Moavenzadeh / Markow Moving Millions

Transport Strategies for Sustainable Development in Megacities
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6702-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 14, 272 Seiten

Reihe: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries

Covering a topic of massive contemporary importance, this well written volume demonstrates how transportation strategy and environmental sustainability can be pursued in a comprehensive and harmonious, rather than unconnected and potentially conflicting, set of public policies. It applies lessons from several urban areas (e.g., Bogota, Singapore, Mexico City, Sao Paulo), including 'success stories' and less successful 'hard-won lessons', to a case study in Guangzhou.

Fred Moavenzadeh: James Mason Crafts Professor of Systems Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering
Director, Center for Technology and Industrial Development
Director, Technology and Development Program
Principal Fields of Interest: International Construction, Industrialization, Technology and Development
Fred Moavenzadeh's current interests include technology and development with special focus on formulation of technological policies for socio-economic development. He is particularly interested in institutional structures required to develop a viable science and technology infrastructure that could serve the human resource development strategy of newly industrialized nations.
As director of the Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development since October 1998, he is focusing on developing an institutional environment at MIT that fosters the interdisciplinary research needed for enhancement of industrial productivity and performance. CTPID's primary areas of concentration are Aerospace, Automotive, Telecommunications, Mobility, Materials Systems, Environmental Policy, and Technology and Law. CTPID emphasizes interdisciplinary research and encourages collaboration with industry and government on issues of major concern to society at large.
As director of the Technology and Development Program since 1973, Professor Moavenzadeh has been involved in a wide variety of interdisciplinary research and teaching activities. In collaboration with other MIT faculty, he has taught subjects in engineering, economic, social, and political issues of concern to newly industrialized nations.
He is the Editor-in-Chief of Construction Business Review, a journal for construction executives.
He is the author and co-author of five books including Future Cities: Dynamics and Sustainability. He has published over three hundred professional articles. He has served in advisory capacity and consultant to several institutional agencies including World Bank, United Nations, Interamerican Development Bank.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Moavenzadeh, F.

Markow, M. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Table of Contents;7
2;Preface;10
3;Chapter 1;16
3.1;Introduction;16
3.1.1;1.1 Megacities;16
3.1.1.1;A Growing Worldwide Phenomenon;16
3.1.1.2;Urbanization and Motorization;18
3.1.1.3;Globalization and Megacity Competitiveness;19
3.1.2;1.2 Transportation Policies and Sustainability;23
3.1.2.1;Symptoms of an Unsustainable Transportation System;23
3.1.2.2;Moving toward Sustainability;24
3.1.3;1.3 Outline of This Book;27
4;Chapter 2;30
4.1;Sustainability;30
4.1.1;2.1 What is Sustainability;30
4.1.1.1;Definitions;30
4.1.1.2;Implications;32
4.1.1.3;Value of the Environment;33
4.1.1.4;Equity;34
4.1.1.5;Sustainability beyond Survivability;35
4.1.1.6;Sustainability and Efficiency;38
4.1.1.7;Growth versus Economic Development;41
4.1.2;2.2 Methods to Analyze Policies and Projects;42
4.1.2.1;Discount Rate;43
4.1.2.2;Extended Time Horizon;44
4.1.2.3;Treating Irreversibility and Uncertainty in Intergenerational Equity;45
4.1.2.4;Externalities;46
4.1.3;2.3 Context for This Study;48
5;Chapter 3;50
5.1;Achieving Sustainable Development;50
5.1.1;3.1 Sustainable Cities;50
5.1.2;3.2 Sustainable Development as a Resource Management Problem;52
5.1.2.1;Environmental Accounting Systems for Type I Resources;55
5.1.2.2;Environmental Valuation;57
5.1.3;3.3 Sustainable Development as a Pollution Control Problem;60
5.1.3.1;Pollution Charges;62
5.1.3.2;Permits;63
5.1.3.3;Ending Damaging Subsidy Programs;64
5.1.4;3.4 Criticisms of Economic or Market-Based Incentives;64
5.1.5;3.5 Other Perspectives on Sustainable Development;70
5.1.5.1;A Rationale for the Private Sector;70
5.1.5.1.1;Premise;70
5.1.5.1.2;Trade and Market Responsiveness;70
5.1.5.1.3;Technology Transfer and Business;71
5.1.5.2;International Implications;72
5.1.5.3;Global Implementation;73
5.1.6;3.6 Sustainable Transportation as an Integrated Concept;74
5.1.6.1;Environmental Components of Sustainable Transportation;75
5.1.6.2;Social Components of Sustainable Transportation;75
5.1.6.2.1;Access;75
5.1.6.2.2;Affordability;76
5.1.6.3;Economic Components of Sustainable Transportation;77
5.1.6.4;Financial Components of Sustainable Transportation;79
5.1.6.5;Institutional Components of Sustainable Transportation;79
6;Chapter 4;82
6.1;Transportation Policy and Environmental Sustainability;82
6.1.1;4.1 Role of Transportation;82
6.1.1.1;Mobility and Society;82
6.1.1.1.1;Inproved Modal Availability and Choice;83
6.1.1.1.2;Improved Transportation System Management;84
6.1.1.1.3;Improved Management of Vehicle Use;85
6.1.1.1.4;Reductions in Harmful Vehicle Emissions;85
6.1.1.1.5;Importance of Local Context;86
6.1.1.2;Transportation Policy Options;89
6.1.1.2.1;Supply-Side and Demand-Side Management Options;89
6.1.2;4.2 Managing Transportation Supply;90
6.1.2.1;Supply-Side Command-and-Control Policies;92
6.1.2.1.1;Public Road and Street Construction;92
6.1.2.1.2;Construction of Transit, Cycle, and Pedestrian Facilities;94
6.1.2.1.3;Restricted Vehicle Zones;94
6.1.2.1.4;Restricted Parking Supply;95
6.1.2.1.5;High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes;96
6.1.2.2;Supply-Side Market-Based Initiatives;97
6.1.2.2.1;Mechanisms for Private Sector Engagement;97
6.1.2.2.1.1;Private Transit Concessions;98
6.1.3;4.3 Managing Transportation Demand;99
6.1.3.1;Demand-Side Command-and-Control Policies;101
6.1.3.1.1;Vehicle Use or “Car-Day” Restrictions;101
6.1.3.1.2;Vehicle Quotas;102
6.1.3.1.3;Peak-Period and Location Restrictions;103
6.1.3.2;Demand-Side Market-Based Initiatives;104
6.1.3.2.1;Sponsored Car Sharing9;104
6.1.3.2.2;Fuel, Vehicle, and Traffic Taxes;104
6.1.3.2.3;Rebates and Incentives;106
6.1.3.2.4;Mass Transit Subsidies;107
6.1.3.2.5;Road pricing;107
6.1.3.2.6;Congestion Metering;108
6.1.3.2.7;Parking Pricing11;109
6.1.3.2.8;Area Licensing Schemes (ALS);109
6.1.4;4.4 Land-Use Planning Strategies;110
6.1.4.1;Overview;110
6.1.4.1.1;Transit-Oriented Development;111
6.1.4.1.2;High Density Development;112
6.1.4.1.3;Urban Growth Boundaries;114
6.1.4.2;More Details on Transit-Oriented Development;115
6.1.4.2.1;Elements of a Transit-Oriented Development;116
6.1.4.2.2;Features of a Transit-Oriented Development;117
6.1.4.2.3;Impacts;120
6.1.4.2.4;Implementation;121
6.1.5;4.5 Advanced Technologies: ITS;124
6.1.5.1;Intelligent Transportation Systems;124
6.1.5.2;Intelligent Infrastructure Technologies;125
6.1.5.2.1;Advanced Traffic Management Systems;126
6.1.5.2.2;Advanced Traveler Information Systems;127
6.1.5.2.3;Electronic Payment Systems;128
6.1.5.2.4;Advanced Public Transportation Systems;129
6.1.5.3;Intelligent Vehicle Technologies;129
6.1.5.3.1;Advanced Vehicle Control Systems;130
6.1.5.3.2;Drive-by-Wire;130
6.1.5.3.3;Navigation Assistance;131
6.1.5.3.4;Mayday Systems (Automatic Crash Notification);132
6.1.5.4;Institutional Issues in Deployment;132
6.1.6;4.6 Advanced Technologies: Alternative Fuels;135
6.1.6.1;Fuel Options;135
6.1.6.1.1;Compressed Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas;135
6.1.6.1.2;Biodiesel;136
6.1.6.1.3;Liquefied Petroleum Gas;136
6.1.6.1.4;Ethanol and Bioethanol;137
6.1.6.1.5;Hydrogen and Fuel Cells;137
6.1.6.2;Comparing Alternative Fuels;138
6.1.6.2.1;Greenhouse Gas Emissions;138
6.1.6.2.2;Air Pollutant Emissions;139
7;Chapter 5;140
7.1;Public-Private Partnerships to Deliver Sustainable Transportation Projects;140
7.1.1;5.1 Background and Rationale;140
7.1.1.1;Overview;140
7.1.1.2;Public and Private Perspectives;141
7.1.1.3;Rationale;144
7.1.1.4;The Nature of Goods;146
7.1.2;5.2 Spectrum of Partnership Arrangements;148
7.1.2.1;Contracting;149
7.1.2.2;Franchising;150
7.1.2.3;Grants and Subsidies;151
7.1.2.4;Vouchers;152
7.1.3;5.3 Evaluation of Service Delivery Methods;153
7.1.3.1;Approaches and Criteria;153
7.1.3.2;Empirical Evidence;157
7.1.4;5.4 Divestiture or Denationalization;161
7.1.4.1;Public versus Private Ownership;161
7.1.4.2;Source of Revenue;163
7.1.4.3;Increasing Private Investment;164
7.1.4.4;Divestiture of Monopolies;165
7.1.5;5.5 Government’s Role;167
7.1.5.1;Regulatory Strength;167
7.1.5.2;Role of User Fees;170
7.1.6;5.6 Ensuring the Public Good;170
7.1.7;5.7 Capital Formation, Project Selection, and Investment Stimulation;172
7.1.8;5.8 Risk Allocation;175
7.1.9;5.9 Environmental Mutual Funds;178
8;Chapter 6;180
8.1;Transportation Policies Examples and Lessons;180
8.1.1;6.1 Introduction;180
8.1.2;6.2 Bogotá;181
8.1.2.1;Context;181
8.1.2.2;Policy and Implementation;182
8.1.2.2.1;Overview;182
8.1.2.2.2;Sin Mi Carro;183
8.1.2.2.3;Pico y Placa;186
8.1.2.2.4;TransMilenio;189
8.1.2.3;Outcomes and Lessons;194
8.1.3;6.3 Singapore ;195
8.1.3.1;Context;195
8.1.3.2;Polic Initiatives and Program Implementation;196
8.1.3.2.1;Vehicle Quota System;197
8.1.3.2.2;Area Licensing Scheme;197
8.1.3.2.3;Electronic Road Pricing;198
8.1.3.3;Outcomes and Lessons;199
8.1.3.3.1;Vehicle Quota System;199
8.1.3.3.2;Area Licensing Scheme;200
8.1.3.3.3;Electronic Road Pricing;202
8.1.4;6.4 Portland ;204
8.1.4.1;Context;204
8.1.4.2;Policy Initiative and Program Implementation;204
8.1.4.3;Outcomes and Lessons;205
8.1.5;6.5 Washington DC Metro;206
8.1.5.1;Context;206
8.1.5.2;Policy Initiatives and Program Implementation ;207
8.1.5.2.1;Rail and Bus Transit;207
8.1.5.2.2;Transit-Oriented Development;207
8.1.5.3;Outcomes and Lessons;208
8.1.6;6.6 São Paulo;209
8.1.6.1;Context;209
8.1.6.2;Policy Initiatives and Program Implementation;211
8.1.6.3;Outcomes and Lessons;212
9;Chapter 7;214
9.1;Guangzhou Case Study;214
9.1.1;7.1 The City;214
9.1.1.1;Demographics ;214
9.1.1.2;Economic Growth;215
9.1.1.3;Motorization;216
9.1.1.4;Speed,Congestion, and Air quality Impacts;217
9.1.1.5;Emissions by Vehicle Type;219
9.1.2;7.2 Policy and Regulatory Framework Regarding Sustainability;221
9.1.2.1;China’s Agenda 21;221
9.1.2.2;Transport-Related Initiatives in Guangzhou;222
9.1.2.2.1;Urban Road Network;226
9.1.2.2.2;Passenger Rail;227
9.1.2.2.3;Buses;228
9.1.2.2.4;Guangzhou City Center Transportation Project (GCCTP);228
9.1.3;7.3 Institutional and Financial Aspects;229
9.1.3.1;Guangzhou’s Municipal Transportation Institutions;230
9.1.3.2;Transportation Project Financing;234
9.1.4;7.4 Case Study: Guangzhou’s Transportation Future;235
9.1.4.1;Shared Objectives and Themes;235
9.1.4.2;Core Recommendations;237
9.1.4.2.1;Bus Rapid Transit (BRT);238
9.1.4.2.2;Electronic Road Pricing (ERP);244
9.1.4.2.3;Institutional Review, Reform, and Integration;249
9.1.4.2.4;Responsibility and Accountability.;250
9.1.4.2.5;Regulatory Regimes.;250
9.1.4.2.6;Integration and Coordination.;251
10;Chapter 8;254
10.1;Conclusion;254
11;References;258
12;Index;268
13;Alliance for Global Sustainability Series;284