Nayak Polypropylene Nanofibers

Melt Electrospinning Versus Meltblowing
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-61458-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 190 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering Materials

This book provides a comparison between melt electrospinning and meltblowing as techniques for the production of polypropylene nanofibers. The author compares the morphological, structural, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the different produced fibers. Moreover, the degree of thermal degradation of the different fibers is also analyzed. The book is useful to chemists and material scientists working on the synthesis of nanofibers by melt processes, showing the limitations of each technique for nanofiber fabrication.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nayak, Rajkishore

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;7
3;Abbreviations;11
3.1;Symbols;12
4;Abstract;13
5;1 Introduction;15
5.1;1.1 Scope;15
5.2;1.2 Research Concepts and Hypotheses;17
5.3;1.3 Aims and Objectives;18
5.4;1.4 Contribution of the Research;19
5.5;1.5 Conclusion;19
5.6;References;20
6;2 Review of Literature: Melt Electrospinning;22
6.1;2.1 Introduction;22
6.2;2.2 Electrospinning;22
6.2.1;2.2.1 Types of Electrospinning;23
6.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Solution Electrospinning;23
6.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Melt Electrospinning;24
6.2.2;2.2.2 Jet Trajectory;25
6.3;2.3 Research on Melt Electrospinning;39
6.3.1;2.3.1 Equipment Used;39
6.3.2;2.3.2 Polymers Used;40
6.4;2.4 Fibre Diameter and Influencing Factors;41
6.4.1;2.4.1 Effects of Molecular Weight/MFI;42
6.4.2;2.4.2 Effect of Viscosity;42
6.4.3;2.4.3 Effect of Applied Voltage;42
6.4.4;2.4.4 Effect of Collector Distance and Type;43
6.4.5;2.4.5 Effect of Flow Rate;43
6.4.6;2.4.6 Effect of Spinneret Size;44
6.4.7;2.4.7 Effect of Temperature;44
6.4.8;2.4.8 Effect of Ambient Parameters;44
6.4.9;2.4.9 Effect of Electrical Conductivity;45
6.4.10;2.4.10 Other Parameters;45
6.5;2.5 Surface Morphology;45
6.6;2.6 Properties of Melt Electrospun Fibres;46
6.6.1;2.6.1 Mechanical Properties;46
6.6.2;2.6.2 Thermal Properties;47
6.6.3;2.6.3 Crystalline Properties;47
6.6.4;2.6.4 Other Properties;48
6.7;2.7 Conclusion;49
6.8;References;49
7;3 Experimental: Melt Electrospinning;53
7.1;3.1 Introduction;53
7.2;3.2 Materials;53
7.2.1;3.2.1 Material Synthesis;54
7.2.2;3.2.2 Material Preparation;55
7.3;3.3 Melt Electrospinning Apparatus;56
7.4;3.4 Additives;59
7.5;3.5 Annealing;59
7.6;3.6 Characterisation;60
7.6.1;3.6.1 SEM;60
7.6.2;3.6.2 Optical Microscopy;60
7.6.3;3.6.3 EDX;60
7.6.4;3.6.4 NMR;61
7.6.5;3.6.5 FTIR;61
7.6.6;3.6.6 DSC;61
7.6.7;3.6.7 TGA;62
7.6.8;3.6.8 Molecular Weight or Intrinsic Viscosity;62
7.6.9;3.6.9 XRD;62
7.6.10;3.6.10 Shear Viscosity;63
7.6.11;3.6.11 Electrical Conductivity;64
7.6.12;3.6.12 Mechanical Characterisation;64
7.6.13;3.6.13 Surface Wettability;65
7.7;3.7 Conclusion;65
7.8;References;65
8;4 Results and Discussion: Melt Electrospinning;67
8.1;4.1 Initial Experiments with Pure Polymers;67
8.1.1;4.1.1 Establishing the Processing Parameters;67
8.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Temperature;68
8.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Applied Voltage;69
8.1.1.3;4.1.1.3 Collector Distance;69
8.1.1.4;4.1.1.4 Melt Flow Rate;70
8.1.1.5;4.1.1.5 Spinneret Size;70
8.1.2;4.1.2 Initial Results: Effect of Polymer MFI;71
8.1.3;4.1.3 Effect of Viscosity;73
8.1.4;4.1.4 Effect of Melt Flow Rate;75
8.1.5;4.1.5 Other Observations;76
8.1.6;4.1.6 Effect of Die Size and Shape;77
8.1.6.1;4.1.6.1 Effect of Die Size;79
8.1.6.2;4.1.6.2 Effect of Die Shape;81
8.2;4.2 Experiments with Additives;82
8.2.1;4.2.1 Effect of Additives on Fibre Diameter;83
8.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Fibre Diameter from 100 and 300 MFI;83
8.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Fibre Diameter from 1000 and 2000 MFI;83
8.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Effect of Viscosity;91
8.2.1.4;4.2.1.4 Effect of Electrical Conductivity;92
8.2.1.5;4.2.1.5 Optimum Concentration of SO and NaCl;94
8.3;4.3 Characterisation;96
8.3.1;4.3.1 Elemental Composition Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX);96
8.3.2;4.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Results;99
8.3.3;4.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Results;100
8.3.4;4.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Results;101
8.3.5;4.3.5 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Results;108
8.3.6;4.3.6 Molecular Weight or Intrinsic Viscosity;108
8.3.7;4.3.7 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Results;109
8.3.8;4.3.8 Mechanical Property;111
8.3.9;4.3.9 Hydrophobic Properties;112
8.4;4.4 Washing of the Additives;113
8.5;4.5 Conclu?sion;115
8.6;References;115
9;5 Conclusions: Melt Electrospinning;118
9.1;5.1 Conclusions;118
9.2;References;120
10;6 Review of Literature: Meltblowing;121
10.1;6.1 Meltblowing;121
10.1.1;6.1.1 Equipment;121
10.1.2;6.1.2 Fibre Diameter and Influencing Factors;122
10.1.2.1;6.1.2.1 Effects of Material Properties;124
10.1.2.2;6.1.2.2 Effects of Process Parameters;125
10.1.3;6.1.3 Properties of Meltblown Fibres;125
10.2;6.2 Conclusio?n;126
10.3;References;126
11;7 Experimental: Meltblowing;129
11.1;7.1 Introduction;129
11.2;7.2 Materials;129
11.3;7.3 Meltblowing Apparatus;130
11.4;7.4 Annealing;133
11.5;7.5 Characterisation;133
11.5.1;7.5.1 Optical Microscopy;133
11.5.2;7.5.2 SEM;133
11.5.3;7.5.3 NMR;134
11.5.4;7.5.4 FTIR;134
11.5.5;7.5.5 DSC;134
11.5.6;7.5.6 TGA;135
11.5.7;7.5.7 Molecular Weight or Intrinsic Viscosity;135
11.5.8;7.5.8 XRD;135
11.5.9;7.5.9 Shear Viscosity;136
11.5.10;7.5.10 Mechanical Characterisation;137
11.5.11;7.5.11 Surface Wettability;138
11.6;7.6 Conc?lusion;139
11.7;References;139
12;8 Results and Discussion: Meltblowing;140
12.1;8.1 Initial Experiments with Pure Polymers;140
12.1.1;8.1.1 Initial Results;140
12.2;8.2 Effect of Fluids;141
12.2.1;8.2.1 Process of Fibre Formation with Fluid Injection;142
12.2.2;8.2.2 Collection Pattern of Fibres;143
12.2.3;8.2.3 Mechanism of Fibre Formation;145
12.2.4;8.2.4 Morphology and Diameter of Fibres;148
12.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 Fibre Morphology;148
12.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 Average Fibre Diameter;150
12.2.4.3;8.2.4.3 Results for 2000 MFI PP;152
12.3;8.3 Characterisation;153
12.3.1;8.3.1 NMR Results;154
12.3.2;8.3.2 FTIR Results;155
12.3.3;8.3.3 DSC Results;156
12.3.4;8.3.4 TGA;158
12.3.5;8.3.5 Molecular Weight or Intrinsic Viscosity;158
12.3.6;8.3.6 XRD Results;159
12.3.7;8.3.7 Mechanical Properties;161
12.3.7.1;8.3.7.1 Effect of MFI;161
12.3.7.2;8.3.7.2 Effect of Fluid Type;163
12.3.7.3;8.3.7.3 Effect of Annealing;163
12.3.7.4;8.3.7.4 Effect of Rotating Drum on the Mechanical Property;164
12.3.8;8.3.8 Hydrophobic Properties;165
12.4;8.4 Processing Difficulties with 2000 MFI PP;167
12.5;8.5 Conclusion;167
12.6;References;168
13;9 Conclusions: Meltblowing;170
13.1;9.1 Conclusions;170
13.2;References;172
14;10 Comparison of Results and Future Suggestions;173
14.1;10.1 Results of the Study;173
14.2;10.2 Comparison of Results for the Fabrication of Nanofibres;174
14.2.1;10.2.1 Differences in the Process of Fibre Formation;174
14.2.2;10.2.2 Differences in the Material Performance;174
14.2.3;10.2.3 Differences in the Fibre Properties;175
14.3;10.3 Future Suggestions;176
14.4;10.4 Publications;177
14.4.1;10.4.1 Journal Publications;177
14.4.2;10.4.2 Conference Publications;177
14.4.3;10.4.3 Book Chapter;178
14.5;References;178
15;Appendix A: Melt Electrospinning;179
16;Appendix B: Meltblowing;186
17;Index;193