Saxby The Science of Imaging, Second Edition

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4398-1287-7
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection

E-Book, Englisch, 352 Seiten

Edited and expanded to keep pace with the digital revolution, the new edition of this highly popular and critically acclaimed work provides a comprehensive exploration of imaging science. Brilliantly written and extensively illustrated, The Science of Imaging: An Introduction, Second Edition covers the fundamental laws of physics as well as the cutting-edge techniques defining current and future directions in the field.

Improvements to this Edition Include:

- A new chapter on astronomical imaging

- A larger format with a wealth of illustrations

- Major revisions in the areas of digital imaging and modern technology

- Updated references with links to a wealth of online resources—including teaching material and expanded information

This accessible introduction to the subject takes students on a grand tour of imaging. Starting with the fundamentals of light and basic cameras, the author journeys through television and holography to advanced scientific and medical imaging. He highlights essential formulas, while keeping the complex mathematics to a minimum. Copiously illustrated with a wealth of examples and a 16-page color insert, the text covers optics, imaging systems, materials, and image interpretation and creation in a manner that makes it easy to understand.

Praise for the critically acclaimed First Edition:

It's the best book I have read on the subject at this level.
—Ron Graham, RPS Journal

. every student should read it, every photographer should own it, and every lecturer and journalist should know its contents inside out.
—Jon Tarrant, British Journal of Photography

Zielgruppe

Professional, students, and lecturers in art and design, and anyone interested in imaging.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Saxby, Graham

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Sonstige Technologien | Angewandte Technik Signalverarbeitung, Bildverarbeitung, Scanning
• Naturwissenschaften Physik Physik Allgemein

Inhaltsverzeichnis

The Nature of Light

Models for the Behavior of Light

Box: Maxwell and Electromagnetism

Electromagnetic Radiation

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Polarization

Interference

Diffraction

Box: The Grating Condition

The Airy Diffraction Pattern

Reflection and Refraction

Box: Snell’s Law

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

Prisms

The Pinhole Camera

Development of a Lens

Box: Anomalous Refraction

Digging Deeper

Photometry, Lighting, and Light Filters

Photometric Units

Luminous Intensity

Luminous Flux

Box: Planck’s Equation and Retinal Sensitivity

Illuminance

Inverse Square Law

Luminance
Reflectance

Luminous Energy

Luminous Efficacy

Spectral Energy Distribution

Color Temperature

The Mirek Scale

Types of Light Sources
Photographic Light Filters

Polarizing Filters

Box: Applications of Polarizing Filters
Digging Deeper
Visual Perception
The Eye and Evolution

Optics of the Eye

Short and Long Sight

The Retina

Rods and Cones

Sensitivity Range

Box: The Weber-Fechner Law

Visual Pathways

Box: Neural Processing of the Visual Signal

Visual Fields and Binocular Vision

Color Perception

Seeing a Range of Colors

Constancy

Visual Illusions

Perception and Imaging

Digging Deeper
Lens Principles

A Model for the Geometry of Camera Lenses

The Simple Lens

The Lens Laws

Real and Virtual Images

Depth of Field

Box: Hyperfocal Distance

Depth of Focus

Gaussian Optics

Telephoto Lenses
Retrofocus Lenses

Varifocal and Zoom Lenses

Angle of Field

Lens Aberrations

Aspheric Surfaces
Fall-Off

Box: Lens Coating

Perspective

Box: The Scheimpflug Rule
Digging Deeper

Types of Lenses

Process Lenses

Macro Lenses

Catadioptric (Mirror Lens) Systems

Telecentric Lens Systems

Ultrawide-Angle Lenses
Fisheye Lenses

Box: Why "Fisheye"?

Panoramic Lenses

360° Lenses

Lenses for Aerial and Satellite Photography

Afocal Lens Systems
Lens Systems for Underwater Photography

GRIN Lenses

Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs)

Pinhole Photography

Box: Making a Pinhole

Digging Deeper

Resolution in Optical Systems

Testing for Resolving Power

Diffraction Limitation
The Rayleigh Criterion

The Inadequacy of Resolving Power
Measurements

The Modern Approach to Image Quality

Box: Analysis of a Square Wave

Modulation

The Optical Transfer Function

The MTF of an "Ideal" Lens

Box: OTF and PSF Related

Cascading of Transfer Functions

Granularity and Pixel Size

Digging Deeper

Images in Color
Early Attempts

Lippmann Photography
Box: Lippmann’s Desaturated Colors

The Young-Helmholtz Theory of Visual
Perception

Additive Color Synthesis
Quantifying Color: The CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Box: Measurement Systems for Color

Other Scales of Color Measurement

Subtractive Color Synthesis

Color Separation Negatives

Color Prints from Separation Negatives

Tripack Color Transparencies

Prints from Transparencies

Polaroid Color

Color Negative-Positive Systems

Box: Color Masking

Cross-Processing

Digging Deeper

Still Cameras
Early Cameras

Shutters

Types of Camera

Specialized Cameras

Viewfinders

Rangefinders and Focus Finders

Automatic Focus Control

Automatic Exposure Control

Flash Synchronization

Box: Guide Numbers

Camera Shake and Stabilization Mechanisms

Image Motion Compensation

Digging Deeper

Motion and High-Speed Photography

Persistence of Vision

Early Experiments

The Modern Cine Camera

Slow Motion and Time Lapse
High-Speed Cine
Mirror and Drum Photography

Smear and Streak Photography

Lighting for High-Speed Photography

Stroboscopy

Digging Deeper

The Silver Halide Process

The Uniqueness of Silver

Color Sensitivity of Emulsions

Development

Box: Oxidation and Reduction

Fixing, Washing, and Drying

Printing

Color Emulsions

Processing of Color Emulsions

Sensitometry

Practical Units of Measurement

The Characteristic Curve

Inherent Contrast

What the Characteristic Curve Tells Us

Effect of Varying the Development Time
Reciprocity Failure

Print Materials

The Density Range of a Paper

Color Print Papers

Image Modification

Digging Deeper

Digital Recording of Images

The Digital Principle

Box: The Nyquist Criterion
Digital Recording of Luminance
Box: Bits, Bytes, and Binary Arithmetic

Extending the Sensitivity

Principles of Electronic Information Storage

Getting the Image Out of the Camera

Color in a Digital Camera

Compression

The Future for Digital Cameras

Scanners and Scanning methods

Digging Deeper

Halftone, Electrostatic, and Digital Printing

Continuous Tones with Printer’s Ink
The Halftone Principle

Printing in Color
Color Masking
Electrostatic Copying (Xerography)

Printers
Digging Deeper

Television

Beginnings

The Television Camera
Data Storage Methods
Transmission and Reception of a TV Signal

The Signal

Transmitting Antennas

Receiving Antennas

Box: Impedance

Microwave Relay Transmission

Satellite Transmission
Cable Transmissions

The TV Receiver

Projection Systems

Digital Television: The Advantages

Aspect Ratio
High-Definition Television

Compression

Digging Deeper

Video Recording and Replay Systems

Magnetic Tape Recording

Analogue Sound Recording
Box: Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis, and a.c. Bias

Tape Recording Mechanisms

Box: Noise Reduction Systems
Videotape Recording Techniques

Digital Recording

Digital Videotape
Hard Disc Recorders
Magneto-optical Discs

Camcorders

CDs and DVDs

Box: Before the CD
The Blu-ray System

Burning a CD

Digging Deeper

Three-Dimensional Imaging

How We See Depth
The Limits of Stereo Pairs of Images

Early Stereoscopic Images

Stereoscopic Camera Formats
Stereophotography in Aerial Survey

Effect of Incorrect Lens Separation

Hypostereoscopy in Microscopy

Viewing Methods for Stereo Pairs

Viewing Without Optical Aids

Coincident Image Stereograms

Autostereoscopic Systems

Stereoscopic Cinema and Television

Further Developments in Stereo Projection

Simulated Stereopsis

Integral Photography

Digging Deeper

Holography

Coherence

Denisyuk’s Hologram

Box: Gabor’s Hologram

Off-Axis Holograms

Leith’s Hologram

Processing a Hologram

Other Types of Sensitive Material
Dichromated Gelatin (DCG)

The Real Image

Transfer Holograms

Contact Copies

Astronomical Imaging

Early History

The Schmidt Configuration

Mountings

Atmospheric Effects

Box: Telescopes in Space

Types of Detector

Solar Telescopes

Infrared and Terahertz Astronomy

Radio Telescopes

Arrays

Interferometry

How to Measure the Diameter of a Star

Spectroscopy

Digging Deeper

Macrography, Micrography, and Microimaging

Macrography

Box: Resolution Criterion
Micrography
Microscope Optics

Illumination Systems
Confocal Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Microimaging

Digging Deeper
Focused-Image Holograms

Rainbow Holograms

Pulse Laser Holograms

Embossed Holograms

Holographic Stereograms

Holograms in Natural Colors

Holographic Interferometry

Holographic Optical Elements

Computer-Generated Holograms

Box: Zone Plates

Dot Matrix Images

Digital Holography

Digging Deeper

Imaging the Invisible

Radio Images

Terahertz Imaging

Infrared Imaging

Thermal Imaging

Image Conversion and Intensification

Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Imaging

Endoscopy

Radiography

Tomography and Scanning Systems

Analysis of Scanning Outputs

Ultrasonic Imaging

Schlieren Photography

Digging Deeper

Appendix 1: Logarithms: What They Are, What They Do
Logarithmic Scales

Logs Base 2

Logs to Other Bases

Appendix 2: How a Hologram Works

Standing Waves
Appendix 3: The Fourier Model for Image Formation

Appendix 4: The Meaning of pH

Über Autor(innen)

Graham Saxby served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) for 27 years, the first 19 in the trade of photographer, where he undertook almost every possible form of assignment. After being commissioned into the Education Branch, he was Officer Commanding Photographic Science Flight at the RAF School of Photography at Cosford for seven years. On leaving the RAF he joined the staff of what is now the University of Wolverhampton as Senior Lecturer in Educational Technology, later moving to the Department of Applied Sciences to teach modern optics. His research into display holographic techniques has earned him an international reputation, and his books have won several prestigious awards. Currently, he works as a freelance editor and reviewer of technical books and as a consultant in optical and photographic matters. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society.