Marsten Communication Satellite Systems Technology

A Collection of Technical Papers Drawn Mainly from the AIAA Communications Satellite Systems Conference, May 2-4, 1966
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7681-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 19, 1072 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Progress in Astronautics and Rocketry

Communication Satellite Systems Technology reviews the state of the art in communication satellite systems technology. Topics covered range from commercial point-to-point systems and military satellite communication systems to satellite support subsystems and components, along with high-power systems. Communication satellites are also discussed from a sociological perspective. Comprised of 50 chapters, this book begins with a 1945 article by Arthur C. Clarke in which he proposed the construction of rocket space stations in orbit that would provide complete radio coverage of the globe as well as extraterrestrial relay services. The reader is then introduced to the Early Bird satellite and its hydrogen peroxide orbit control and orientation system. Details of the sequence of maneuvers required after transfer ellipse injection until final placement in a stationary orbit are given. The methods of calculation of maneuver parameters, as well as numerical examples of certain Early Bird orbit changes and maneuver parameters, are described. The effects of the principal long-term disturbing forces on the satellite are also considered. Subsequent chapters focus on military satellite communication systems; satellite support subsystems and components; high-power systems; and systems concepts. The organization and program of Intelsat are also evaluated. This monograph will be of value to practitioners in the fields of aeronautics, astronautics, and satellite communications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Marsten, Richard B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Communication Satellite Systems Technology;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;16
5;THE COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THEAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS;8
6;PREFACE;10
7;PROLOGUE: AN HISTORICAL PROPHECY;22
8;CHAPTER 1. EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL RELAYS;24
8.1;Extra-terrestrial Relays;25
8.2;Extra-terrestrial Relaya;27
8.3;Conclusion;27
8.4;Appendix—Rocktt Dcaign;27
8.5;Epilogue—Atomic Power;27
8.6;References;27
9;PART I: COMMERCIAL POINT-TO-POINT SYSTEMS;28
9.1;CHAPTER 1. EARLYBIRD PLACEMENT IN A STATIONARY ORBIT: LAUNCH AND CONTROL SYSTEM MANEUVERS;30
9.1.1;Abstract;30
9.1.2;Introduction;30
9.1.3;Control System and Sun Sensors;31
9.1.4;Control System Geometry;35
9.1.5;Maneuver Philosophy and Computer Programs;38
9.1.6;Early Bird Maneuvers;44
9.1.7;References;51
9.2;CHAPTER 2. EARLY BIRD I COMMUNICATIONS PARAMETERS;64
9.2.1;Abstract;64
9.2.2;I . Satellite's Communications Equipment;64
9.2.3;II. Satellite's Communications Radiated Power;65
9.2.4;III. Satellite's Noise Performance;66
9.2.5;IV. Satellite Bandwidth;69
9.2.6;V. Nonlinear Performance;69
9.2.7;VI. Conclusions;72
9.2.8;Appendix;72
9.2.9;Reference;74
9.3;CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF THE EARLY BIRD

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM;80
9.3.1;Abstract;80
9.3.2;Participating Stations;80
9.3.3;Frequency Allocations;81
9.3.4;Telephone Transmission;81
9.3.5;Television Transmission;83
9.3.6;Television Sound Transmission;86
9.3.7;Simultaneous Telephone and Television;87
9.3.8;Television Tests from Shipboard Station;87
9.3.9;Out-of-Band Noise Observations;88
9.3.10;Simulated Radar Interference;89
9.4;CHAPTER 4. RESULTS OF USER REACTION TESTSON COMMUNICATION VIA EARLY BIRD SATELLITE;98
9.4.1;Abstract;98
9.4.2;1 . Introduction;98
9.4.3;2 . Comparison of Results;99
9.4.4;3. Comparison of Methods;101
9.4.5;4. Critique on the United States Callback Interviews;102
9.4.6;5. Over-all Summary;103
9.5;CHAPTER 5. SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONSVIA EARLY BIRD SATELLITE AND CABLE CIRCUITS;106
9.5.1;Abstract;106
9.5.2;Introduction;106
9.5.3;Part A Tests;107
9.5.4;Part B Tests;110
9.5.5;Conclusions;111
9.5.6;Reference;111
10;PART II: MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS;116
10.1;CHAPTER 6. EXPERIENCE OF TELE DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY IN OPERATING PILOT SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS;118
10.1.1;Abstract;118
10.1.2;Introduction;119
10.1.3;System Configurations;120
10.1.4;System Performance;122
10.1.5;System Control;127
10.1.6;System Operation5;129
10.1.7;References;134
10.2;CHAPTER 7. COMMUNICATIONS VIA SEVERAL SATELLITES USING THE LINCOLN EXPERIMENTAL TERMINAL;144
10.2.1;Abstract;144
10.2.2;General Considerations;144
10.2.3;The LET-1 System;151
10.2.4;Operational Experience;152
10.2.5;Conclusion;154
10.2.6;References;155
10.3;CHAPTER 8. OPTIMIZATION OF NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS IN A HYBRID BY SATELLITE AND GROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM;162
10.3.1;Abstract;162
10.3.2;Fixed vs Changing Network Configurations;163
10.3.3;Optimization Criteria;163
10.3.4;Network Optimization;164
10.3.5;Simplified Example of Network Adaptation;166
10.3.6;Implementation Considerations;170
10.3.7;Implementation Considerations for Random Satellite Systems;170
10.3.8;Implementation Considerations for Multiaccess Satellite Systems;171
10.3.9;Summary;172
10.3.10;References;172
10.4;CHAPTER 9. SYNCHRONIZATION OF AJAM-RESISTANT MOBILE SMALL-TERMINAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM;180
10.4.1;Abstract;180
10.4.2;Introduction;180
10.4.3;Synchronization Requirements;181
10.4.4;Receiver and Transmitter Synchronization;183
10.4.5;Criteria for Selection of a Ranging Signal;184
10.4.6;Ranging Signal Alternatives;185
10.4.7;Comparison of PN and CW Tone Signals;187
10.4.8;Selection of the Ranging Signal;187
10.4.9;Range Updating;191
10.4.10;Conclusion;192
10.4.11;References;196
10.5;CHAPTER 10. DECENTRALIZED CONTROL FOR AN ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEM;200
10.5.1;Abstract;200
10.5.2;1. Introduction;200
10.5.3;2. Synchronization;201
10.5.4;3. Power and Rate Control;205
10.5.5;4. Antenna Pointing Control;209
10.5.6;5. Summary;210
10.6;CHAPTER 11. FADING AND MULTI PATH CONSIDERATIONS IN AIRCRAFT/SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS;214
10.6.1;Abstract;214
10.6.2;Introduction;215
10.6.3;Geometry for Multipath Transmission;216
10.6.4;Fading and Diversity Mechanisms;218
10.6.5;Fading Models;219
10.6.6;Diversity Systems;223
10.6.7;References;229
10.7;CHAPTER 12. A MULTIPLE-ACCESS WORLD-WIDE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMFOR AIRCRAFT TERMINALS;236
10.7.1;Abstract;236
10.7.2;Introduction;236
10.7.3;System Concept;237
10.7.4;System Performance;240
10.7.5;Appendix: Capacity Quotient of a Communications Link Employing a Hard-Limiting Repeater;251
10.8;CHAPTER 13. ADAPTIVE DIGITAL SATELLITE TRANSMISSION GROUND TERMINAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS;260
10.8.1;Abstract;260
10.8.2;1. Introduction;261
10.8.3;2. User Interfaces;261
10.8.4;3. Assumed Satellite System Characteristics;264
10.8.5;4. Adaptive Digital Data Transmission System;264
10.8.6;5. Conclusions;273
10.9;CHAPTER 14. AN ADAPTIVE TWELVE-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER;278
10.9.1;Abstract;278
10.9.2;1. Background and Description;278
10.9.3;2. Comparative Analysis and System Characteristics;283
10.9.4;References;292
10.10;CHAPTER 15. COST EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS;298
10.10.1;Abstract;298
10.10.2;1. Military Missions for Communications Satellites;299
10.10.3;2. Requirements Analyses;299
10.10.4;3. Systems Comparison;302
10.10.5;4. Systems performance comparison: Survivability;302
10.10.6;5. Systems Performance Comparison: Availability;305
10.10.7;6. Systems Performance Comparison: Capacity;309
10.10.8;7. System Performance Comparison: Coverage;310
10.10.9;8. Deployment and Maintenance Considerations;311
10.10.10;9. Cost Considerations;312
10.10.11;10 . Cost Effectiveness Evaluation;313
10.10.12;References;315
11;PART III: SATELLITE SUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS;320
11.1;CHAPTER 16. LAUNCH VEHICLE S AS SUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES;322
11.1.1;Abstract;322
11.1.2;Introduction;322
11.1.3;Launch Vehicle and Facility Considerations;324
11.1.4;Interfaces;325
11.1.5;Performance;331
11.1.6;Payload Capability;333
11.1.7;Cost Factors;339
11.2;CHAPTER 17. SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE STATION-KEEPING;344
11.2.1;Abstract;344
11.2.2;Introduction;345
11.2.3;Perturbation Sources;346
11.2.4;Orbit Changes Produced by Sun and Moon;347
11.2.5;Velocity Correction Frequency;359
11.2.6;Control of Inclination;359
11.2.7;Control of Drift and Eccentricity;360
11.2.8;Station-Keeping Control Plan;362
11.2.9;References;362
11.3;CHAPTER 18. GRAVITY GRADIENT STABILIZATION OF COMMUNICATIONS ATELLITE SYSTEMS;368
11.3.1;Abstract;368
11.3.2;Introduction;369
11.3.3;Earth-Oriented Antenna;369
11.3.4;Stabilization Requirements;370
11.3.5;Error Sources;378
11.3.6;Gravity Gradient System Selection;383
11.3.7;Gravity Anchored Systems;384
11.3.8;Summary and Conclusions;385
11.3.9;References;387
11.4;CHAPTER 19. STABILITE—A THREE-AXIS ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM UTILIZING A SINGLE REACTION WHEEL;396
11.4.1;Abstract;396
11.4.2;Introduction;396
11.4.3;Development of Stabilité;399
11.4.4;Stabilité Method of Attitude Control;401
11.4.5;Dynamic Properties of Stabilité;411
11.4.6;Conclusions;414
11.4.7;References;414
11.5;CHAPTER 20. AWIDE - BAND SOLID-STATE I. F .REPEATER FOR COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES;422
11.5.1;Abstract;422
11.5.2;Introduction;423
11.5.3;System Description;424
11.5.4;Results and Conclusions;433
11.6;CHAPTER 21. ADVANCES IN TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES FOR SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS;444
11.6.1;Abstract;444
11.6.2;Introduction;444
11.6.3;Performance of the A1318;445
11.6.4;Efficiency of Traveling-Wave Tubes;446
11.6.5;Frequency and Power Scaling;447
11.6.6;References;448
11.7;CHAPTER 22. AN ELECTRONICALLY DESPUN SWITCHED ANTENNA;454
11.7.1;Abstract;454
11.7.2;Description;455
11.7.3;Performance;457
11.7.4;Antenna Measurement Program;464
11.7.5;Switch Configurations;467
11.7.6;Conclusion;475
11.8;CHAPTER 23. GROUND-BASED ANTENNAS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS;486
11.8.1;Abstract;486
11.8.2;Introduct ion;486
11.8.3;The Steerable Paraboloid;487
11.8.4;Alternative Antenna Techniques;490
11.8.5;ConeIusions;495
11.8.6;References;496
11.9;CHAPTER 24. GAIN LIMITS OF ELECTRONICALLY DESPUN ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATION SATELLITES;502
11.9.1;Abstract;502
11.9.2;Introduction;502
11.9.3;Some System Consequences due to Increased Gain;505
11.9.4;Electronically Switched Despun Antennas;514
11.9.5;Conclusions;514
11.9.6;References;515
12;PART IV: HIGH-POWER SYSTEMS;520
12.1;CHAPTER 25. NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED HIGH - POWERED COMMUNICATION SATELLITES;522
12.1.1;Abstract;522
12.1.2;Introduction;522
12.1.3;Power System Criteria;523
12.1.4;Candidate Power System Characteristics;524
12.1.5;Conclusions;543
12.1.6;References;544
12.2;CHAPTER 26. HIGH-POWERED TRAVELING-WAVE TUBESFOR SPACE TRANSMITTERS;550
12.2.1;Abstract;550
12.2.2;Conventional Space TWT1s;551
12.2.3;Kilowatt CW Helix TWT1s;554
12.2.4;High-Peak-Power, Helix-Derived Circuits;556
12.2.5;Coupled-Cavity TWT's;557
12.2.6;Life and Reliability;561
12.2.7;A Brief Comparison of TWT's, Klystrons, and CFA;562
12.3;CHAPTER 27. A DIRECT-TO-HOME TV SATELLITE SYSTEM FOR 1970;570
12.3.1;Abstract;570
12.3.2;I. Introduction;570
12.3.3;II. VisTa Experiment: Single-Channel Spacecraft Telecasting;574
12.3.4;III. VisTa Spacecraft Design;576
12.3.5;IV. Conclusions;583
12.3.6;References;584
12.4;CHAPTER 28. SELF-STEERING ARRAYS FOR SATELLITE APPLICATIONS;594
12.4.1;Abstract;594
12.4.2;Introduction;595
12.4.3;Self-Steerable Antennas;596
12.4.4;Element Design and Array Design;598
12.4.5;Self-Phasing Retrodirective Antenna Breadboard System;604
12.4.6;Conclusions;607
12.4.7;References;609
12.5;CHAPTER 29. EARTH STATIONS FOR RECEPTION OF TELEVISIONSIGNALS FROM A STATIONARY SATELLITE;614
12.5.1;Abstract;614
12.5.2;System Equation;615
12.5.3;Atmospheric Factors;619
12.5.4;Cost Versus Receiving System Parameters;622
12.5.5;Television Standards;628
12.5.6;Receiving Station Cost;631
12.5.7;References;634
12.6;CHAPTER 30. REQUIRED AND ATTAINABLE INTERFERENCE RATIOS INSPACE TELECASTING;640
12.6.1;Abstract;640
12.6.2;Introduction;640
12.6.3;Review of Television Interference Factors;641
12.6.4;Required Signal to Interference Ratios;642
12.6.5;Allocation Planning Problems;647
12.6.6;Antenna Discrimination;647
12.6.7;Use of Synchronous Detectors;650
12.6.8;Conclusions;650
12.6.9;References;651
13;PART V: SYSTEMS CONCEPTS: PRESENT AND FUTURE;660
13.1;CHAPTER 31. PARAMETRIC TRADEOFF ANALYSIS FOR COMSAT SYSTEM DESIGN;662
13.1.1;Abstract;662
13.1.2;Introduction;663
13.1.3;Operational Requirements and Constraints;664
13.1.4;Electronic Parameters of the Communications Problem;669
13.1.5;References;681
13.2;CHAPTER 32. MULTIPLE-ACCESS MODULATION TECHNIQUES;688
13.2.1;Abstract;688
13.2.2;Introduction;688
13.2.3;Multiple-Access Modulation Technique Categories;689
13.2.4;Conclusions;699
13.2.5;References;700
13.3;CHAPTER 33. A COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEM FOR MANY USERS;702
13.3.1;Abstract;702
13.3.2;Introduction;702
13.3.3;Modulation Technique;703
13.3.4;Communication Capacity;706
13.3.5;Network Operation;708
13.3.6;Conclusion;711
13.3.7;References;712
13.4;CHAPTER 34. USE OF FREQUENCY-TIME CODED PULSED SIGNALSIN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS;716
13.4.1;Abstract;716
13.4.2;I. The Basic F-T Coded System;716
13.4.3;II· Mutual Interference;717
13.4.4;III. Mathematical Model of System Capacity;719
13.4.5;IV. Comparison between Satellite and Terrestrial Systems;726
13.4.6;V. Effects of Parameter Variations;727
13.4.7;VI. Improvement of System Capacity;728
13.4.8;VII· Conclusions;729
13.4.9;References;730
13.5;CHAPTER 35. TV NETWORK SATELLITE SYSTEMS;734
13.5.1;Abstract;734
13.5.2;Introduction;734
13.5.3;Choice of Radio Frequency;735
13.5.4;Operational Requirements;736
13.5.5;Reference;748
13.6;CHAPTER 36. ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OFA COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEM;756
13.6.1;Abstract;756
13.6.2;Introduction;756
13.6.3;Orbiting System Configuration;757
13.6.4;System Establishment;760
13.6.5;Tracking Considerations;769
13.6.6;Concluding Remarks;769
13.7;CHAPTER 37. SCHEDULING AND CONTROL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS;776
13.7.1;Abstract;776
13.7.2;Introduction;776
13.7.3;Performance Parameters;777
13.7.4;Asset Allocation;778
13.7.5;Scheduling Processes;778
13.7.6;Communications Requirements;780
13.7.7;Scheduling Algorithms;781
13.7.8;Evaluation of Scheduling Process;783
13.7.9;Scheduling Algorithm Strategies;787
13.8;CHAPTER 38. GROUND AND SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS;796
13.8.1;Abstract;796
13.8.2;Introduction;796
13.8.3;Emergence of the Information Utility;797
13.8.4;Mass Information Storage Center (MISC);798
13.8.5;Global Operation of the Information Utility;800
13.8.6;Selection of Domestic Telecommunications Facilities;802
13.8.7;New Wide-Band Digital Facilities;804
13.8.8;Selection of International Telecommunications Facilities;805
13.8.9;Ultrahigh-Rate Digital Transmission Over Communications Satellites;807
13.8.10;Conclusions;811
13.8.11;References;812
13.9;CHAPTER 39. AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES;820
13.9.1;Abstract;820
13.9.2;Introduction;820
13.9.3;Transmission to Aircraft;821
13.9.4;Aircraft Antenna and Receiver Performance;823
13.9.5;Satellite Antennas;827
13.9.6;Voice Channels;830
13.9.7;Data Transmission;831
13.9.8;Link Design Examples;832
13.9.9;References;834
13.10;CHAPTER 40. POSTECHO II PASSIVE COMMUNICATION SATELLITES AND SYSTEMS;840
13.10.1;Abstract;840
13.10.2;Introduction;840
13.10.3;Post Echo II Programs;841
13.10.4;System Application Studies;844
13.10.5;Active Lenticular Satellite;851
13.10.6;Conclusions;853
13.10.7;References;855
13.11;CHAPTER 41. ORBIT POSITION CONTROL FOR PASSIV ECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES;868
13.11.1;Abstract;868
13.11.2;I. Introduction;869
13.11.3;II. Basic Orbit Position Control Techniques;869
13.11.4;III. Parametric Studies of Orbital Behavior;871
13.11.5;IV. Satellite Control;878
13.11.6;V. Conclusions;886
13.11.7;References;886
13.12;CHAPTER 42. SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANETARY RELAY COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES;892
13.12.1;Abstract;892
13.12.2;I. Introduction;892
13.12.3;II. General System Characteristics;894
13.12.4;III. Nominal Orbit Selection;895
13.12.5;IV. Transmission Policies;898
13.12.6;V. Computation of Optimum View Periods;902
13.12.7;VI. Conclusions;903
13.12.8;Acknowledgements;904
13.12.9;References;904
13.13;CHAPTER 43. LUNAR COMMUNICATION SATELLITES;908
13.13.1;Abstract;908
13.13.2;1. Introduction;908
13.13.3;2. Lunar Communication Methods;909
13.13.4;3· Mechanics of Lunar Orbits;912
13.13.5;4. Satellite Design;916
13.13.6;5· Establishing and Maintaining a Lunar Communication Satellite System;918
13.13.7;6. Conclusions;922
13.13.8;References;922
13.14;CHAPTER 44. DEEP-SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS;930
13.14.1;Abstract;930
13.14.2;Introduction;930
13.14.3;Communications Requirements;931
13.14.4;Power Model;934
13.14.5;Power Requirements;935
13.14.6;Conclusions;936
14;PART VI: SOCIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW;946
14.1;PREFACE TO CHAPTER VI;948
14.2;CHAPTER 45. ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAM OF INTELSAT;950
14.2.1;Abstract;950
14.2.2;Introduction;950
14.2.3;System Organization;951
14.2.4;Financial Aspects;953
14.2.5;Earth Stations;954
14.2.6;INTELSAT Program;955
14.2.7;Conclusion;955
14.2.8;Appendix A: Member Countries of INTELSAT;956
14.3;CHAPTER 46. BUSINESS FORECASTING FORCOMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS;962
14.3.1;Abstract;962
14.3.2;Introduction;962
14.4;CHAPTER 47. FUTURE PATTERN OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS;976
14.4.1;Abstract;976
14.4.2;1. Introduction;977
14.4.3;2. Requirements and Systems;978
14.4.4;3. National and International Organizations;996
14.4.5;4. Conclusions - Future Pattern of Communications;997
14.5;CHAPTER 48. AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AN EDUCATIONALTV DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM;1004
14.5.1;Abstract;1004
14.5.2;Nomenclature;1005
14.5.3;1. Introduction;1007
14.5.4;2. Configuration and Operation;1008
14.5.5;3. Cost Analysis;1010
14.5.6;4 . Analysis of Historical Data for SelectedDeveloping Nations;1018
14.5.7;5 . Economic Analysis;1019
14.6;CHAPTER 49. COMMUNICATIONS IN ORBIT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS AND PROGNOSIS;1032
14.6.1;Abstract;1032
14.6.2;I. Introduction;1033
14.6.3;II. An Emerging Law for Outer Space;1034
14.6.4;III. Military versus Peaceful Uses of Outer Space;1038
14.6.5;IV. Communications Satellites and Space Law;1040
14.6.6;References;1051
14.7;CHAPTER 50. EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS;1054
14.7.1;Abstract;1054
14.7.2;Introduction;1055
14.7.3;European Space Organizations;1056
14.7.4;Space Communications in Eastern Europe;1063
14.7.5;Future Prospects;1065
14.7.6;Conclusion;1070
14.7.7;References;1071