Saxby The Science of Imaging, Second Edition

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4398-1287-7
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection

E-Book, Englisch, 352 Seiten

Edited and expanded to keep pace with the digital revolution, the new edition of this highly popular and critically acclaimed work provides a comprehensive exploration of imaging science. Brilliantly written and extensively illustrated, The Science of Imaging: An Introduction, Second Edition covers the fundamental laws of physics as well as the cutting-edge techniques defining current and future directions in the field.
Improvements to this Edition Include:

- A new chapter on astronomical imaging

- A larger format with a wealth of illustrations

- Major revisions in the areas of digital imaging and modern technology

- Updated references with links to a wealth of online resources—including teaching material and expanded information

This accessible introduction to the subject takes students on a grand tour of imaging. Starting with the fundamentals of light and basic cameras, the author journeys through television and holography to advanced scientific and medical imaging. He highlights essential formulas, while keeping the complex mathematics to a minimum. Copiously illustrated with a wealth of examples and a 16-page color insert, the text covers optics, imaging systems, materials, and image interpretation and creation in a manner that makes it easy to understand.
Praise for the critically acclaimed First Edition:

It's the best book I have read on the subject at this level.
—Ron Graham, RPS Journal

. every student should read it, every photographer should own it, and every lecturer and journalist should know its contents inside out.
—Jon Tarrant, British Journal of Photography

Zielgruppe

Professional, students, and lecturers in art and design, and anyone interested in imaging.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Saxby, Graham

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Physik Physik Allgemein
• Technische Wissenschaften Sonstige Technologien | Angewandte Technik Signalverarbeitung, Bildverarbeitung, Scanning

Inhaltsverzeichnis

The Nature of Light
Models for the Behavior of Light
Box: Maxwell and Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Radiation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Polarization
Interference
Diffraction
Box: The Grating Condition
The Airy Diffraction Pattern
Reflection and Refraction
Box: Snell’s Law
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Prisms
The Pinhole Camera
Development of a Lens
Box: Anomalous Refraction
Digging Deeper

Photometry, Lighting, and Light Filters
Photometric Units
Luminous Intensity
Luminous Flux
Box: Planck’s Equation and Retinal Sensitivity
Illuminance
Inverse Square Law
Luminance
Reflectance
Luminous Energy
Luminous Efficacy
Spectral Energy Distribution
Color Temperature
The Mirek Scale
Types of Light Sources
Photographic Light Filters
Polarizing Filters
Box: Applications of Polarizing Filters
Digging Deeper
Visual Perception
The Eye and Evolution
Optics of the Eye
Short and Long Sight
The Retina
Rods and Cones
Sensitivity Range
Box: The Weber-Fechner Law
Visual Pathways
Box: Neural Processing of the Visual Signal
Visual Fields and Binocular Vision
Color Perception
Seeing a Range of Colors
Constancy
Visual Illusions
Perception and Imaging
Digging Deeper
Lens Principles
A Model for the Geometry of Camera Lenses
The Simple Lens
The Lens Laws
Real and Virtual Images
Depth of Field
Box: Hyperfocal Distance
Depth of Focus
Gaussian Optics
Telephoto Lenses
Retrofocus Lenses
Varifocal and Zoom Lenses
Angle of Field
Lens Aberrations
Aspheric Surfaces
Fall-Off
Box: Lens Coating
Perspective
Box: The Scheimpflug Rule
Digging Deeper

Types of Lenses
Process Lenses
Macro Lenses
Catadioptric (Mirror Lens) Systems
Telecentric Lens Systems
Ultrawide-Angle Lenses
Fisheye Lenses
Box: Why "Fisheye"?
Panoramic Lenses
360° Lenses
Lenses for Aerial and Satellite Photography
Afocal Lens Systems
Lens Systems for Underwater Photography
GRIN Lenses
Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs)
Pinhole Photography
Box: Making a Pinhole
Digging Deeper

Resolution in Optical Systems
Testing for Resolving Power
Diffraction Limitation
The Rayleigh Criterion
The Inadequacy of Resolving Power
Measurements
The Modern Approach to Image Quality
Box: Analysis of a Square Wave
Modulation
The Optical Transfer Function
The MTF of an "Ideal" Lens
Box: OTF and PSF Related
Cascading of Transfer Functions
Granularity and Pixel Size
Digging Deeper

Images in Color
Early Attempts
Lippmann Photography
Box: Lippmann’s Desaturated Colors
The Young-Helmholtz Theory of Visual
Perception
Additive Color Synthesis
Quantifying Color: The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
Box: Measurement Systems for Color
Other Scales of Color Measurement
Subtractive Color Synthesis
Color Separation Negatives
Color Prints from Separation Negatives
Tripack Color Transparencies
Prints from Transparencies
Polaroid Color
Color Negative-Positive Systems
Box: Color Masking
Cross-Processing
Digging Deeper

Still Cameras
Early Cameras
Shutters
Types of Camera
Specialized Cameras
Viewfinders
Rangefinders and Focus Finders
Automatic Focus Control
Automatic Exposure Control
Flash Synchronization
Box: Guide Numbers
Camera Shake and Stabilization Mechanisms
Image Motion Compensation
Digging Deeper

Motion and High-Speed Photography
Persistence of Vision
Early Experiments
The Modern Cine Camera
Slow Motion and Time Lapse
High-Speed Cine
Mirror and Drum Photography
Smear and Streak Photography
Lighting for High-Speed Photography
Stroboscopy
Digging Deeper
The Silver Halide Process
The Uniqueness of Silver
Color Sensitivity of Emulsions
Development
Box: Oxidation and Reduction
Fixing, Washing, and Drying
Printing
Color Emulsions
Processing of Color Emulsions
Sensitometry
Practical Units of Measurement
The Characteristic Curve
Inherent Contrast
What the Characteristic Curve Tells Us
Effect of Varying the Development Time
Reciprocity Failure
Print Materials
The Density Range of a Paper
Color Print Papers
Image Modification
Digging Deeper

Digital Recording of Images
The Digital Principle
Box: The Nyquist Criterion
Digital Recording of Luminance
Box: Bits, Bytes, and Binary Arithmetic
Extending the Sensitivity
Principles of Electronic Information Storage
Getting the Image Out of the Camera
Color in a Digital Camera
Compression
The Future for Digital Cameras
Scanners and Scanning methods
Digging Deeper

Halftone, Electrostatic, and Digital Printing
Continuous Tones with Printer’s Ink
The Halftone Principle
Printing in Color
Color Masking
Electrostatic Copying (Xerography)
Printers
Digging Deeper

Television
Beginnings
The Television Camera
Data Storage Methods
Transmission and Reception of a TV Signal
The Signal
Transmitting Antennas
Receiving Antennas
Box: Impedance
Microwave Relay Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Cable Transmissions
The TV Receiver
Projection Systems
Digital Television: The Advantages
Aspect Ratio
High-Definition Television
Compression
Digging Deeper

Video Recording and Replay Systems
Magnetic Tape Recording
Analogue Sound Recording
Box: Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis, and a.c. Bias
Tape Recording Mechanisms
Box: Noise Reduction Systems
Videotape Recording Techniques
Digital Recording
Digital Videotape
Hard Disc Recorders
Magneto-optical Discs
Camcorders
CDs and DVDs
Box: Before the CD
The Blu-ray System
Burning a CD
Digging Deeper

Three-Dimensional Imaging
How We See Depth
The Limits of Stereo Pairs of Images
Early Stereoscopic Images
Stereoscopic Camera Formats
Stereophotography in Aerial Survey
Effect of Incorrect Lens Separation
Hypostereoscopy in Microscopy
Viewing Methods for Stereo Pairs
Viewing Without Optical Aids
Coincident Image Stereograms
Autostereoscopic Systems
Stereoscopic Cinema and Television
Further Developments in Stereo Projection
Simulated Stereopsis
Integral Photography
Digging Deeper

Holography
Coherence
Denisyuk’s Hologram
Box: Gabor’s Hologram
Off-Axis Holograms
Leith’s Hologram
Processing a Hologram
Other Types of Sensitive Material
Dichromated Gelatin (DCG)
The Real Image
Transfer Holograms
Contact Copies

Astronomical Imaging
Early History
The Schmidt Configuration
Mountings
Atmospheric Effects
Box: Telescopes in Space
Types of Detector
Solar Telescopes
Infrared and Terahertz Astronomy
Radio Telescopes
Arrays
Interferometry
How to Measure the Diameter of a Star
Spectroscopy
Digging Deeper

Macrography, Micrography, and Microimaging
Macrography
Box: Resolution Criterion
Micrography
Microscope Optics
Illumination Systems
Confocal Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
Microimaging
Digging Deeper
Focused-Image Holograms
Rainbow Holograms
Pulse Laser Holograms
Embossed Holograms
Holographic Stereograms
Holograms in Natural Colors
Holographic Interferometry
Holographic Optical Elements
Computer-Generated Holograms
Box: Zone Plates
Dot Matrix Images
Digital Holography
Digging Deeper

Imaging the Invisible
Radio Images
Terahertz Imaging
Infrared Imaging
Thermal Imaging
Image Conversion and Intensification
Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Imaging
Endoscopy
Radiography
Tomography and Scanning Systems
Analysis of Scanning Outputs
Ultrasonic Imaging
Schlieren Photography
Digging Deeper
Appendix 1: Logarithms: What They Are, What They Do
Logarithmic Scales
Logs Base 2
Logs to Other Bases
Appendix 2: How a Hologram Works
Standing Waves
Appendix 3: The Fourier Model for Image Formation
Appendix 4: The Meaning of pH

Über Autor(innen)

Graham Saxby served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) for 27 years, the first 19 in the trade of photographer, where he undertook almost every possible form of assignment. After being commissioned into the Education Branch, he was Officer Commanding Photographic Science Flight at the RAF School of Photography at Cosford for seven years. On leaving the RAF he joined the staff of what is now the University of Wolverhampton as Senior Lecturer in Educational Technology, later moving to the Department of Applied Sciences to teach modern optics. His research into display holographic techniques has earned him an international reputation, and his books have won several prestigious awards. Currently, he works as a freelance editor and reviewer of technical books and as a consultant in optical and photographic matters. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society.