Mozayani / Noziglia The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-60761-872-0
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 600 Seiten

Forensic science has come a long way in the past ten years. It is much more in-depth and much broader in scope, and the information gleaned from any evidence yields so much more information than it had in the past because of incredible advances in analytic instruments and crucial procedures at both the crime scene and in the lab. Many practices have gone digital, a concept not even fathomed ten years ago. And from the first collection of evidence to its lab analysis and interpretation to its final presentation in court, ethics has become an overriding guiding principle. That's why this new edition of this classic handbook is indispensable. The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice includes thirteen new chapters written by real-life practitioners who are experts in the field. It covers the tried and true topics of fingerprints, trace evidence, chemistry, biology, explosives and arson, forensic anthropology, forensic pathology, forensic documents, firearms and toolmarks. This text also addresses an array of new topics including accreditation, certification, ethics, and how insects and bugs can assist in determining many facts including a margin of time of death. In the attempt to offer a complete and comprehensive analysis The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice also includes a chapter discussing the design of a laboratory. In addition, each chapter contains educational requirements needed for the discipline it covers. Complete with questions at the end of each chapter, brief author bios and real crime scene photos, this text has risen to greet the many new challenges and issues that face today's forensic crime practitioners.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Noziglia, Carla

Mozayani, Ashraf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Proceduresand Practice;3
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;Contents;7
1.3;Contributors;9
1.4;Chapter 1: Forensic Laboratory Accreditation;13
1.4.1;1.1 Purpose of Accreditation;13
1.4.2;1.2 Why Accreditation?;14
1.4.3;1.3 Employee Responsibilities;14
1.4.4;1.4 Quality System;15
1.4.5;1.5 The Process of Accreditation;17
1.4.5.1;1.5.1 The Choice;17
1.4.5.2;1.5.2 Applying;18
1.4.5.3;1.5.3 The Assessment Team;18
1.4.5.4;1.5.4 Assessment Team Preparation;19
1.4.5.5;1.5.5 Laboratory Preparation;19
1.4.5.6;1.5.6 On-Site Assessment;20
1.4.5.7;1.5.7 The Report;21
1.4.5.8;1.5.8 Corrective Actions;21
1.4.5.9;1.5.9 Accreditation Maintenance;22
1.4.6;1.6 Continuous Improvement;23
1.4.6.1;1.6.1 Plan;23
1.4.6.2;1.6.2 Do;23
1.4.6.3;1.6.3 Check;23
1.4.6.4;1.6.4 Act;24
1.4.7;1.7 Glossary;24
1.4.8;1.8 Questions;25
1.4.9;1.9 About the Author;26
1.4.10;References;26
1.5;Chapter 2: Forensic Biology: Serology and DNA;27
1.5.1;2.1 Introduction;28
1.5.2;2.2 Types of Evidence Examined;28
1.5.3;2.3 Planning the Examination;30
1.5.4;2.4 Evidence Processing, Note Taking, and Report Writing;31
1.5.5;2.5 Serology Testing;32
1.5.5.1;2.5.1 Identification of Semen;32
1.5.5.2;2.5.2 Acid Phosphatase Screening;33
1.5.5.3;2.5.3 Alternate Light Source or Ultraviolet (UV) Light;33
1.5.5.4;2.5.4 Microscopic Identification of Spermatozoa;34
1.5.5.5;2.5.5 Protein Confirmation of Semen;35
1.5.6;2.6 Identification of Blood;36
1.5.6.1;2.6.1 Presumptive Testing for Blood;36
1.5.6.2;2.6.2 Species Testing of Blood;37
1.5.6.3;2.6.3 ABO Blood Typing;37
1.5.6.4;2.6.4 Blood Spatter Interpretation;38
1.5.7;2.7 Identification of Saliva;38
1.5.8;2.8 DNA Testing;39
1.5.8.1;2.8.1 DNA Extraction;39
1.5.8.2;2.8.2 Differential DNA Extraction;40
1.5.8.3;2.8.3 DNA Quantification;42
1.5.8.4;2.8.4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Early PCR-Based Methods;42
1.5.8.5;2.8.5 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis;43
1.5.8.6;2.8.6 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Sequencing;48
1.5.8.7;2.8.7 Y-Chromosome STR Analysis;50
1.5.8.8;2.8.8 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis;50
1.5.8.9;2.8.9 Mini-STR;51
1.5.8.10;2.8.10 Low Copy Number (LCN) DNA Testing;51
1.5.9;2.9 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Database;52
1.5.10;2.10 DNA in Criminal Proceedings;53
1.5.11;2.11 Sample Processing;53
1.5.11.1;2.11.1 Case Batching;54
1.5.11.2;2.11.2 Laboratory Automation;54
1.5.11.3;2.11.3 Outsourcing;54
1.5.12;2.12 Quality Assurance;55
1.5.13;2.13 Laboratory Accreditation;55
1.5.14;2.14 Educational Requirements for Forensic Biology Personnel;55
1.5.15;2.15 Proficiency Testing;56
1.5.16;2.16 Certification;56
1.5.17;2.17 Case Studies;56
1.5.17.1;2.17.1 Case Study: Probable Saliva for CODIS;56
1.5.17.2;2.17.2 Case Study: Aggravated Sexual Assault;57
1.5.18;Recommended Readings;57
1.5.19;Websites;58
1.5.20;2.18 Glossary;58
1.5.21;2.19 Questions;60
1.5.22;2.20 About the Authors;61
1.5.23;References;61
1.6;Chapter 3: Forensic Chemistry/Controlled Substances;63
1.6.1;3.1 Introduction;64
1.6.2;3.2 Examination Process;65
1.6.2.1;3.2.1 Scope of Analysis;65
1.6.2.2;3.2.2 Planning;66
1.6.2.3;3.2.3 Documentation;67
1.6.2.4;3.2.4 Chain of Custody;68
1.6.2.5;3.2.5 Working Notes;69
1.6.2.6;3.2.6 Final Report;69
1.6.3;3.3 Analysis;73
1.6.3.1;3.3.1 Botanical Examinations;73
1.6.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Marijuana;76
1.6.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Hashish;78
1.6.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Peyote;78
1.6.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Mushrooms;79
1.6.3.1.5;3.3.1.5 Documentation;81
1.6.3.2;3.3.2 Chemical Examinations;81
1.6.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Wet Chemical Procedures;82
1.6.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Chemical Color Tests;82
1.6.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Microcrystal Tests;83
1.6.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC);85
1.6.3.3;3.3.3 Extractions;86
1.6.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Physical Extraction;87
1.6.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Dry Wash and Dry Extraction;87
1.6.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Liquid/Liquid Extractions;87
1.6.3.4;3.3.4 Documentation;88
1.6.4;3.4 Instrumental Examinations;89
1.6.4.1;3.4.1 Nonspecific Examinations;89
1.6.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy;89
1.6.4.1.2;3.4.1.2 Gas Chromatography;91
1.6.4.1.3;3.4.1.3 Liquid Chromatography;92
1.6.4.2;3.4.2 Specific Examinations;92
1.6.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Mass Spectroscopy;92
1.6.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy;94
1.6.4.3;3.4.3 Documentation;96
1.6.4.4;3.4.4 Data Interpretation;96
1.6.5;3.5 Swgdrug;97
1.6.5.1;3.5.1 Examination Categories;97
1.6.5.2;3.5.2 Recommendations;98
1.6.6;3.6 ASTM Standards;99
1.6.6.1;3.6.1 Controlled Substance Specific Standards;99
1.6.6.2;3.6.2 Generic Analytical Standards;99
1.6.6.3;3.6.3 Chromatography Analysis Standards;100
1.6.6.4;3.6.4 Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis Standards;100
1.6.6.5;3.6.5 Mass Spectrometry Analysis Standard;100
1.6.7;3.7 Quality Assurance (QA)/Quality Control (QC);101
1.6.8;3.8 Clandestine Labs;101
1.6.8.1;3.8.1 Crime Scene Support;102
1.6.8.2;3.8.2 Laboratory Analysis;103
1.6.8.3;3.8.3 The Chemist;104
1.6.8.4;3.8.4 Expert Opinions;104
1.6.9;3.9 Summary;105
1.6.10;3.11 Questions;111
1.6.11;3.12 About the Author;113
1.6.12;References and Suggested Readings;113
1.7;Chapter 4: Crime Reconstruction and Evidence Dynamics;116
1.7.1;4.1 Introduction;116
1.7.2;4.2 The Scientific Method;118
1.7.3;4.3 Types of Evidence Analyzed;119
1.7.3.1;4.3.1 Blood;120
1.7.3.2;4.3.2 Firearms;120
1.7.3.3;4.3.3 Trace Evidence;121
1.7.3.4;4.3.4 Position of Evidence;121
1.7.4;4.4 What Can Be Determined;121
1.7.4.1;4.4.1 Case One;122
1.7.4.2;4.4.2 Case Two;122
1.7.5;4.5 Tying It All Together;123
1.7.6;4.6 Why Reconstruct A Crime?;123
1.7.6.1;4.6.1 Was There A Crime?;124
1.7.6.2;4.6.2 Crime Elements;124
1.7.6.2.1;4.6.2.1 Case One;124
1.7.6.2.2;4.6.2.2 Case Two;125
1.7.6.2.3;4.6.2.3 Case Three;125
1.7.7;4.7 Reconstruction in Behavioral Analysis;126
1.7.8;4.8 Ethics;127
1.7.9;4.9 Evidence Dynamics;128
1.7.9.1;4.9.1 Case;129
1.7.10;4.10 Conclusion;130
1.7.11;4.11 Questions;130
1.7.12;4.12 About the Author;132
1.7.13;References;133
1.8;Chapter 5: Explosives and Arson;134
1.8.1;5.1 Investigations;135
1.8.1.1;5.1.1 Hazards;135
1.8.1.2;5.1.2 Crime Scene Personnel;136
1.8.1.3;5.1.3 Taggants;137
1.8.1.3.1;5.1.3.1 Micro;137
1.8.1.3.2;5.1.3.2 Chemical;137
1.8.1.4;5.1.4 Contamination;138
1.8.1.5;5.1.5 What Happened?;138
1.8.1.6;5.1.6 Evidence Collection;139
1.8.2;5.2 Laboratory Analysis;139
1.8.2.1;5.2.1 Explosive Analysis;141
1.8.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Preliminary Tests;142
1.8.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Confirmatory Tests;142
1.8.2.2;5.2.2 Fire Debris Analysis;147
1.8.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography (GC);147
1.8.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS);148
1.8.3;5.3 Reports and Court;149
1.8.4;5.4 Educational Concerns;151
1.8.5;5.5 Questions;152
1.8.6;5.6 About the Author;153
1.8.7;References;154
1.9;Chapter 6: Fingerprints;156
1.9.1;6.1 A Brief History of Fingerprint Identification;157
1.9.2;6.2 An Introduction to the Henry System: Primary Classification;159
1.9.2.1;6.2.1 Example;162
1.9.2.2;6.2.2 Example;166
1.9.3;6.3 Ridge Counting and Tracing;166
1.9.4;6.4 Basic Tools of the Fingerprint Examiner;167
1.9.5;6.5 NCIC Fingerprint Classification;167
1.9.6;6.6 Properly Recording a Set of Inked Fingerprints;168
1.9.7;6.7 Live-Scan Fingerprinting;169
1.9.8;6.8 ACE-V Methodology;170
1.9.8.1;6.8.1 Analysis;171
1.9.8.2;6.8.2 Comparison;171
1.9.8.3;6.8.3 Evaluation;171
1.9.8.4;6.8.4 Verification;171
1.9.9;6.9 Areas of Concern During the Identification Process;171
1.9.9.1;6.9.1 Peer Pressure;172
1.9.9.2;6.9.2 Other Pressures;172
1.9.10;6.10 Theory and Hypothesis;175
1.9.11;6.11 Evidence;176
1.9.11.1;6.11.1 Forged and/or Falsified Evidence;176
1.9.11.1.1;6.11.1.1 Case One;178
1.9.11.1.2;6.11.1.2 Case Two;180
1.9.11.2;6.11.2 Evidence Processing;181
1.9.11.3;6.11.3 Handling Evidence;183
1.9.12;6.12 Courtroom Testimony;183
1.9.12.1;6.12.1 Daubert Motion;184
1.9.13;6.13 Certification;185
1.9.13.1;6.13.1 Latent Print Examiner;185
1.9.13.2;6.13.2 10-Print Examiner;185
1.9.14;6.14 Ethics;186
1.9.15;6.15 Laboratory Accreditation;186
1.9.16;6.16 Frequently Asked Questions About Latent Prints;187
1.9.16.1;6.16.1 What is a Latent Print?;187
1.9.16.2;6.16.2 Can You Tell What Hand Made the Latent Print?;187
1.9.16.3;6.16.3 Can You Tell the Age of a Latent Print?;188
1.9.16.4;6.16.4 Does Someone Always Leave a Fingerprint on an Item That He Touches?;188
1.9.16.5;6.16.5 Can You Develop Latent Prints on an Item That Has Been in Water?;188
1.9.16.6;6.16.6 How Long Will Fingerprints Remain on an Item?;189
1.9.17;6.17 Questions;189
1.9.18;6.18 About the Author;189
1.9.19;References;190
1.10;Chapter 7: Legal Issues Concerning Expert Evidence and Testimony;192
1.10.1;7.1 The Nature and Purpose of Expert Opinion Evidence;193
1.10.1.1;7.1.1 Scope of the Chapter;193
1.10.1.2;7.1.2 Theory of Admissibility of Expert Testimony;193
1.10.1.3;7.1.3 Tests of Admissibility;195
1.10.1.3.1;7.1.3.1 The Pre-Frye Period of the Common Law;195
1.10.1.3.2;7.1.3.2 The Frye Rule: “Expert Testimony in Search of a Rationale”;195
1.10.1.3.3;7.1.3.3 The Federal Rules of Evidence Emerge;196
1.10.1.3.4;7.1.3.4 Daubert Interprets Federal Rule of Evidence 702;197
1.10.1.3.5;7.1.3.5 Daubert Broadened in Kumho Tire v. Carmichael: Other Decisions;198
1.10.1.4;7.1.4 Expert Opinion in the States: Other Concerns and Considerations;199
1.10.1.5;7.1.5 Judicial Notice of Underlying Science’s Reliability;199
1.10.2;7.2 Discovery and Disclosure in Criminal Cases;200
1.10.2.1;7.2.1 The General Purpose and Nature of Disclosure and Discovery;200
1.10.2.1.1;7.2.1.1 Informal Disclosure by the Prosecution;200
1.10.2.2;7.2.2 Laws of Disclosure;201
1.10.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Federal Due Process Obligations;201
1.10.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Pretrial Discovery in Federal and State Courts;201
1.10.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Discovery in Federal Criminal Cases;202
1.10.2.2.4;7.2.2.4 American Bar Association Standards;204
1.10.2.2.5;7.2.2.5 Discovery Rules of the States;204
1.10.3;7.3 Discovery and Disclosure in Civil Cases;204
1.10.3.1;7.3.1 General Considerations;204
1.10.3.2;7.3.2 Scope of Expert Witness Discovery in Civil Cases Under Federal Rule 26;205
1.10.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Discovery Based on the Expert’s Role;205
1.10.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Experts to Be Called as Witnesses;206
1.10.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Non-Witness Consulting Experts;206
1.10.3.2.4;7.3.2.4 Experts Informally Consulted But Not Retained;207
1.10.3.2.5;7.3.2.5 Experts Who Obtained Independent Information;207
1.10.3.3;7.3.3 2006 E-Discovery Amendments and ESI (Electronically Stored Information);208
1.10.4;7.4 The Expert at Trial;208
1.10.4.1;7.4.1 Qualifying Procedures;208
1.10.4.2;7.4.2 Experience as an Expert Witness;209
1.10.4.3;7.4.3 Education and Training;209
1.10.4.4;7.4.4 Membership in Professional Associations;210
1.10.4.5;7.4.5 Increased Scrutiny of Experts;210
1.10.5;7.5 Legal Impediments to Expert Testimony;210
1.10.5.1;7.5.1 Hearsay;210
1.10.6;7.6 Proof of Chain of Custody of Tangible Evidence;211
1.10.7;7.7 Ethical Considerations;212
1.10.7.1;7.7.1 The Expert’s Ethical Obligations;212
1.10.7.2;7.7.2 Attorneys’ Ethics in Dealing with Experts;213
1.10.8;7.8 Liability of the Expert Witness for Malpractice;214
1.10.8.1;7.8.1 Expert Malpractice: A Problem of National Scope;214
1.10.8.2;7.8.2 Expert Malpractice;215
1.10.9;7.9 Questions;216
1.10.10;7.10 About the Authors;217
1.10.11;References;218
1.11;Chapter 8: Digital Evidence;224
1.11.1;8.1 Introduction;224
1.11.2;8.2 Types of Evidence Examined;226
1.11.3;8.3 Forensic Evidence Processing;227
1.11.3.1;8.3.1 Planning the Examination;228
1.11.3.2;8.3.2 Analysis;229
1.11.3.3;8.3.3 Reporting;230
1.11.4;8.4 Quality Assurance;231
1.11.4.1;8.4.1 Establishing a Program;232
1.11.4.2;8.4.2 The Quality Assurance Manual;232
1.11.5;8.5 Technology: Existing and on the Horizon;233
1.11.6;8.6 Computer Databases Available;233
1.11.7;8.7 Uses and Limitations of Procedures;234
1.11.8;8.8 Questions;235
1.11.9;8.9 About the Authors;235
1.11.10;References;236
1.12;Chapter 9: Firearms and Toolmarks;238
1.12.1;9.1 Introduction;239
1.12.2;9.2 Types of Firearms;241
1.12.3;9.3 Ammunition Components;245
1.12.4;9.4 Manufacturing Processes;249
1.12.5;9.5 Types of Examinations Conducted;249
1.12.6;9.6 Planning and Carrying Out the Examination;250
1.12.7;9.7 Equipment and Tools;250
1.12.7.1;9.7.1 Microscopes;250
1.12.7.2;9.7.2 Measuring Tools;252
1.12.7.3;9.7.3 Water Trap;253
1.12.7.4;9.7.4 Reference Collections;253
1.12.8;9.8 Case Example;253
1.12.8.1;9.8.1 Evidence Receipt;254
1.12.8.2;9.8.2 Evidence Submission;254
1.12.8.3;9.8.3 Request for Analysis;254
1.12.8.4;9.8.4 General Evidence Examination;254
1.12.8.5;9.8.5 Evidence Examination Worksheet;254
1.12.8.6;9.8.6 Cartridge Case Comparison;257
1.12.8.7;9.8.7 Bullet Comparison;258
1.12.8.8;9.8.8 Gunshot Residue Testing;259
1.12.8.9;9.8.9 Gunshot Residue Examination Worksheet;259
1.12.8.10;9.8.10 Gunshot Residue Examination Report;260
1.12.8.11;9.8.11 Report of Scientific Examination;261
1.12.9;9.9 Databases;261
1.12.10;9.10 Criteria for Identification;262
1.12.11;9.11 Comparing Screwdrivers, Pliers, and Other Hand Tools;263
1.12.12;9.12 Serial Number Restoration;263
1.12.13;9.13 The Future;265
1.12.14;9.14 Updates;265
1.12.14.1;9.14.1 Comparative Lead Analysis;265
1.12.14.2;9.14.2 Firearms Identification;266
1.12.15;9.15 Case Study;266
1.12.16;9.16 Questions;274
1.12.17;9.17 About the Author;274
1.12.18;References;275
1.13;Chapter 10: Forensic Odontology: Teeth and Their Secrets;276
1.13.1;10.1 Introduction;276
1.13.2;10.2 Who is the Forensic Odontologist?;277
1.13.3;10.3 What is Dental Evidence?;277
1.13.4;10.4 Scope of Forensic Odontology;278
1.13.4.1;10.4.1 Identification Work;278
1.13.4.2;10.4.2 Age Estimation;279
1.13.4.3;10.4.3 Disaster Victim Identification;279
1.13.4.3.1;10.4.3.1 Mass Disasters;280
1.13.4.3.1.1;The South East Asia Tsunami of December 2004;280
1.13.4.3.1.2;September 11th Attacks;281
1.13.4.3.1.3;SAS 686 Crash, Milan, Italy;282
1.13.4.3.1.4;Scandinavian Star Ferry Fire;283
1.13.4.3.2;10.4.3.2 Interpol’s Role in Mass Disasters;283
1.13.5;10.5 Police Cases;284
1.13.5.1;10.5.1 The Case of an Ambitious Surgeon;284
1.13.5.2;10.5.2 The Case of a Missing Teen;284
1.13.5.3;10.5.3 The Case of the Pink Teeth;285
1.13.6;10.6 Injury Analysis;285
1.13.6.1;10.6.1 Bite Marks;286
1.13.6.2;10.6.2 Facial and Dental Injuries in Civil or Criminal Trauma;287
1.13.6.3;10.6.3 Malpractice Cases;287
1.13.6.4;10.6.4 Anthropology and Archaeology;287
1.13.7;10.7 How to Become a Forensic Odontologist;288
1.13.8;10.8 Conclusions;289
1.13.9;10.9 Questions;290
1.13.10;10.10 About the Author;291
1.13.11;References;291
1.14;Chapter 11: Forensic Pathology and the Investigation of Death;293
1.14.1;11.1 The Origins of Death Investigation;294
1.14.2;11.2 Investigating and Documenting Deaths in the United States;295
1.14.2.1;11.2.1 Reportable Deaths;296
1.14.2.2;11.2.2 Outcomes of Reported Cases;297
1.14.2.3;11.2.3 Uses of the Death Certificate;298
1.14.3;11.3 The Cause and Manner of Death;299
1.14.3.1;11.3.1 Cause of Death;299
1.14.3.1.1;11.3.1.1 Proximate Cause;300
1.14.3.1.2;11.3.1.2 Immediate Cause of Death;300
1.14.3.1.3;11.3.1.3 Mechanism of Death;300
1.14.3.2;11.3.2 Analysis of Cases;301
1.14.3.3;11.3.3 Manner of Death;302
1.14.4;11.4 The Autopsy or Postmortem Examination;303
1.14.4.1;11.4.1 The Hospital Autopsy;303
1.14.4.2;11.4.2 The Private Autopsy;304
1.14.4.3;11.4.3 The Forensic or Medicolegal Autopsy;304
1.14.5;11.5 The Medical Examiner’s Office;307
1.14.5.1;11.5.1 Definitions;307
1.14.5.2;11.5.2 Components of a Medical Examiner’s Office;308
1.14.5.2.1;11.5.2.1 Staff;309
1.14.5.2.2;11.5.2.2 Office Accreditation;311
1.14.6;11.6 Selected Topics in Forensic Pathology;311
1.14.6.1;11.6.1 Firearms Injury;312
1.14.6.2;11.6.2 Sharp and Blunt Force Injuries;314
1.14.6.2.1;11.6.2.1 Blunt Force Injuries;315
1.14.6.2.2;11.6.2.2 Sharp Force Injuries;318
1.14.6.3;11.6.3 Complex Injury Patterns;322
1.14.6.3.1;11.6.3.1 Motor Vehicle Collisions and Pedestrian Deaths;322
1.14.6.3.2;11.6.3.2 Asphyxia;326
1.14.6.3.3;11.6.3.3 Pediatric Accidental and Non-Accidental Injuries;329
1.14.6.4;11.6.4 Sudden Unexpected Death Due to Natural Causes;330
1.14.6.4.1;11.6.4.1 Adults;330
1.14.6.4.2;11.6.4.2 Infants and Children;333
1.14.7;11.7 Education and Certification;335
1.14.7.1;11.7.1 Education of the Forensic Pathologist;335
1.14.7.2;11.7.2 Board Certification;336
1.14.8;11.8 Court Testimony and Ethics;336
1.14.8.1;11.8.1 Types of Witnesses;337
1.14.8.2;11.8.2 Role of the Forensic Pathologist in Court;337
1.14.8.3;11.8.3 Ethics of Court Testimony;337
1.14.8.4;11.8.4 Professional Responsibilities of the Medical Examiner;338
1.14.9;11.9 Final Thoughts: Pathology in the Public Interest;339
1.14.10;11.10 Appendix;340
1.14.11;11.11 Questions;341
1.14.12;11.12 About the Author;341
1.14.13;References;342
1.15;Chapter 12: Quality in the Forensic Science Laboratory;344
1.15.1;12.1 Introduction;345
1.15.2;12.2 The Quality Management System;346
1.15.3;12.3 The Quality Manual;347
1.15.3.1;12.3.1 Preparing the Quality Manual;348
1.15.4;12.4 The Quality Manager;349
1.15.5;12.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control;350
1.15.5.1;12.5.1 Quality Assurance;350
1.15.5.2;12.5.2 Quality Control;351
1.15.5.2.1;12.5.2.1 Instrument Calibration and Maintenance;351
1.15.5.2.2;12.5.2.2 Control Charting and Trend Analysis;352
1.15.5.2.3;12.5.2.3 Proficiency Test and Reference Samples;352
1.15.5.2.4;12.5.2.4 Method Validations;352
1.15.6;12.6 Audits;353
1.15.6.1;12.6.1 Introduction;353
1.15.6.2;12.6.2 Auditing and Management Review;353
1.15.6.2.1;12.6.2.1 The Audit Plan;354
1.15.6.2.2;12.6.2.2 The Checklist;354
1.15.6.3;12.6.3 Data Collection;355
1.15.6.3.1;12.6.3.1 Objectivity in Data Collection;355
1.15.6.3.2;12.6.3.2 Questioning;355
1.15.6.3.3;12.6.3.3 Physical Data: Document and Record Review, Environment;356
1.15.6.4;12.6.4 Analysis Phase;356
1.15.6.5;12.6.5 Reporting;357
1.15.6.6;12.6.6 Corrective Action;357
1.15.6.7;12.6.7 Management Review;357
1.15.7;12.7 Competency;358
1.15.7.1;12.7.1 Introduction;358
1.15.7.2;12.7.2 The Job Description;359
1.15.7.3;12.7.3 Training;360
1.15.7.3.1;12.7.3.1 Mentoring;360
1.15.7.3.2;12.7.3.2 Group Training;360
1.15.7.3.3;12.7.3.3 Student Learning;361
1.15.8;12.8 Laboratory Equipment and Quality Assurance;361
1.15.8.1;12.8.1 Equipment Selection and Purchase;361
1.15.8.2;12.8.2 Equipment Preventative Maintenance;361
1.15.8.3;12.8.3 Calibration;362
1.15.9;12.9 The Test Environment;362
1.15.9.1;12.9.1 The Laboratory and Equipment;362
1.15.9.2;12.9.2 Building, Including Access Control;363
1.15.9.3;12.9.3 Fixtures;363
1.15.9.4;12.9.4 Heating and Air Conditioning;363
1.15.9.5;12.9.5 Lighting;364
1.15.9.6;12.9.6 Surface Materials;364
1.15.10;12.10 Materials and Supplies;364
1.15.10.1;12.10.1 Specifications;364
1.15.10.2;12.10.2 Inventory;364
1.15.11;12.11 Records;365
1.15.12;12.12 Statistics;365
1.15.12.1;12.12.1 Statistics and QA;365
1.15.12.2;12.12.2 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion;366
1.15.12.3;12.12.3 Sample, Population, and Distribution;366
1.15.12.4;12.12.4 Statistical Control of Quality – Control Charts;367
1.15.12.5;12.12.5 Uncertainty of Measurement;368
1.15.13;12.13 Standard Operating Procedures and Standard Methods;369
1.15.13.1;12.13.1 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs);369
1.15.13.2;12.13.2 Standard Methods;370
1.15.14;12.14 Traceability;371
1.15.15;12.15 Proficiency Testing;372
1.15.16;12.16 Accreditation;372
1.15.16.1;12.16.1 Accreditation and QA;372
1.15.17;12.17 Questions;373
1.15.18;12.18 About the Author;375
1.15.19;References;375
1.16;Chapter 13: Forensic Document Examination;377
1.16.1;13.1 Introduction;377
1.16.2;13.2 Handwriting and Hand Printing;378
1.16.3;13.3 Natural Variation;380
1.16.4;13.4 Basis of Identification;382
1.16.5;13.5 Exemplar Writing;383
1.16.6;13.6 Limitation of Copies;384
1.16.7;13.7 Ink and Papers;387
1.16.8;13.8 Computer Printers;387
1.16.9;13.9 Photocopiers;388
1.16.10;13.10 Summary;388
1.16.11;13.11 Questions;389
1.16.12;13.12 About the Author;390
1.16.13;References;390
1.17;Chapter 14: Toxicology in the Forensic Lab;392
1.17.1;14.1 Introduction;392
1.17.2;14.2 Interpretation of Results;394
1.17.3;14.3 Instrumentation;396
1.17.3.1;14.3.1 Separation Technology;396
1.17.3.2;14.3.2 Detectors;397
1.17.4;14.4 Analytical Procedures;398
1.17.4.1;14.4.1 Screening Tests;399
1.17.5;14.5 Antemortem Toxicology;399
1.17.5.1;14.5.1 Driving Under the Influence (DUI);400
1.17.5.2;14.5.2 Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID);401
1.17.5.3;14.5.3 Non-driving Situations;401
1.17.5.4;14.5.4 Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault;402
1.17.5.5;14.5.5 Other Antemortem Situations;402
1.17.6;14.6 Interpretation of Results;403
1.17.7;14.7 Postmortem Toxicology;403
1.17.7.1;14.7.1 Example Cases, Postmortem;404
1.17.7.1.1;14.7.1.1 Case 1;404
1.17.7.1.2;14.7.1.2 Case 2;404
1.17.7.1.3;14.7.1.3 Case 3;404
1.17.7.1.4;14.7.1.4 Case 4;405
1.17.8;14.8 Real Examples from the Case Files;405
1.17.8.1;14.8.1 Case 5;406
1.17.8.2;14.8.2 Case 6;406
1.17.9;14.9 Conclusion;407
1.17.10;14.10 Questions;407
1.17.11;14.11 About the Author;408
1.17.12;References;409
1.18;Chapter 15: Trace Evidence;410
1.18.1;15.1 General Considerations;410
1.18.2;15.2 Gunshot Residue;412
1.18.2.1;15.2.1 Bulk Analysis;413
1.18.2.2;15.2.2 Particle Analysis;413
1.18.2.3;15.2.3 Interpretation;415
1.18.2.4;15.2.4 Statistical Evaluation of GSR Data;415
1.18.3;15.3 Hairs;417
1.18.3.1;15.3.1 DNA Screening;417
1.18.4;15.4 Fibers and Textiles;417
1.18.4.1;15.4.1 Physical Properties;417
1.18.5;15.5 Paint;418
1.18.6;15.6 Comparison Analysis;419
1.18.7;15.7 General Unknowns;420
1.18.8;15.8 Common Tools for a Trace Examiner;421
1.18.9;15.9 Questions;422
1.18.10;15.10 About the Author;423
1.18.11;References;423
1.19;Chapter 16: LIMS: Laboratory Information Management Systems;424
1.19.1;16.1 Introduction;425
1.19.2;16.2 What is a LIMS?;425
1.19.2.1;16.2.1 Data Storage;426
1.19.2.2;16.2.2 Software Application;426
1.19.2.2.1;16.2.2.1 Business Logic;426
1.19.2.2.2;16.2.2.2 User Interface;427
1.19.2.3;16.2.3 Categories of LIMS and How to Choose One;427
1.19.2.3.1;16.2.3.1 Commercial Off-The-Shelf;427
1.19.2.3.2;16.2.3.2 Custom Development LIMS;428
1.19.2.3.3;16.2.3.3 In-House Development LIMS;429
1.19.2.3.4;16.2.3.4 Which LIMS is Right for You?;429
1.19.3;16.3 Case Management;430
1.19.3.1;16.3.1 A Place for Everything;430
1.19.3.2;16.3.2 Case Summary Information;431
1.19.3.2.1;16.3.2.1 Offenses;431
1.19.3.2.2;16.3.2.2 Individuals;431
1.19.3.2.3;16.3.2.3 Evidence;431
1.19.3.2.4;16.3.2.4 Requests for Analysis;431
1.19.3.2.5;16.3.2.5 Case Documents;431
1.19.4;16.4 Workload Management;432
1.19.4.1;16.4.1 The Multi-Disciplinary Forensic Lab;432
1.19.4.1.1;16.4.1.1 The Request for Analysis Lifecycle;432
1.19.4.1.2;16.4.1.2 Managing the Examination Process Across Disciplines;432
1.19.4.1.3;16.4.1.3 Request Entry;433
1.19.4.1.4;16.4.1.4 Request Assignment;434
1.19.4.1.5;16.4.1.5 Analysis;434
1.19.4.1.6;16.4.1.6 Workflow and Result Types;435
1.19.4.1.7;16.4.1.7 Supporting Variability in Examination and Result Types;435
1.19.4.1.7.1;Analytical Modules;435
1.19.4.1.7.2;Customizable Service Definitions;436
1.19.4.1.8;16.4.1.8 Batch Processing vs. Single Analysis;436
1.19.4.1.9;16.4.1.9 Instrument Interfaces;436
1.19.4.1.10;16.4.1.10 Report Drafting;437
1.19.4.1.11;16.4.1.11 Technical and Administrative Reviews;438
1.19.4.1.12;16.4.1.12 Report Delivery;438
1.19.5;16.5 Evidence Management;439
1.19.5.1;16.5.1 The Evidence Lifecycle;439
1.19.5.2;16.5.2 What is Chain of Custody to a Computer?;440
1.19.5.3;16.5.3 Recording Evidence Transfers;440
1.19.5.3.1;16.5.3.1 Barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification;441
1.19.5.4;16.5.4 Managing Evidence Inventories;442
1.19.5.4.1;16.5.4.1 The Inventory Process;442
1.19.5.4.2;16.5.4.2 Inflow;442
1.19.5.4.3;16.5.4.3 Storage;443
1.19.5.4.4;16.5.4.4 Location Audits, Evidence Reconciliations;443
1.19.5.4.5;16.5.4.5 Outflow;443
1.19.5.4.6;16.5.4.6 Evidence Hierarchies;444
1.19.5.4.7;16.5.4.7 Evidence Packaging and Containers;444
1.19.5.5;16.5.5 Evidence Genealogy;445
1.19.6;16.6 Document Management;445
1.19.6.1;16.6.1 Case Documentation;446
1.19.6.2;16.6.2 Quality Management Documentation;447
1.19.7;16.7 Queries and Reports;447
1.19.7.1;16.7.1 Ad Hoc Queries;448
1.19.7.2;16.7.2 Management Reports;448
1.19.7.3;16.7.3 Caseload Statistics;448
1.19.8;16.8 System Management;449
1.19.8.1;16.8.1 System Administration;449
1.19.8.2;16.8.2 Database Administration;450
1.19.9;16.9 Systems Integration;450
1.19.10;16.10 Questions;451
1.19.11;16.11 About the Author;452
1.20;Chapter 17: Forensic Entomology;453
1.20.1;17.1 Introduction;454
1.20.2;17.2 Decomposition;456
1.20.2.1;17.2.1 Fresh Stage;457
1.20.2.2;17.2.2 Bloated Stage;457
1.20.2.3;17.2.3 Decay Stage;458
1.20.2.4;17.2.4 Postdecay Stage;458
1.20.2.5;17.2.5 Skeletal Stage;458
1.20.3;17.3 Basis for Use of Insects;459
1.20.3.1;17.3.1 Necrophagous Species;459
1.20.3.2;17.3.2 Parasites and Predators;459
1.20.3.3;17.3.3 Omnivorous Species;459
1.20.3.4;17.3.4 Adventive Species;460
1.20.3.5;17.3.5 Accidental Species;460
1.20.4;17.4 Collection of Entomological Evidence;460
1.20.4.1;17.4.1 Equipment Needed;461
1.20.4.2;17.4.2 Collection Procedures;461
1.20.5;17.5 Applications of Entomological Evidence;463
1.20.5.1;17.5.1 Estimation of the Postmortem Interval;464
1.20.5.2;17.5.2 Postmortem Movement of the Body;470
1.20.5.3;17.5.3 Assessment of Wounds;471
1.20.5.4;17.5.4 Crime Scene/Habitat Characterization;471
1.20.5.5;17.5.5 Alternate Specimens for Toxicology;473
1.20.5.6;17.5.6 DNA Applications;474
1.20.5.7;17.5.7 Abuse/Neglect of Children and the Elderly;474
1.20.6;17.6 Educational Requirements and Certification;477
1.20.7;17.7 Appendix: Protocols for Collection of Entomological Specimens;478
1.20.8;17.8 Equipment Needed;478
1.20.9;17.9 Collection Procedures;478
1.20.10;17.10 Labeling;481
1.20.11;17.11 Additional Information;481
1.20.12;17.12 Questions;482
1.20.13;17.13 About the Author;483
1.20.14;References;483
1.21;Chapter 18: Forensic Facility Plan and Design Guidelines;485
1.21.1;18.1 Introduction;486
1.21.2;18.2 Can’t Sleep;486
1.21.3;18.3 To Renovate or Not;487
1.21.3.1;18.3.1 Exterior Envelope;487
1.21.3.2;18.3.2 Interior Quality of Life;488
1.21.3.3;18.3.3 Infrastructure;488
1.21.3.4;18.3.4 Non-Assigned Space or Building Core;488
1.21.4;18.4 Developing a Case for a New Facility;489
1.21.4.1;18.4.1 Process Mapping to Help Build Your Case;490
1.21.4.2;18.4.2 Level of Detail;490
1.21.4.2.1;18.4.2.1 Time Analysis;490
1.21.4.2.2;18.4.2.2 Resource Analysis;491
1.21.4.2.3;18.4.2.3 Swim Lanes;493
1.21.4.2.4;18.4.2.4 Occurrence Rate;493
1.21.4.2.5;18.4.2.5 Activity Type;493
1.21.4.3;18.4.3 Approach to Generating a Process Map;494
1.21.5;18.5 Forensic Laboratory Planning;494
1.21.6;18.6 Engineering Basis of Design;496
1.21.6.1;18.6.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning;496
1.21.6.1.1;18.6.1.1 Introduction;496
1.21.6.1.2;18.6.1.2 A Key Challenge;497
1.21.6.1.3;18.6.1.3 Starting Precept;497
1.21.6.1.4;18.6.1.4 The Basis of Design;497
1.21.6.1.5;18.6.1.5 Integrating the HVAC System and the Architectural Planning;497
1.21.6.1.6;18.6.1.6 Anticipating Change;498
1.21.6.1.7;18.6.1.7 Containing Hazards;498
1.21.6.1.8;18.6.1.8 Maintaining a Good Indoor Environment;498
1.21.6.1.9;18.6.1.9 Keeping it Working;499
1.21.6.1.10;18.6.1.10 Saving Energy;500
1.21.6.1.11;18.6.1.11 Making Sure It’s Right;500
1.21.6.2;18.6.2 Fire Prevention and Protection for Forensic Labs;501
1.21.6.2.1;18.6.2.1 The Challenge;501
1.21.6.2.2;18.6.2.2 Spaces;501
1.21.6.2.2.1;Controlled Substances;501
1.21.6.2.2.2;Latent Prints;501
1.21.6.2.2.3;Instrument Rooms;502
1.21.6.2.2.4;Evidence and Property Storage Areas;502
1.21.6.2.2.5;Vehicle Exam Bays;502
1.21.6.2.2.6;Firearms;502
1.21.6.2.3;18.6.2.3 Systems;502
1.21.6.2.3.1;Wet Sprinkler System;502
1.21.6.2.3.2;Interlocked Dry Pipe System;503
1.21.6.2.3.3;Chemical or Gaseous Systems;503
1.21.6.2.3.4;Flammable Storage Cabinets;503
1.21.6.2.3.5;Ventilation Systems;504
1.21.6.2.3.6;Fire Extinguishers;504
1.21.6.3;18.6.3 Laboratory Plumbing and Piped Utilities;504
1.21.6.3.1;18.6.3.1 The Challenge;504
1.21.6.3.2;18.6.3.2 Water Supply;504
1.21.6.3.3;18.6.3.3 Drainage;505
1.21.6.3.4;18.6.3.4 Compressed Air;505
1.21.6.3.5;18.6.3.5 Vacuum;505
1.21.6.3.6;18.6.3.6 Natural Gas;505
1.21.6.3.7;18.6.3.7 Compressed Gasses;505
1.21.6.4;18.6.4 Lighting;506
1.21.6.5;18.6.5 Electrical Power;506
1.21.6.6;18.6.6 Information Systems and Communications;506
1.21.6.7;18.6.7 Security and Access Control;507
1.21.7;18.7 Building Management Systems;507
1.21.8;18.8 ISO-17025 and the Effect on Forensic Facility Design;508
1.21.9;18.9 Sustainable “Green” Forensic Laboratory Design;509
1.21.10;18.10 Conclusion;512
1.21.11;18.11 Questions;513
1.21.12;18.12 About the Authors;513
1.22;Chapter 19: Introduction to Forensic Anthropology;515
1.22.1;19.1 History of Forensic Anthropology;515
1.22.2;19.2 Scene Processing;516
1.22.2.1;19.2.1 Scattered Remains;517
1.22.2.2;19.2.2 Buried Remains;518
1.22.2.3;19.2.3 Burned Remains;521
1.22.3;19.3 Postmortem Interval;521
1.22.4;19.4 Biological Profile;524
1.22.4.1;19.4.1 Sex;524
1.22.4.2;19.4.2 Age;526
1.22.4.3;19.4.3 Ancestry;528
1.22.4.4;19.4.4 Stature;530
1.22.4.5;19.4.5 Anomalies and Pathologies;531
1.22.5;19.5 Trauma Analysis;533
1.22.5.1;19.5.1 Antemortem Trauma;533
1.22.5.2;19.5.2 Postmortem Trauma;535
1.22.5.3;19.5.3 Perimortem Trauma;535
1.22.6;19.6 Identification;539
1.22.7;19.7 Conclusion;540
1.22.8;19.8 Questions;541
1.22.9;19.9 About the Authors;541
1.22.10;References;542
1.23;Chapter 20: Introduction to Forensic Engineering and Accident Reconstruction;544
1.23.1;20.1 Introduction;545
1.23.2;20.2 Documentation of an Accident Scene;545
1.23.2.1;20.2.1 Scene Examination;545
1.23.2.2;20.2.2 Vehicle Examination;549
1.23.2.3;20.2.3 Crush Damage;549
1.23.2.4;20.2.4 Light Bulb Examination;550
1.23.2.5;20.2.5 Seat Belt Examinations;551
1.23.2.6;20.2.6 Occupant Kinematics;554
1.23.3;20.3 Accident Reconstruction;555
1.23.3.1;20.3.1 Definitions;555
1.23.3.2;20.3.2 Laws of Motion;556
1.23.3.3;20.3.3 Reconstruction Analysis;556
1.23.3.3.1;20.3.3.1 Calculation Procedure;557
1.23.3.4;20.3.4 Change in Velocity;559
1.23.3.5;20.3.5 Vehicle: Pedestrian Accidents;560
1.23.4;20.4 Product Liability;561
1.23.5;20.5 Concluding Remarks;562
1.23.6;20.6 Appendix;562
1.23.7;20.7 Abbreviations;564
1.23.8;20.8 Questions;564
1.23.9;20.9 About the Authors;565
1.23.10;References;565
1.24;Chapter 21: Wildlife Forensic Science;567
1.24.1;21.1 Introduction;567
1.24.2;21.2 The Inherent Problems of Wildlife Forensic Science;569
1.24.2.1;21.2.1 The Lack of Species-Specific Definitions for Wildlife Parts and Products;569
1.24.2.2;21.2.2 Legal vs. Illegal Kills;570
1.24.3;21.3 Wildlife Forensic Protocols;571
1.24.3.1;21.3.1 Morphology;572
1.24.3.2;21.3.2 Molecular Biology (Genetics);572
1.24.3.2.1;21.3.2.1 Family/Genus/Species ID;573
1.24.3.2.2;21.3.2.2 Gender Identification;573
1.24.3.2.3;21.3.2.3 Individualization of Blood and Tissue;574
1.24.3.3;21.3.3 Criminalistics;574
1.24.3.3.1;21.3.3.1 Trace Evidence;575
1.24.3.3.2;21.3.3.2 Firearms;575
1.24.3.3.3;21.3.3.3 Other Weapons;575
1.24.3.3.4;21.3.3.4 Impression Marks;576
1.24.3.3.5;21.3.3.5 Latent Prints;576
1.24.3.3.6;21.3.3.6 Questioned Documents;577
1.24.4;21.4 Analytical Chemistry;577
1.24.4.1;21.4.1 Toxicology Data;578
1.24.4.2;21.4.2 Biomarker Data;578
1.24.4.3;21.4.3 Hemoglobin Structural Data;579
1.24.4.4;21.4.4 Stable Isotope Data;579
1.24.5;21.5 Pathology;580
1.24.6;21.6 Digital Evidence;581
1.24.7;21.7 Questions;581
1.24.8;21.8 About the Author;581
1.24.9;Suggested Reading;582
1.25;Appendices;584
1.25.1;Appendix A;585
1.25.2;Appendix B;586
1.25.3;Appendix C;587
1.26;Index;588