Sæbø Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-647-54021-4
Verlag: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection
Part 1: The Nineteenth Century - a Century of Modernism and Historicism. Nineteenth Century
E-Book, Englisch, 757 Seiten
Reihe: Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
ISBN: 978-3-647-54021-4
Verlag: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection
Dr. theol. Magne Sæbø ist em. Professor für Altes Testament an der Gemeindefakultät in Oslo und ehemaliger Präsident der International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament (1995-1998).
Autoren/Hrsg.
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;16
2;1. Fascination with ‘History’ – Biblical Interpretation in a Century of Modernism and Historicism;18
2.1;1. Roots of Historical Thinking and Historicism;22
2.2;2. Growth and Impact of New Historical Evidence;24
2.3;3. The Challenge of the Historicism;26
3;A. The General Cultural Context of Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Interpretation;30
3.1;2. Historical, Cultural and Philosophical Aspects of the Nineteenth Century with Special Regard to Biblical Interpretation;32
3.1.1;1. Aspects of the Enlightenment’s Cultural and Philosophical Legacy;32
3.1.2;2. F. D. E. Schleiermacher – His Criticism of the Old Testament;39
3.1.3;3. G. F. W. Hegel – the Impact of His Philosophy on Old Testament Studies;46
3.1.4;4. Old Testament Studies and Protestant Theology at German Universities;53
3.2;3. The Phenomenon of ‘Historicism’ as a Backcloth of Biblical Scholarship;65
3.2.1;1. The Rise of Historical Consciousness and the Term ‘Historicism’;67
3.2.2;2. The Way of Historicism in the Nineteenth Century;74
3.2.3;3. Historicism in Biblical Studies;81
3.3;4. Expansion of the Historical Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament;91
3.3.1;1. Introduction;95
3.3.2;2. The Bible in the Context of the Ancient Near East – the Significance of New Comparative Texts;96
3.3.3;3. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land;105
3.3.4;4. The Emergence of a so-called ‘Biblical Archaeology’ in Europe and North America;111
3.4;5. Expansion of the Anthropological, Sociological and Mythological Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament;120
3.4.1;1. Introduction;121
3.4.2;2. Comparative Folkloristic Studies;122
3.4.3;3. New Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives – the Case of William Robertson Smith and his Work;128
3.4.4;4. New Mythological Studies;133
3.5;6. Expansion of the Linguistic Context of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: Hebrew among the Languages of the Ancient Near East;135
3.5.1;1. Increasing Knowledge of the Semitic Languages;135
3.5.2;2. Wilhelm Gesenius and the Development of Hebrew Studies;149
3.5.3;3. Further Achievements in Hebrew Philology;157
4;B. Main Regional and Confessional Areas of the Nineteenth Century’s Biblical Scholarship;170
4.1;7. The ‘New World’ of North America and Canada – and the Globalization of Critical Biblical Scholarship;172
4.1.1;1. Biblical Criticism in the Early Nineteenth Century: Common Sense and a Democratic Scripture;177
4.1.1.1;1.1. American Biblical Criticism Conceived: Joseph Stevens Buckminster at Harvard;178
4.1.1.2;1.2. The Beginnings of Old Testament Scholarship in America: Moses Stuart at Andover;178
4.1.1.3;1.3. Edward Robinson and the Innovation of Biblical Archeology;181
4.1.1.4;1.4. Unitarian Biblical Scholarship at Harvard;182
4.1.2;2. Mid-Century Challenges to the American Bible;184
4.1.2.1;2.1. Genesis and Geology in America: The Old Testament and the Challenges from New Science;184
4.1.2.2;2.2. The Bible, Slavery, and the Civil War;186
4.1.3;3. The Formation of an American Academy of Biblical Scholarship: Early Collaborative Efforts;188
4.1.3.1;3.1. Biblical Commentary: The Lange Project;189
4.1.3.2;3.2. Biblical Translation: The Revised Version;190
4.1.4;4. The Old Testament and Higher Criticism in the United States and Canada, 1880–1900;191
4.1.4.1;4.1. The Old Testament and the University: The Vision of William Rainey Harper;194
4.1.4.2;4.2. The Protestant Heresy Trial in the United States: The Case of Charles Briggs;196
4.1.4.3;4.3. Historical Criticism and American Catholicism;199
4.1.4.4;4.4. Historical Criticism in Canada;201
4.1.5;5. Conclusion;202
4.2;8. Protestant Biblical Scholarship on the European Continent and in Great Britain and Ireland;204
4.2.1;1. The Political and Ecclesiastical Background;205
4.2.2;2. The Continent of Europe from 1800 to 1860;206
4.2.3;3. Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 to 1860;210
4.2.4;4. The Continent of Europe 1860–1899;211
4.2.5;5. Great Britain and Ireland 1860–1899;216
4.3;9. Biblical Scholarship in Northern Europe;224
4.3.1;1. The Historical Background;225
4.3.2;2. Bible Reading and Bible Promotion in the Nordic Countries;226
4.3.3;3. Biblical Scholarship at the Nordic Universities;227
4.3.4;4. From Historical “Biblicism” to Historical Criticism;230
4.3.4.1;4.1. Historical “Biblicism” – a Conservative Synthesis;230
4.3.4.2;4.2. Historical Criticism – a New Synthesis Emerging;233
4.3.5;5. Two Internationally Renowned Biblical Scholars: C. P. Caspari and F. Buhl;235
4.3.5.1;5.1. Carl Paul Caspari;235
4.3.5.2;5.2 Frants Buhl;237
4.3.6;6. Bible Interpretation in N. F. S. Grundtvig and S. Kierkegaard;241
4.3.6.1;6.1. Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig;241
4.3.6.2;6.2. Søren Kierkegaard;243
4.4;10. The Catholic Church and Historical Criticism of the Old Testament;245
4.4.1;1. Introduction;246
4.4.2;2. The First Catholic Reaction to Historical Criticism;247
4.4.3;3. The Catholic Attack on Modernism;253
4.4.4;4. From Pius XII to Vatican II: The Catholic Embrace of Historical Criticism;258
4.5;11. Jewish Biblical Scholarship between Tradition and Innovation;263
4.5.1;1. Introduction;264
4.5.2;2. Approaches to Textual Criticism;267
4.5.3;3. On Authorship and Dating of Biblical Texts;279
4.5.4;4. Exegesis;293
4.5.5;5. Epilogue;303
5;C. Special Fields and Different Approaches in the Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament;306
5.1;12. The ‘History of Israel’: Its Emergence as an Independent Discipline;308
5.1.1;1. Introduction: The Development of a Historical Methodology in the Seventeenth Century;308
5.1.2;2. Modern Studies of History in the Nineteenth Century;310
5.1.3;3. Biblical Chronology;314
5.1.3.1;3.1. Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609);316
5.1.3.2;3.2. Denis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius) (1583–1652);317
5.1.3.3;3.3. James Ussher (1581–1656);318
5.1.4;4. The Emergence of an Independent History of Israel;320
5.1.4.1;4.1. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and Richard Simon (1638–1712);321
5.1.4.2;4.2. The Netherlands: Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) and Peter Cunaeus (1586–1638);322
5.1.4.3;4.3. Great Britain and France: Moses Lowman (1679–1752); Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741); Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724); Henry Hart Milman (1791–1868); Francis William Newman (1801–1890);324
5.1.4.4;4.4. Germany: Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1798); Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803); Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1780–1849);327
5.1.5;5. Georg Heinrich August Ewald (1803–1875);330
5.1.5.1;5.1. The Purpose of Ewald’s History of Israel;331
5.1.5.2;5.2. Ewald’s Method;332
5.1.5.3;5.3. The Written Sources of a History of Israel;333
5.1.5.4;5.4. The Patriarchs in Ewald’s History of Israel;336
5.1.5.5;5.5. Concluding Remarks;338
5.1.6;6. Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918);338
5.1.7;7. The Other “Histories of Israel”;342
5.2;13. ‘Lower Criticism’: Studies in the Masoretic Text and the Ancient Versions of the Old Testament as Means of Textual Criticism;347
5.2.1;1. Introduction;351
5.2.2;2. Abraham Geiger’s Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel (1857);352
5.2.3;3. Paul de Lagarde;359
5.2.4;4. Permutations: Nöldeke, Wellhausen and Cornill;363
5.2.5;5. Study of the Masoretic Text and Its Details (Masorah, Accents);368
5.2.6;6. The Samaritan Pentateuch;373
5.2.7;7. Septuagint and Other Greek Versions;373
5.2.8;8. The Study of the Other Ancient Versions;378
5.2.9;9. Conclusions;380
5.2.10;10. Addendum: Development and Transformation of the Nineteenth Century’s Legacy in the Twentieth;381
5.3;14. ‘Higher Criticism’: The Historical and Literary-critical Approach – with Special Reference to the Pentateuch;394
5.3.1;1. W. M. L. de Wette;394
5.3.1.1;1.1. De Wette and Deuteronomy (1805);396
5.3.1.2;1.2. de Wette and Vater;398
5.3.1.3;1.3. The Pentateuch as a Mythical Story of Origins;400
5.3.2;2. The Emergence of Theories about the Formation of the Pentateuch;401
5.3.2.1;2.1. Moses and the Pentateuch;401
5.3.2.2;2.2. Hexateuch instead of Pentateuch;407
5.3.2.3;2.3. Theories about the Evolution of Israel’s Religious Ideas;408
5.3.2.4;2.4. Three Main Models to Explain the Formation of the Pentateuch: Fragment Hypothesis, Supplementary Hypothesis and Documentary Hypothesis;411
5.3.3;3. Critical Investigation on the Formation of the Former and Latter Prophets;416
5.3.3.1;3.1. The theory of Deuteronomistic Redactions in the Books of Joshua – Kings;416
5.3.3.2;3.2. Source and Redaction Criticism in the Latter Prophets;418
5.3.4;4. On the Way to Wellhausen: Reuss, Popper, Graf and the Invention of a Postmonarchic Priestly Document;421
5.4;15. The Work of Abraham Kuenen and Julius Wellhausen;425
5.4.1;1. Introduction;425
5.4.2;2. Kuenen: Inquiry and History;427
5.4.2.1;2.1. Beginnings;428
5.4.2.2;2.2. Historisch-kritisch Onderzoek;429
5.4.2.3;2.3. The Hexateuch;431
5.4.2.4;2.4. Prophecy;434
5.4.2.5;2.5. Religious History;435
5.4.3;3. Wellhausen: Judaism and Ancient Israel;437
5.4.3.1;3.1. The Early Works;439
5.4.3.2;3.2. Prolegomena to the History of Israel;444
5.4.3.3;3.3. Israelite and Jewish History;449
5.4.3.4;3.4. Concerns and Criteria;451
5.5;16. Albert Eichhorn and Hermann Gunkel: The Emergence of a History of Religion School;455
5.5.1;1. Preludial;456
5.5.2;2. University Spirit;457
5.5.3;3. The Beginnings;457
5.5.4;4. Interdisciplinary Work;459
5.5.5;5. Focus on Jesus;460
5.5.6;6. Christian Doctrine?;461
5.5.7;7. Hebrew Scriptures;463
5.5.8;8. Twentieth Century Developments;468
5.5.9;9. Outlook;471
5.6;17. In the Wake of Wellhausen: The Growth of a Literary-Critical School and Its Varied Influence;473
5.6.1;1. Introduction;473
5.6.2;2. Wellhausen as Literary Critic;475
5.6.3;3. The Successors;477
5.6.3.1;3.1. The Representative “Introductions”;477
5.6.3.2;3.2. The ZAW;478
5.6.3.3;3.3. First Variations;479
5.6.3.4;3.4. Literary History;482
5.6.3.5;3.5. Geschichte des Volkes Israel;483
5.6.3.6;3.6. Commentaries;487
5.6.3.7;3.7. Swan Songs;492
5.7;18. A Conservative Approach in Opposition to a Historical-critical Interpretation: E. W. Hengstenberg and Franz Delitzsch;495
5.7.1;1. Introduction;495
5.7.2;2. Hengstenberg;496
5.7.2.1;2.1. Career and Church Politics;497
5.7.2.2;2.2. The Old Testament;503
5.7.3;3. Delitzsch;510
5.7.3.1;3.1. Biography;511
5.7.3.2;3.2. In Discussion;513
5.7.3.3;3.3. Judaism;517
5.7.3.4;3.4. Exegesis and Criticism;519
5.8;19. Studies on the Historical Books – Including Their Relationship to the Pentateuch;522
5.8.1;1. The Historical Books;524
5.8.2;2. Joshua–2 Kings;526
5.8.2.1;2.1. Deuteronomy Re-dated. Consequences for the Interpretation of the Historical Books: W. M. L. de Wette;527
5.8.2.2;2.2. Reactions to de Wette’s Theory;528
5.8.2.3;2.3. A Postexilic Source in the Pentateuch and the Consequences for the Interpretation of the Historical Books. K. H. Graf;531
5.8.2.4;2.4. The Historical Books and the History of Israel. J. Wellhausen;533
5.8.2.5;2.5. Writing the History of Israel after Graf and Wellhausen;535
5.8.2.6;2.6. Joshua and its Literary Context: the Hexateuch Problem;536
5.8.2.7;2.7. Research towards the End of the Century;538
5.8.2.7.1;2.7.1. Scholars adopting the New Theories;538
5.8.2.7.2;2.7.2. Intermediary Critics;540
5.8.2.7.3;2.7.3. Researchers outside Germany;542
5.8.3;3. Chronicles;544
5.8.3.1;3.1. Questioning the Reliability. W. M. L. de Wette; K. H. Graf;544
5.8.3.2;3.2. The Chronicler’s Source:“ein spätes Machwerk”. J. Wellhausen;547
5.8.3.3;3.3. Research towards the End of the Century;548
5.8.4;4. Ezra–Nehemiah;551
5.8.4.1;4.1. The Law in Ezra–Nehemiah;551
5.8.4.2;4.2. Sources, Date, Historical Reliability;552
5.9;20. Prophecy in the Nineteenth Century Reception;557
5.9.1;1. Introduction;559
5.9.2;2. Prophets and Law;562
5.9.3;3. Prophets in Order;565
5.9.4;4. Isaiah;571
5.9.5;5. Jeremiah and Ezekiel;575
5.9.6;6. Daniel;579
5.9.7;7. Conclusion;581
5.10;21. Studies of the Psalms and Other Biblical Poetry;583
5.10.1;1. The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century;586
5.10.2;2. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette;588
5.10.3;3. Philology, History, Poetics and Linguistic-historical Commentaries;591
5.10.3.1;3.1. Hebrew Philology;592
5.10.3.2;3.2. History;592
5.10.3.3;3.3. Poetics;593
5.10.3.4;3.4. Historical-linguistic Commentaries on the Psalms until 1860;593
5.10.3.5;3.5. Job, Song of Songs, Lamentations;594
5.10.4;4. Conservatism: Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg and Franz Delitzsch;595
5.10.5;5. New Aspects in the last Decades of the Nineteenth Century;597
5.10.5.1;5.1 The Psalms;597
5.10.5.2;5.2. Job;598
5.10.5.3;5.3. Song of Songs;599
5.10.5.4;5.4. Lamentations;600
5.10.6;6. Bernhard Duhm’s Commentaries of 1897 and 1899;600
5.10.7;7. Outlook into the Twentieth Century;603
5.11;22. Studies of the Didactical Books of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament;604
5.11.1;1. Introduction;606
5.11.1.1;1.1. The Scholarly Climate in the Early Nineteenth Century;607
5.11.1.2;1.2. Scholarship in the Later Nineteenth Century;608
5.11.2;2. Proverbs;609
5.11.2.1;2.1. Dating and Authorship Issues;609
5.11.2.2;2.2. Dating and Literary Issues;610
5.11.2.3;2.3. The Character of Proverbial Wisdom and Use of Terminology;612
5.11.2.4;2.4. Cross Reference with the Wider Old Testament and the Development of Ideas;613
5.11.2.5;2.5. Late Dating Schemes at the End of the Century;615
5.11.3;3. Job;615
5.11.3.1;3.1. Did Job Live?;616
5.11.3.2;3.2. Date and Authorship;617
5.11.3.3;3.3. Stages of Literary Development;618
5.11.3.4;3.4. Theological Purpose and Position in Wider Development of Ideas;619
5.11.4;4. Ecclesiastes;620
5.11.4.1;4.1. Solomonic Authorship?;621
5.11.4.2;4.2. Links with the Greek World and Dating Issues;621
5.11.4.3;4.3. Redactions and Epilogue;622
5.11.4.4;4.4. Evaluations of the Message;623
5.11.5;5. Conclusion;625
5.12;23. The Question of a ‘Biblical Theology’ and the Growing Tension between ‘Biblical Theology’ and a ‘History of the Religion of Israel’: from Johann Philipp Gabler to Rudolf Smend, Sen.;626
5.12.1;1. Introduction;628
5.12.2;2. The ‘Pre-history’ of Biblical Theology;629
5.12.3;3. The Beginnings of Modern ‘Biblical Theology’: Gabler, his Immediate Predecessors and Contemporaries, and the Collision with Kant’s Hermeneutics;631
5.12.4;4. ‘Biblical Theology’ and the Impact of Hegel;642
5.12.5;5. The Breakthrough of ‘Historicism’ Proper and its Consequences;646
5.12.6;6. Epilogue;651
5.13;24. Modernity’s Canonical Crisis: Historiography and Theology in Collision;652
5.13.1;1. Modernity’s Canonical Crisis;657
5.13.2;2. J. G. Eichhorn: Canon as the Jerusalem Temple Archive;660
5.13.3;3. Moses Stuart: Canon as the Scripture of Christ and the Apostles;668
5.13.4;4. The Rise of the Three-Stage Theory;674
5.13.4.1;4.1. H. Graetz: Canon as Three Assemblies;677
5.13.4.2;4.2. Ryle: Canon as Three Canons;682
6;Contributors;692
7;Abbreviations;697
8;Indexes;706
8.1;Names;706
8.2;Topics;729
8.3;References;750