Jones / Lea-Langton / Ma Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels

2014
ISBN: 978-1-4471-6437-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 118 Seiten

Reihe: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

This book considers the pollutants formed by the combustion of solid biomass fuels. The availability and potential use of solid biofuels is first discussed because this is the key to the development of biomass as a source of energy.
This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification.
The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail.  Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jones, Jenny M

Lea-Langton, Amanda R

Ma, Lin

Pourkashanian, Mohamed

Williams, Alan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;7
3;Acknowledgments;9
4;Contents;10
5;1 Introduction to Biomass Combustion;15
5.1;Abstract;15
5.2;1.1 The Role of Biomass Combustion in World Energy;15
5.3;1.2 Resources—Supply of Biomass;19
5.4;References;20
6;2 Combustion of Solid Biomass: Classification of Fuels;22
6.1;Abstract;22
6.2;2.1 Methods of Utilisation;22
6.3;2.2 Forms of Solid Biomass Fuels;28
6.4;2.3 Types of Solid Biomass Fuels and Their Classification;30
6.5;2.4 Characterisation by Chemical Analysis;32
6.6;2.5 Characterisation by TGA, PY-GC-MS and FTIR;34
6.7;References;36
7;3 The Combustion of Solid Biomass;38
7.1;Abstract;38
7.2;3.1 General Mechanism of Combustion;38
7.3;3.2 Particle Heating and Moisture Evaporation;41
7.4;3.3 Devolatilisation;42
7.5;3.4 Combustion of the Volatiles—Gases and Tars;47
7.6;3.5 Char Combustion;49
7.7;References;54
8;4 Pollutant Formation and Health Effects;57
8.1;Abstract;57
8.2;4.1 General Feature of Pollutants Arising from Biomass Combustion;57
8.3;4.2 Smoke, UBH, Volatiles, PAH and Odour;58
8.4;4.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Other Nitrogenous Pollutants;65
8.5;4.4 Sulphur, Chlorine Compounds and Dioxins;69
8.6;4.5 Metals, K–Cl–S Chemistry and Aerosol Emissions;70
8.7;References;72
9;5 Emissions from Different Types of Combustors and Their Control;74
9.1;Abstract;74
9.2;5.1 Emissions from Biomass Combustion;74
9.3;5.2 Emissions from Fixed and Travelling Bed Combustors;75
9.4;5.3 Emissions from Large Industrial Combustion Plant;79
9.5;5.4 Wild Fires;80
9.6;References;80
10;6 Mathematical Modelling;82
10.1;Abstract;82
10.2;6.1 Modelling Biomass Combustion Using Computational Fluid Dynamics;82
10.2.1;6.1.1 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations;85
10.2.2;6.1.2 Turbulence-Chemistry Interactions;88
10.3;6.2 Modelling Pulverised Biomass Particle Combustion;90
10.3.1;6.2.1 Particle Motion;90
10.3.2;6.2.2 Heat Transfer;95
10.3.3;6.2.3 Devolatilisation;96
10.3.4;6.2.4 Char Combustion;97
10.4;6.3 Modelling Pulverised Fuel Co-firing in Power Stations;98
10.5;6.4 Modelling Fixed Bed Combustion;102
10.6;6.5 Modelling Fluidised Bed Combustion;104
10.7;6.6 Modelling Pollutant Emissions;104
10.7.1;6.6.1 Nitrogen Oxides;104
10.7.2;6.6.2 SOX Emissions;105
10.7.3;6.6.3 Modelling Aerosol Pollutants;105
10.8;References;107
11;7 Biomass Combustion: Carbon Capture and Storage;109
11.1;Abstract;109
11.2;7.1 Introduction;109
11.3;7.2 Combustion with Air or Oxygen;110
11.4;7.3 Gasification;112
11.5;7.4 Chemical Looping;112
11.6;7.5 Carbon Capture and Storage;113
11.7;References;113
12;Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition;115
13;Appendix B: Gaseous Emissions Conversion Table;117
14;Appendix C: Physical and Thermal Properties of Biomass;118