Manfredi Addressing the Climate in Modern Age's Construction History

Between Architecture and Building Services Engineering
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-04465-7
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 208 Seiten

This book sheds light on environmental control in buildings from the 17th century onwards. Even before building services became a hallmark of buildings, in order to address increasing sanitary and comfort needs, pioneering experiences had contributed to improve design skills of professionals. After long being determined by passive features, indoor climate became influenced by installations and plants, representing the most significant shift of paradigm in the modern age's construction history. This change was not without consequences, and the book presents contributions showing the deep connection between architectural design, comfort requirements and environmental awareness throughout the 19th century. Taking into account the differences between different European countries, the book is a valuable resource for architects, designers and heritage professionals who are interested in environmental design, enabling them to develop a deeper knowledge of heritage in order to address to climate demands, particularly going towards a future in which energy savings and fuel consumption reduction will dictate our behaviour. It includes contributions by leading international experts: Melanie Bauernfeind, Marco Cofani, Lino Vittorio Bozzetto, Emmanuelle Gallo, Alberto Grimoldi, Dean Hawkes, Angelo Giuseppe Landi, Mattias Legnér, Oriel Prizeman, and Henrik Schoenefeldt.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Manfredi, Carlo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;1 Indoor Climate, Technological Tools and Design Awareness: An Introduction;8
3.1;Abstract;8
3.2;References;30
4;2 Heating Verona in the Nineteenth Century. From the Fireplace to the Hot Water Systems;33
4.1;Abstract;33
4.2;1 Verona, 19th Century: Between Geopolitical and Military Centrality and Industrial Backwardness;34
4.3;2 The Problem of Energy Sources;35
4.4;3 The “Venetian” Heating Systems. The Tradition of the Fireplace Between Functionality and Representation;36
4.5;4 The “Hapsburg” Heating Systems. Innovative Use of Traditional Stoves in Veronese Military Buildings;40
4.6;5 The “Italian” Heating Systems. The Diffusion of Hot Air Heaters in the Post-unification Period;52
4.7;6 A “Noble” Warmth: The Spread of Calorifero System in Private Buildings;56
4.8;7 Epilogue. From Hot Air to Hot Water Heating Systems;58
4.9;References;66
5;3 The Alte Pinakothek;68
5.1;Abstract;68
5.2;1 Museum Climate and Technical Solutions;69
5.3;2 The Alte Pinakothek and Its Technical Building History;71
5.4;3 From 1836 to 1841: Phase 1 or the Question of Heating;71
5.4.1;3.1 Air-Heating as an Alternative to Fired Stove Heating;74
5.4.2;3.2 Disadvantages of the Air-Heating System;75
5.4.3;3.3 Indoor Climate Conditions and Air-Heating;75
5.5;4 From 1841 to 1891: Phase 2 Without Heating;76
5.5.1;4.1 No Heating as Alternative to Air-Heating;76
5.5.2;4.2 Passive Indoor Air Conditions: Influence of the Building Envelope;77
5.5.3;4.3 Development of Air Conditioning Technology in the 19th Century: Systems and Improvements for Museums;77
5.5.4;4.4 Old National Gallery in Berlin: Hot-Water Air-Heating;78
5.5.5;4.5 Royal Museum in Dresden: Low-Pressure Warm-Water Heating;79
5.5.6;4.6 Picture Gallery in Kassel: Conservation Compliant Heating;79
5.6;5 From 1891 to 1945: Phase 3 and the First Attempt to Control rH;79
5.6.1;5.1 Indoor Climate Conditions and Low-Pressure Steam-Heating;80
5.7;6 From World War II to the Late 1990s;81
5.8;7 Overall Renovation in the 1990s;82
5.9;8 Retrofitting and Energy Savings;82
5.10;9 The Energetic Price of Museum Climate;83
5.11;10 Past Knowledge for Future Perspectives;85
5.12;References;86
6;4 Two Early Examples of Central Heating Systems in France During the 19th Century;88
6.1;Abstract;88
6.2;1 The Steam Heating System of the Palais Brongniart;89
6.3;2 The Original Case of Lariboisière’s Hospital;95
6.4;3 Conclusion;105
6.5;References;106
7;5 Camillo Boito and the School Buildings Indoor Climate in the Unified Italy (1870–1890);107
7.1;Abstract;107
7.2;1 Introduction. From Mandatory Schooling to School Buildings; from the Age of Enlightenment to the Belle Époque;107
7.3;2 School Legislation in Italy After the Unification and the Birth of Regulations on School Buildings;109
7.4;3 The Museum of Teaching and Education;111
7.5;4 Francesco Bongioannini;112
7.6;5 A Model for Municipalities;114
7.7;6 Camillo Boito and the Schools of Padua at the Reggia Carrarese;116
7.8;7 The Schools of via Galvani, Milan;123
7.9;8 The Companies’ World?;125
7.10;9 Towards New Climate Control Systems in School Buildings;127
7.11;References;131
8;6 Tradition and Science: The Evolution of Environmental Architecture in Britain from 16th to 19th Century;134
8.1;Abstract;134
8.2;1 Introduction: Definitions and Background;134
8.3;2 Hypothesis;135
8.4;3 Six Buildings;136
8.4.1;3.1 Building One: Robert Smythson, Hardwick Hall (1590–1597);136
8.4.2;3.2 Building Two: Christopher Wren, Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1663–1669);136
8.4.3;3.3 Building Three: Lord Burlington, Chiswick House, 1725–1729;139
8.4.4;3.4 Science, Technology and Architecture in 19th Century Britain;141
8.4.5;3.5 Building Four: Sir John Soane, Dulwich Picture Gallery, 1811–1813;142
8.4.6;3.6 Building Five: Sir Charles Barry, the Reform Club, London, 1837–1840;143
8.4.7;3.7 Building Six: Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Glasgow School of Art, 1897–1909;144
8.5;4 Conclusion;146
8.6;References;147
9;7 Not Just a Summer Temple: The Development of Conservation and Indoor Climate in Nationalmuseum, Sweden;149
9.1;Abstract;149
9.2;1 Introduction;149
9.3;2 The Decision to Build a Museum;151
9.4;3 Building the Museum;152
9.5;4 The Perkins System and Indoor Climate in Nationalmuseum in the Nineteenth Century;155
9.6;5 Demands for Electrification and a New Heating and Ventilation System;164
9.7;6 Forced Air Ventilation and Humidity Control;166
9.8;7 Humidity Challenging the Building and the Artworks;168
9.9;References;170
10;8 Asserting Adequacy: The Crescendo of Voices to Determine Daylight Provision for the Modern World;172
10.1;Abstract;172
10.2;1 Introduction;172
10.3;2 The Health Benefits of Daylight;174
10.4;3 The Precedent of the Right to Light;176
10.5;4 Asserting the Size of Openings;176
10.6;5 The Quest for a Standard;178
10.7;6 Measurement and the Translation of Other Languages;180
10.8;7 The Daylight Factor;182
10.9;8 Standards Applied to Tasks;183
10.10;9 Rights to Light Enforced at an Urban Scale: Low Density Planning;185
10.11;10 Conclusion;187
10.12;References;188
11;9 The Houses of Parliament and Reid’s Inquiries into User Perception;192
11.1;Abstract;192
11.2;1 Empirical Approaches;193
11.3;2 The Testing of a Model Debating Chamber;195
11.4;3 The Temporary Houses of Commons;196
11.5;4 Technical Refinement Based on User-Perception;199
11.6;5 The Temporary House of Lords as the Test-Bed for an Alternative Approach, 1838–47;201
11.7;6 Towards the Personalization of Environmental Control;204
11.8;7 An Unsuccessful Experiment;206
11.9;8 Conclusion;207
11.10;References;207