Evaluating Measurement Accuracy

A Practical Approach
Softcover Nachdruck of the original 2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4899-9016-7
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 313 Seiten, Previously published in hardcover, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 235 mm, Gewicht: 516 g

“Evaluating Measurement Accuracy, 2nd Edition” is intended for those who are concerned with measurements in any field of science or technology. It reflects the latest developments in metrology and offers new results, but is designed to be accessible to readers at different levels: scientists who advance the field of metrology, engineers and experimental scientists who use measurements as tool in their professions, students and graduate students in natural sciences and engineering, and, in parts describing practical recommendations, technicians performing mass measurements in industry, quality control, and trade. This book presents material from the practical perspective and offers solutions and recommendations for problems that arise in conducting real-life measurements. This new edition adds a method for estimating accuracy of indirect measurements with independent arguments, whose development Dr. Rabinovich was able to complete very recently. This method, which is called the Method of Enumeration, produces estimates that are no longer approximate, similar to the way the method of reduction described in the first edition removed approximation in estimating uncertainty of indirect measurements with dependent arguments. The method of enumeration completes addressing the range of problems whose solutions signify the emergence of the new theory of accuracy of measurements. A new method is added for building a composition of histograms, and this method forms a theoretical basis for the method of enumeration.Additionally, as a companion to this book, a concise practical guide that assembles simple step-by-step procedures for typical tasks the practitioners are likely to encounter in measurement accuracy estimation is available at SpringerLink.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rabinovich, Semyon G

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

PrefaceChapter 1 General Concepts in the Theory of Measurement1.1  Basic Concepts and Terms1.2  The Basic Metrological Problems1.3  New Forms of International Cooperation in Metrology1.4  Postulates of the Theory of Measurements1.5  Classification of Measurements1.6  Classification of Measurement Errors1.7  General Approach to Evaluation of Measurement Inaccuracy1.8  Presentation of Measurement Results Chapter 2 Measuring Instruments and Their Properties 2.1 Types of Measuring Instruments2.2 Metrological Characteristics of Measuring Instruments2.3 Rating of the Errors of Measuring Instruments2.4 Dynamic Characteristics of Measuring Instruments2.5 Calibration and Verification of Measuring Instruments2.6 Designing a Calibration Scheme2.7 Statistical Analysis of Measuring Instrument Errors Chapter 3 Statistical Methods for Experimental Data Processing3.1 Methods for Describing Random Quantities3.2 Requirements for Statistical Estimates3.3 Evaluation of the Parameters of Normal Distribution3.4 Elimination of Outlying Data3.5 Construction of Confidence Intervals3.6 Reliability of Estimation of the Variance of a Sample from a Normal Distribution3.7 Reliability of Estimation of the Standard Deviation of the Mean of a Sample from a Normal Distribution3.8 Testing Hypotheses About the Form of the Distribution Function3.9 Testing for Homogeneity of Samples3.10 Robust Estimates3.11 Application of the Bayes’ Theorem Chapter 4 Direct Measurements4.1 Relation Between Single and Direct Measurements4.2 Classification of Elementary Errors4.3 Modeling of Elementary Errors4.3.1 Absolutely Constant Errors4.3.2 Conditionally Constant Errors4.3.3 Purely Random Errors4.3.4 Quasirandom Errors4.4 Composition of Uniform Distributions4.5 Methods for Precise Measurements4.6 Accuracy of Single Measurements Using a Measuring Instrument Under Reference Conditions4.7 Accuracy of Single Measurements Using a Measuring Instrument Under Rated Conditions4.8 Accuracy of Multiple Measurements Having Only Random Errors4.9 Accuracy of Multiple Measurements Having Both Random and Systematic Errors4.10 Analysis of the Accuracy of the Weighted Summation of Systematic and Random Errors4.11 Comparison of Different Methods for Combining Systematic and Random Errors Chapter 5 Indirect Measurements5.1 Terminology and Classification5.2  Correlation Coefficient and Its Calculation5.3 Method for Constructing the Composition of Histograms5.4 The Traditional Method5.5 Merits and Shortcomings of the Traditional Method5.6 The Method of Reduction5.7 The Method of Transformation5.8 The Method of Enumeration5.9 Total Uncertainty of Indirect Measurements5.10 Accuracy of Single Indirect Measurements5.11 Accuracy of a Single Measurement with a Chain of Instruments5.12 The Monte Carlo Method Chapter 6 Combined and Simultaneous Measurements6.1 General Remarks About the Method of Least Squares6.2 Measurements with Linear Equally Accurate Conditional Equations6.3 Measurements with Linear Unequally Accurate Conditional Equations6.4 Linearization of Nonlinear Conditional Equations6.5 Examples of the Application of the Method of Least Squares6.6 General Remarks on Determination of the Parameters in Formulas from Empirical Data 6.7 Construction of Transfer Functions of Meaning Transducers Chapter 7 Combining The Results of Measurements7.1 Introductory Remarks7.2 Theoretical Principles7.3 Effect of the Error of the Weights on the Error of the Weighted Mean7.4 Combining the Results of Measurements with Predominately Random Errors7.5 Combining the Results of Measurements with Both Systematic and Random Errors7.6 Combining the Results of Single Measurements Chapter 8 Examples of Measurements and Measurement Data Processing 8.1 Voltage Measurement with a Pointer-Type Voltmeter            8.1.1 A Priori Estimation of Measurement Inaccuracy            8.1.2 Universal Estimation of Measurement Inaccuracy            8.1.3 Individual Estimation of Measurement Inaccuracy8.2 Voltage Measurement with a Potentiometer and a Voltage Divider8.3 Comparison of Mass Measures8.4 Measurement of Electric Power at High Frequency8.5 An Indirect Measurement of the Electrical Resistance of a Resistor            8.5.1 Application of the Traditional Method            8.5.2 Application of the Method of Reduction8.6 Measurement of the Density of a Solid Body            8.6.1 Application of the Traditional Method8.6.2 Application of the Method of Transformation8.6.3 Application of the Method of Enumeration8.7 Measurement of Ionization Current8.8 Measurement of the Activity of a Radioactive Source Chapter 9 The International Vocabulary of Metrology andthe Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement: Analysis, Criticism, and Recommendations9.1 Introduction9.2 Comparison of Standard Deviation and Confidence Interval as Measurement Accuracy Indicators9.3 Critique of the International Vocabulary of Metrology9.4 Critique of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement9.4.1 Scope of GUM9.4.2 Philosophy of GUM9.4.3 Terminology of the GUM9.4.4 Evaluation of the Uncertainty in the GUM9.5 Roots of the Drawbacks of GUM and VIM9.6 Perspectives on Fixing GUM and VIMConclusion Measurement Data Processing: Past, Present and Next Steps Glossary Index

Über Autor(innen)

The goal of Evaluating Measurement Accuracy: A Practical Approach is to present methods for estimating the accuracy of measurements performed in industry, trade, and scientific research. From developing the theory of indirect measurements to proposing new methods of reduction, transformation, and enumeration, this work encompasses the full range of measurement data processing. It includes many examples that illustrate the application of general theory to typical problems encountered in measurement practice. As a result, the book serves as an inclusive reference work for data processing of all types of measurements: single and multiple, combined and simultaneous, direct (both linear and nonlinear), and indirect (both dependent and independent). It is a working tool for experimental scientists and engineers of all disciplines who work with instrumentation. It is also a good resource for natural science and engineering students and for technicians performing measurements in industry.A key feature of the book is a new general theory of measurements that is both well-grounded and oriented towards real-life needs of measurement practitioners. Although the traditional theory focuses on multiple measurements, single measurements are the ones most commonly used. This book presents methods for evaluating accuracy of single measurements and answers other fundamental questions not addressed adequately by the traditional theory, such as how to combine various components of measurement inaccuracy when evaluating the complete uncertainty of a measurement result. For its second edition, the book adds significant new material to incorporate recent metrological developments and expand coverage, including: ·         The new method of enumeration of experimental data processing for independent indirect multiple measurements which is precise and does not rely on questionable assumptions. ·         The analysis of reliability of estimates of statistical parameters of samples from a normal distribution. ·          A significantly expanded analysis of two fundamental documents in modern metrology, the International Vocabulary of Metrology and the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. ·         Completely rewritten sections devoted to accuracy of a single measurement taken with a chain of instruments and the Monte Carlo method.