Kalaiselvam / Parameshwaran Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability

Systems Design, Assessment and Applications
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-417305-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 444 Seiten

Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainabilityÿis a broad-based overview describing the state-of-the-art in latent, sensible, and thermo-chemical energy storage systems and their applications across industries. Beginning with a discussion of the efficiency and conservation advantages of balancing energy demand with production, the book goes on to describe current state-of-the art technologies. Not stopping with description, the authors also discuss design, modeling, and simulation of representative systems, and end with several case studies of systems in use. - Describes how thermal energy storage helps bridge the gap between energy demand and supply, particularly for intermittent power sources like solar, wind, and tidal systems - Provides tables, illustrations, and comparative case studies that show applications of TES systems across industries - Includes a chapter on the rapidly developing field of viable nanotechnology-based thermal energy storage systems

Dr. S. Kalaiselvam is the Head of the Department of Applied Science and Technology and Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Anna University, Chennai.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kalaiselvam, S.

Parameshwaran, R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability: Systems Design, Assessment and Applications;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Acknowledgments;12
6;Preface;14
7;Chapter 1: Energy and Energy Management;16
7.1;1.1. Introduction;16
7.2;1.2. Energy Resources, Energy Sources, and Energy Production;16
7.3;1.3. Global Energy Demand and Consumption;20
7.4;1.4. Need for the Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation, and Management;26
7.5;1.5. Concise remarks;33
7.6;References;34
8;Chapter 2: Energy Storage;36
8.1;2.1. Introduction;36
8.2;2.2. Significance of energy storage;36
8.3;2.3. Types of energy storage;37
8.4;2.4. Energy Storage by Mechanical Medium;38
8.4.1;2.4.1. Flywheels (kinetic energy storage);38
8.4.2;2.4.2. Pumped hydroelectric storage (potential energy storage);40
8.4.3;2.4.3. Compressed air energy storage (potential energy storage);41
8.5;2.5. Energy Storage by Chemical Medium;43
8.5.1;2.5.1. Electrochemical energy storage;43
8.6;2.6. Energy Storage by Electrical Medium;46
8.6.1;2.6.1. Electrostatic energy storage;46
8.7;2.7. Energy Storage by Magnetic Medium;48
8.7.1;2.7.1. Superconducting magnetic energy storage;48
8.8;2.8. Energy Storage by Hydrogen Medium;49
8.8.1;2.8.1. Hydrogen-based fuel cells;49
8.8.2;2.8.2. Solar hydrogen production;50
8.9;2.9. Energy storage by biological medium;51
8.10;2.10. Thermal Energy Storage;51
8.10.1;2.10.1. Low temperature thermal storage;52
8.10.2;2.10.2. Medium and high temperature thermal storage;52
8.11;2.11. Technical Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies;53
8.12;2.12. Concise remarks;67
8.13;References;67
9;Chapter 3: Thermal Energy Storage Technologies;72
9.1;3.1. Introduction;72
9.2;3.2. Thermal Energy Storage;72
9.2.1;3.2.1. Aspects of TES;73
9.2.2;3.2.2. Need for TES;74
9.2.3;3.2.3. Energy redistribution requirements;74
9.3;3.3. Types of TES Technologies;75
9.3.1;3.3.1. Sensible TES;75
9.3.2;3.3.2. Latent TES;75
9.3.3;3.3.3. Thermochemical energy storage;76
9.4;3.4. Comparison of TES Technologies;77
9.5;3.5. Concise Remarks;79
9.6;References;79
10;Chapter 4: Sensible Thermal Energy Storage;80
10.1;4.1. Introduction;80
10.2;4.2. Sensible heat storage materials;80
10.2.1;4.2.1. Solid storage materials;80
10.2.2;4.2.2. Liquid storage materials;81
10.3;4.3. Selection of Materials and Methodology;81
10.3.1;4.3.1. Short-term sensible thermal storage;82
10.3.2;4.3.2. Long-term sensible thermal storage;83
10.4;4.4. Properties of sensible heat storage materials;84
10.5;4.5. STES Technologies;84
10.5.1;4.5.1. Storage tanks using water;84
10.5.2;4.5.2. Rock bed thermal storage;86
10.5.3;4.5.3. Solar pond/lake thermal storage;87
10.5.4;4.5.4. Building structure thermal storage;88
10.5.5;4.5.5. Passive solar heating storage;90
10.5.6;4.5.6. Active solar heating storage;91
10.6;4.6. High Temperature Sensible Thermal Storage;92
10.7;4.7. Concise remarks;96
10.8;References;96
11;Chapter 5: Latent Thermal Energy Storage;98
11.1;5.1. Introduction;98
11.2;5.2. Physics of LTES ;98
11.3;5.3. Types of LTES ;100
11.4;5.4. Properties of latent heat storage materials;101
11.5;5.5. Encapsulation Techniques of LTES ( PCM) Materials;101
11.5.1;5.5.1. Direct impregnation method;102
11.5.2;5.5.2. Microencapsulation method;102
11.5.3;5.5.3. Shape stabilization of the PCM ;103
11.6;5.6. Performance Assessment of LTES System in Buildings;104
11.7;5.7. Passive LTES Systems;109
11.7.1;5.7.1. PCM impregnated structures into building fabric components;109
11.7.2;5.7.2. PCM impregnated into building fabrics;112
11.7.3;5.7.3. PCM integrated into building glazing structures;115
11.7.4;5.7.4. PCM color coatings;116
11.8;5.8. Active LTES Systems;117
11.8.1;5.8.1. Free cooling with the PCM TES ;117
11.8.2;5.8.2. Comfort cooling with the PCM TES ;123
11.8.3;5.8.3. Ice-cool thermal energy storage;126
11.8.4;5.8.4. Chilled water- PCM cool TES ;130
11.9;5.9. Merits and Limitations;133
11.9.1;5.9.1. Merits of LTES materials;133
11.9.2;5.9.2. Limitations of LTES materials;137
11.9.3;5.9.3. Merits of LTES systems;137
11.9.4;5.9.4. Limitations of LTES systems;138
11.10;5.10. Summary;138
11.11;References;139
12;Chapter 6: Thermochemical Energy Storage;142
12.1;6.1. Introduction;142
12.2;6.2. Phenomena of thermochemical energy Storage;142
12.3;6.3. Thermochemical Energy Storage Principles and Materials;143
12.4;6.4. Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems;145
12.4.1;6.4.1. Open adsorption energy storage system;146
12.4.2;6.4.2. Closed adsorption energy storage system;149
12.4.3;6.4.3. Closed absorption energy storage system;150
12.4.4;6.4.4. Solid/gas thermochemical energy storage system;151
12.4.5;6.4.5. Thermochemical accumulator energy storage system;152
12.4.6;6.4.6. Floor heating system using thermochemical energy storage;153
12.4.7;6.4.7. Thermochemical energy storage for building heating applications;155
12.5;6.5. Concise Remarks;157
12.6;References;159
13;Chapter 7: Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage;160
13.1;7.1. Introduction;160
13.2;7.2. Seasonal (Source) TES Technologies;160
13.2.1;7.2.1. Aquifer thermal storage;161
13.2.2;7.2.2. Borehole thermal storage;165
13.2.3;7.2.3. Cavern thermal storage;167
13.2.4;7.2.4. Earth-to-air thermal storage;170
13.2.5;7.2.5. Energy piles thermal storage;171
13.2.6;7.2.6. Sea water thermal storage;171
13.2.7;7.2.7. Rock thermal storage;172
13.2.8;7.2.8. Roof pond thermal storage;172
13.3;7.3. Concise Remarks;173
13.4;References;176
14;Chapter 8: Nanotechnology in Thermal Energy Storage;178
14.1;8.1. Introduction;178
14.2;8.2. Nanostructured Materials;178
14.2.1;8.2.1. Preparation and characterization of nanomaterials;178
14.2.2;8.2.2. Hybrid nanomaterials;182
14.3;8.3. Nanomaterials embedded latent heat storage materials;189
14.3.1;8.3.1. Evaluation of thermal storage properties;190
14.4;8.4. Merits And Challenges;204
14.5;8.5. Concise remarks;206
14.6;References;207
15;Chapter 9: Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage;218
15.1;9.1. Introduction;218
15.2;9.2. Sustainable Thermal Storage Systems;218
15.2.1;9.2.1. Low energy thermal storage;218
15.2.2;9.2.2. Low carbon thermal storage;219
15.2.3;9.2.3. Geothermal energy storage;231
15.2.4;9.2.4. Wind-thermal-cold energy storage;237
15.2.5;9.2.5. Hybrid TES;238
15.2.6;9.2.6. CHP thermal storage;238
15.3;9.3. Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) and sustainability prospects;242
15.4;9.4. Concise Remarks;247
15.5;References;248
16;Chapter 10: Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design;252
16.1;10.1. Introduction;252
16.2;10.2. Sensible heat storage systems;252
16.3;10.3. Latent Heat Storage Systems;253
16.3.1;10.3.1. Sizing of ITES system;253
16.3.2;10.3.2. Sizing of chilled water packed bed LTES system;254
16.4;10.4. Design Examples;256
16.4.1;10.4.1. Long-term thermal storage option;256
16.4.2;10.4.2. Short-term thermal storage option;257
16.4.3;10.4.3. Short-term thermal storage option in piping systems;257
16.4.4;10.4.4. Heating thermal storage option with pressurized water systems;258
16.4.5;10.4.5. TES option with waste heat recovery;259
16.5;10.5. Concise remarks;259
16.6;Further Reading;260
17;Chapter 11: Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems;262
17.1;11.1. Introduction;262
17.2;11.2. Analytical/Numerical Modeling and Simulation;262
17.2.1;11.2.1. Latent thermal energy storage;262
17.3;11.3. Configurations-Based Model Collections;271
17.4;11.4. Modeling and Simulation Analysis;276
17.4.1;11.4.1. Numerical solution and validation;276
17.4.2;11.4.2. Materials selection and configuration;281
17.4.3;11.4.3. Economic perspectives;281
17.5;11.5. Concise remarks;281
17.6;References;282
18;Chapter 12: Assessment of Thermal Energy Storage Systems;294
18.1;12.1. Introduction;294
18.2;12.2. Evaluation of thermal storage properties;294
18.3;12.3. Energy and Exergy Concepts;296
18.3.1;12.3.1. Distinction between energy and exergy;296
18.3.2;12.3.2. Quality concepts;300
18.3.3;12.3.3. Exergy in performance assessment of thermal storage systems;301
18.3.4;12.3.4. Exergy and the environment;303
18.4;12.4. Concise Remarks;322
18.5;References;322
19;Chapter 13: Control and Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems;326
19.1;13.1. Introduction;326
19.2;13.2. Control Systems and Methodologies;326
19.2.1;13.2.1. Types of control methodologies;328
19.2.2;13.2.2. Control methodology of thermal storage systems;331
19.3;13.3. Optimization of Thermal Storage Systems;341
19.3.1;13.3.1. Thermoeconomic optimization;345
19.3.2;13.3.2. Multiobjective optimization;351
19.4;13.4. Concise Remarks;357
19.5;References;358
20;Chapter 14: Economic and Societal Prospects of Thermal Energy Storage Technologies;362
20.1;14.1. Introduction;362
20.2;14.2. Commissioning of thermal energy storage (TES) systems;362
20.2.1;14.2.1. Procedure for installation of thermal storage systems;362
20.3;14.3. Cost Analysis and Economic Feasibility;364
20.3.1;14.3.1. LTES system;364
20.3.2;14.3.2. Seasonal TES system;367
20.4;14.4. Societal implications of TES systems;371
20.5;14.5. Concise remarks;372
20.6;References;372
21;Chapter 15: Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems;374
21.1;15.1. Active and passive systems;374
21.2;15.2. Carbon-Free Thermal Storage Systems;374
21.3;15.3. Low Energy Building Design;377
21.4;15.4. Scope for futuristic developments;379
21.5;References;380
22;Appendix I: Units and Conversions Factors;382
23;Appendix II: Thermal Properties of Various Heat Storage Materials;390
24;Appendix III: Rules of Thumb for Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design;412
24.1;Sources;413
25;Appendix IV: Parametric and Cost Comparison of Thermal Storage Technologies;414
26;Appendix V: Summary of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Installation;416
27;Abbreviations;420
28;Glossary;424
29;List of Specific Websites;428
30;Index;430

Leseproben

Chapter 1

Energy and Energy Management

Abstract

Energy is the lifeline of all human activities and the chief catalyst for the overall development of the key sectors within a country. The role of energy sources and proper energy management techniques can be considered the decisive factors that merit the economic potential status for a developed country among the world’s nations. The challenges pertaining to the extraction, generation, and distribution of energy have to be confronted at every step of the energy-efficient systems design. This would help acheive the energy conservation potential as well as carbon emissions reduction. The development of state-of-the art technologies amalgamated with renewable energy integration would contribute to offsetting the future energy demand/consumption without sacrificing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Keywords

Energy

Energy management

Energy efficiency

Environmental sustainability

Energy conservation

Energy consumption

Energy sources

Renewable energy integration

Sustainability

1.1 Introduction

Energy and energy management are two facets of a mature technology that would move the economic status of a country from normal to the height of societal development. A nation with a strong mission of ensuring energy efficiency at each step of its societal development can sustain higher economic growth on a long-term basis. The increasing concerns about climate change and environmental emissions have led to conserving energy through the development of several energy-efficient systems. The underlying concept behind this is the reduction of extensive utilization of fossil fuel or primary energy sources and their associated carbon emissions. From this perspective, the following sections are designed to explain energy concepts, project energy demand/consumption, and describe possible energy management techniques that would be helpful for the development of a sustainable future.

1.2 Energy Resources, Energy Sources, and Energy Production

In the spectrum of energy and energy management, energy resources, energy sources, and energy production are extremely vital starting from their discovery, conversion, and production to end-use consumption. Although the terminologies related to energy resources and energy sources seem to be associated, a basic difference exists that helps the scientific community to move the task of energy production forward to meet energy demand.

Energy resource refers to a reserve of energy, which can be helpful to mankind and society in many ways. On the other hand, energy source also means the system that is devised for extracting energy from the energy resource. For example, the availability of fossil fuels under the earth in the form of coal can be categorized as an energy resource. The system or the technology that is incorporated to extract the energy available from the fossil fuel (coal) can be classified as the energy source.

Earth has large energy resources or basins including solar, hydro, wind, biomass, ocean, and geothermal. Through the application of the human ideologies and emerging technologies, tapping the energy from these reserves in an efficient manner has always been a paramount task. Earth’s finite and renewable energy reserves along with recoverable energy from these resources are depicted in Fig. 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Finite and renewable planetary energy reserves (Terawatt-years, TWy). Total recoverable reserves are shown for the finite resources. Yearly potential is shown for the renewable [1].

It is not only important that the energy be extracted from these reserves or reservoirs; the real success of the task depends on efficient transformation to the actual societal requirements. In simpler words, the extracted energy has to be generated or produced in a more usable form and has to be transported so that it caters to end-user energy demand. To sustain the living standards in developed nations as well as improve societal and economical status in developing countries, it is of great importance to balance the huge gap between energy generation and consumption.

The availability of reserves and the possible recovery of energy projected in Fig. 1.1 are more attractive and helpful. This is a basic step in the process of energy planning and energy management. It can be seen clearly from Fig. 1.1 that the total energy reserves available for the fossil fuel category account for nearly 2000 TW per year (TW—Terawatt). The reserves available for nuclear energy are comparatively less compared to fossil fuel reserves. The ratio of fossil fuel reserves to production globally at the end of 2012 is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Global projections on the ratio of the fossil fuel reserves to production at the end of 2012 [2].

The projected ratio of fossil fuel reserves to their production in Fig. 1.2 infers that the reserves for coal, oil, and natural gas in some parts of the world have increased over time. This could be attributed to emerging technological advancement in the search for new fossil fuel reserves or beds. It can also be seen clearly from Fig. 1.1 that energy recovery from nuclear energy can now help fulfill immediate energy needs. However, from the long-term energy perspective, dependence on nuclear fuels imposes certain environmental risk factors and unsafe conditions in terms of nuclear emissions and radioactive decay.

It is interesting to note that after the Industrial Revolution, human inventions (interventions) for using fossil fuels to satisfy the energy demand increasingly grew from region to region worldwide. The values projected in Fig. 1.3 infer continuous growth in fossil fuel-based primary energy sources in recent years as well as in the near future.

Figure 1.3 Projections on global oil production growth contributors [3]. World Energy Outlook 2013 Launch – a presentation by Maria van der Hoeven in London © OECD/IEA, 2013, page 8.

Tough competition exists between the world’s nations in the search for new reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal. This process is even more encouraged in developed countries. This is in some ways advantageous, but the uncontrollable exploitation of such energy reserves leads to carbon emissions and other environmental risk factors.

The projections on the additions of world power generation capacity and retirements from 2013-2035 shown in Fig. 1.4 infer that the participation of developing nations including India and China is considerable. This means that developing countries are more interested in resolving issues related to energy usage per person, as compared to developed nations. Nearly 40% of the world’s new power-generation capacities is being made by India and the China. At the same time, almost 60% of the power capacity additions have contributed for the replacements of retired plants in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

Figure 1.4 Projections on additions of power generation capacity and retirements from 2013–2035 [3]. World Energy Outlook 2013 Launch – a presentation by Maria van der Hoeven in London © OECD/IEA, 2013, page 10.

On the other hand, developed nations are also equally interested in developing renewable energy sources-based systems for accomplishing demand-side energy management. However, in this type of task, aside from the cost implications involved, adding renewable energy as the source for power generation (electricity production) as depicted in Fig. 1.5 would facilitate maximum energy advantage with reduced or net zero emissions to the environment.

Figure 1.5 Electricity generation growth using renewable energy sources from 2011–2035 [3]. World Energy Outlook 2013 Launch – a presentation by Maria van der Hoeven in London © OECD/IEA, 2013, pages 11.

1.3 Global Energy Demand and Consumption

The statistical references from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy [2], International Energy Agency IEA [4] and International Energy Outlook EIA [6] indicate an increase in energy demand and world marketed energy consumption among world nations as shown in Fig. 1.6(a–e). The projections in Fig. 1.6(a–e) show that the energy demand arising from coal and oil has been reduced significantly for the OECD countries. This may be due to the fact that OECD nations have shown greater interest toward using renewable and other nonfossil fuel–based energy sources for balancing and satisfying their energy production and demand.

Figure 1.6 Energy demand and world marketed energy consumption [2,4,6].

Fig. 1.6(d) shows that world market energy consumption (WMEC) has been consistently increasing by 1.4% every year since 2007. In total, the WMEC has increased up to 49%, indicating that the imbalance between energy production and consumption has reached its limit. Based on Fig. 1.6(e), the share of the world energy consumption for the United States and China tends to reduce and increase, respectively, in future years, whereas for India the share of energy consumption may rise only marginally. In many...