Kakwani / Son Social Welfare Functions and Development

Measurement and Policy Applications
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-137-58325-3
Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 380 Seiten

Reihe: Economics and Finance

Nanak Kakwani and Hyun Hwa Son make use of social welfare functions to derive indicators of development relevant to specific social objectives, such as poverty- and inequality-reduction. Arguing that the measurement of development cannot be value-free, the authors assert that if indicators of development are to have policy relevance, they must be assessed on the basis of the social objectives in question. This study develops indicators that are sensitive to both the level and the distribution of individuals' capabilities. The idea of the social welfare function, defined in income space, is extended to the concept of the social well-being function, defined in capability space. Through empirical analysis from selected developing countries, with a particular focus on Brazil, the authors shape techniques appropriate to the analysis of development in different dimensions. The focus of this evidence-based policy analysis is to evaluate alternative policies affecting the capacities of people to enjoy a better life.                      

Nanak Kawkani was Professor of Economics for 30 years at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and until 2006 was Principal Researcher and Director at UNDP's International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth in Brazil. He was an elected fellow of the Australian Research Committee of Social Science, and has been awarded the Mahalanobis gold medal for outstanding contribution in quantitative economics. He has published over 100 articles in international journals, as well as four books.Hyun Hwa Son is Principal Evaluation Specialist in the Independent Evaluation Department of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Philippines, having previously worked as a poverty economist at the United Nations Development Programme. She has held an academic position at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, and published extensively on poverty, inequality, pro-poor growth, inclusive growth, education and health.
                 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kakwani, Nanak

Son, Hyun Hwa

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface and Acknowledgements;10
3;Contents;14
4;List of Figures;20
5;List of Tables;24
6;List of Boxes;30
7;1: Introduction;31
7.1;1.1 The Concept of Development;31
7.2;1.2 The Concept of Social Welfare Function;34
7.3;1.3 Inequality and Social Welfare Functions;36
7.4;1.4 Social Tension and Social Welfare Functions;38
7.5;1.5 Inequality Among Social Groups;41
7.6;1.6 Social Policies and the Labor Market;43
7.7;1.7 Income Inequality and Social Well-Being;45
7.8;1.8 Inequity in Opportunity;46
7.9;1.9 Global Poverty Estimates;48
7.10;1.10 Food Insecurity;50
7.11;1.11 Evaluation of Social Programs;51
8;2: Applied Social Welfare Functions;53
8.1;2.1 Introduction;53
8.2;2.2 What is a Social Welfare Function?;54
8.3;2.3 Income Inequality and Social Welfare Function;56
8.4;2.4 A Class of Atkinson’s Inequality Measures and Social Welfare Functions;60
8.5;2.5 Relative Versus Absolute Inequality;62
8.6;2.6 Gini Social Welfare Function;63
8.7;2.7 Generalized Gini Social Welfare Function;66
8.8;2.8 Rawlsian Social Welfare Function and Shared Prosperity;67
8.9;2.9 Estimates of Social Welfare Functions in Asia: An Illustration;68
8.10;2.10 Concluding Remarks;72
9;3: Measuring Social Tension;74
9.1;3.1 Introduction;74
9.2;3.2 A General Framework for Measuring Social Tension;75
9.3;3.3 Social Tension Caused by Inequality;76
9.4;3.4 Social Tension Caused by Poverty;78
9.5;3.5 Social Tension and Polarization;82
9.6;3.6 Growth Volatility and Social Tension;86
9.7;3.7 Social Mobility and Social Tension;88
9.8;3.8 Empirical Analysis of Social Tension in Brazil;91
9.8.1;3.8.1 Social Tension Due to Inequality;91
9.8.2;3.8.2 Social Tension Due to Poverty;93
9.8.3;3.8.3 Social Tension Due to Alienation and Polarization;97
9.8.4;3.8.4 Growth Volatility and Social Tension;100
9.8.5;3.8.5 Social Immobility;102
9.9;3.9 Concluding Remarks;104
10;4: Relative Deprivation and Social Groups;106
10.1;4.1 Introduction;106
10.2;4.2 Relative Deprivation Function;107
10.3;4.3 Relative Deprivation Suffered by Social Groups;110
10.4;4.4 Empirical Analysis: Case Study for  Brazil, 2001–12;111
10.5;4.5 Age and Inequality;112
10.6;4.6 Gender and Inequality;117
10.7;4.7 Geographical Location and Inequality;121
10.8;4.8 Middle Class and Inequality;124
10.9;4.9 Race and Inequality;129
10.10;4.10 Education and Inequality;132
10.11;4.11 Concluding Remarks;136
11;5: Growth and Shared Prosperity;139
11.1;5.1 Introduction;139
11.2;5.2 A Simple Indicator of Shared Prosperity;140
11.3;5.3 Shared Growth;142
11.4;5.4 Patterns of Shared Prosperity in Brazil;143
11.5;5.5 Shared Growth in Brazil;145
11.6;5.6 Determinants of Shared Prosperity;146
11.7;5.7 Determinants of Shared Prosperity in Brazil from 2001 to 2012;148
11.8;5.8 The Role of Labor Market in Explaining Shared Growth;152
11.9;5.9 Shared Opportunities;156
11.9.1;5.9.1 Employment Opportunities;158
11.9.2;5.9.2 Productive Employment;158
11.9.3;5.9.3 Opportunity in Educational Attainment;160
11.9.4;5.9.4 School Attendance;161
11.10;5.10 Concluding Remarks;163
12;6: Income Inequality and Social Well-Being;166
12.1;6.1 Introduction;166
12.2;6.2 What is Well-Being?;169
12.3;6.3 Selection of Capabilities;170
12.4;6.4 Indicators of Well-Being;171
12.5;6.5 Levels and Performance of Well-Being in Brazil;178
12.6;6.6 Inequality of Well-Being;182
12.7;6.7 Linkage Between Ends and Means;187
12.8;6.8 Magnitude of Inequality in Well-Being in Brazil;189
12.9;6.9 Income Inequality Elasticity of Well-Being;192
12.10;6.10 Concluding Remarks;204
12.11; Appendix;206
12.11.1; Regression Estimates;206
13;7: Measuring Equity in Opportunity Using Social Opportunity Function;218
13.1;7.1 Introduction;218
13.2;7.2 Inequality of Opportunities;220
13.3;7.3 A New Method of Measuring Contribution of Circumstance Variables to Inequality;223
13.4;7.4 Human Opportunity Index;225
13.5;7.5 Equity in Opportunity Based on Social Opportunity Function;226
13.6;7.6 Access of Opportunity by Social Groups;231
13.7;7.7 Empirical Analysis for Selected Countries in Asia;233
13.7.1;7.7.1 Opportunities in Education;234
13.7.1.1; Indonesia;234
13.7.1.2; Bangladesh;237
13.7.1.3;Pakistan;238
13.7.1.4;Sri Lanka;239
13.7.1.5;Vietnam;241
13.7.1.6;Philippines;242
13.7.1.7;Bhutan;243
13.7.1.8;A Summary of Opportunities Across Selected Countries;245
13.7.2;7.7.2 Opportunities in Health;246
13.7.2.1;Indonesia;247
13.7.2.2;Philippines;249
13.7.2.3;Vietnam;252
13.8;7.8 Concluding Remarks;253
14;8: Global Poverty Counts;256
14.1;8.1 Introduction;256
14.2;8.2 Establishing Global Poverty Lines;258
14.3;8.3 Producing Global Poverty Estimates;261
14.4;8.4 The Poverty Line in 2011 Purchasing Power Parity: World Bank’s Method;262
14.5;8.5 Equivalent Poverty Lines: An Alternative Method;264
14.6;8.6 Global Poverty Counts Based on Equivalent Poverty Lines;265
14.7;8.7 Concluding Remarks;268
14.8; Appendix 1;269
14.9; Appendix 2;272
15;9: Measuring Food Insecurity: Global Estimates;279
15.1;9.1 Introduction;279
15.2;9.2 Distinction Between Food and Nutritional Security;281
15.3;9.3 Prevalence of Undernourishment;283
15.4;9.4 The Debate on Nutritional Insecurity: A Brief Overview;284
15.5;9.5 The FAO Method of Measuring Hunger;287
15.6;9.6 Limitations of FAO Method;289
15.7;9.7 Food Insecurity as Entitlement Failure;292
15.8;9.8 Measuring Household Food Security: A Proposed Method;294
15.9;9.9 Households’ per Capita Minimum Dietary Requirement;294
15.10;9.10 What is the Cost of a Nutritious Food Basket?;298
15.11;9.11 A Balanced Food Basket;301
15.12;9.12 Global Estimates of Food Insecurity;303
15.13;9.13 Linkage Between Economic Growth and Food Insecurity;307
15.14;9.14 The Link Between Food Insecurity and Extreme Poverty;310
15.15;9.15 Concluding Remarks;311
15.16; Appendix;315
16;10: Social Rate of Return: A New Tool for Evaluating Social Programs;321
16.1;10.1 Introduction;321
16.2;10.2 Beneficiary Incidence;323
16.3;10.3 Benefit Incidence;326
16.4;10.4 Social Rate of Return;328
16.5;10.5 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return;333
16.5.1;10.5.1 Poverty Social Welfare Function;333
16.5.2;10.5.2 Gini Social Welfare Function;337
16.6;10.6 Contribution to Poverty and Inequality;339
16.7;10.7 Bolsa Familia Program;342
16.7.1;10.7.1 Coverage;343
16.7.2;10.7.2 Transfers per Beneficiary;344
16.7.3;10.7.3 Beneficiary Incidence Analysis;346
16.7.4;10.7.4 Exclusion Error and Leakage;347
16.7.5;10.7.5 Social Rate of Return of Bolsa Familia;349
16.7.6;10.7.6 Impact of the Program on Poverty and Inequality;352
16.7.7;10.7.7 Conditionality;354
16.8;10.8 Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program;355
16.9;10.9 Comparison of Bolsa Familia and 4Ps;356
16.10;10.10 Concluding Remarks;360
17;Bibliography;363
18;Index;374