraios, Mihalis N. Tsampas
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Motivation for plasma-enabled N2 oxidation followed by electrochemical reduction
13.3. Conventional and plasma-enabled NOx feedstock
13.4. Definition of performance metrics
13.5. Electrochemical NOx conversion to NH3 - eNOxRR
13.5.1. Electrochemical conversion with NOx in liquid phase stream
13.5.2. Electrochemical conversion with NOx in gas-phase or catholyte-free stream
13.5.3. Overview of the eNOxRR studies
13.6. Plasma-enabled electrochemical studies for NOx conversion to NH3 – pNOR-eNOxRR
13.6.1. Integration approaches
13.6.2. Alternative plasma electrochemical systems
13.6.3. Experimental pNOR-eNOxRR studies
13.6.4. Overview of pNOR-eNOxRR systems
13.7. Implementation at industrial level
13.8. Key challenges and future outlook
13.8.1. Electrochemical systems
13.8.2. Operational considerations
13.8.3. Product separation
13.8.4. Scalability and process integration
13.9. Conclusions
Chapter 14. Analytical techniques for plasma catalysis
Christopher Hardacre, Sarayute Chansai, and Shanshan Xu
14.1. Optical spectroscopy
14.1.1. Introduction
14.1.2. Experimental set-up
14.1.3. OES spectrum and interpretation for ammonia synthesis
14.1.4. OES analysis and proposed reaction mechanism for ammonia synthesis
14.1.5. OES analysis for plasma dynamics
14.1.6. TDLAS analysis for plasma dynamics and kinetics
14.2. Infrared Spectroscopy
14.2.1. Introduction
14.2.2. In-situ plasma-IR/DRIFTS cell designs and set-ups
14.2.3. In-plasma in-situ DRIFTS analysis for NOx reduction.
14.2.4. Post plasma in-situ IR analysis for ammonia synthesis
14.3. Summary
Chapter 15. Perspectives in plasma-based nitrogen fixation for fertilizer applications
Yury Gorbanev and Annemie Bogaerts
15.1. Nitrogen compounds used for soil fertilization
15.2. Fertilizer production: Haber-Bosch-Ostwald process and plasma for nitrogen fixation
15.3. Metrics of various pathways of plasma-based nitrogen fixation
15.4. Perspectives of NH4NO3 production by plasma-based nitrogen fixation
15.5. Plasma-based nitrogen fixation for reduction of NH3 emissions and simultaneous fertilizer production
15.6. Conclusion and outlook: Challenges and perspectives of plasma-based nitrogen fixation
