Siddiqui / Tauseef / Bansal Advances in Health and Environment Safety

Select Proceedings of HSFEA 2016
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-10-7122-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 398 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering

This book comprises selected papers on advances in the field of health and environment safety that were presented at the leading international conference on advances in the field of health, safety, fire, environment, allied sciences and engineering (HSFEA 2016). The book focuses on the latest developments in the field of health and environment safety, and highlights related opportunities and challenges. The book also presents methods that can be used to effectively monitor and measure climate change and global warming.  Further, the contents of this work stress the importance of maintaining safety and healthy work environments that are free of occupational health hazards. This book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policy makers alike.


Dr. N.A. Siddiqui is Professor at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) (2005-present). He holds a Master's degree in Environmental Sciences from Lucknow University, India (1996), and a PhD in Environmental Biology from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University (APS) University, Rewa, India. Additionally, he has a number of professional certifications, e.g., a NEBOSH diploma, NEBOSH-IGC, IOSH Managing Safely, Lead Auditor OHSAS 18001, Lead Auditor ISO 14001 and GRAD-IOSH. Prof. Siddiqui's research interests include occupational health, safety and environment. He has co-authored more than 100 papers and eight books and has organized a number of national and international seminars/conferences/MDPs. He has also worked on a number of major R&D projects. Dr. S. M. Tauseef is Assistant Professor (SG) and Head of the Environmental Research Institute at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), India (2015-present). He holds an MS in Chemical Engineering (Process Design) from Sharif University of Technology, Iran (2008), and a PhD in Environmental Engineering from Pondicherry University (PU) (2011). Prior to joining UPES, he worked as a Pool Officer (CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) at PU (2012-2015). Dr. Tauseef's research interests include process safety, especially forecasting and consequence assessment of accidents in chemical process industries. He has developed methodologies for the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to dense gas dispersion, vapor cloud explosions, and single and multiple pool fires. His other main interest is in solid waste management, especially the design of continuously operable vermireactor systems for assorted wastes, and high-rate anaerobic digesters. To date, he has published 25 journal articles, co-authored three books, filed three patents and presented papers at 21 conferences. Dr. Kamal Bansal, Professor and Dean, College of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) at Dehradun, India, has a career spanning more than 20 years, with extensive academic and industrial experience. He has been involved in managing the design, construction, testing and commissioning of a wide range of electrical control systems, machinery, equipment and substations. Working as a consultant, he has contributed to several projects for Shell Global, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency/Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (UREDA/UJVNL), the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Devika Consultants and MK Raju Consultants. He has been involved in a number of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects for UREDA, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL) and several other public and private organizations. Dr. Bansal has authored a number of research publications in journals of national and international repute.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Siddiqui, N. A.

Tauseef, S. M.

Bansal, Kamal

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
2.1;Steering Committee;8
2.2;Organizing Committee;10
2.3;Member of International Technical Panel;11
3;Contents;14
4;About the Editors;18
5;1 Health Assessment of Loktak Lake Using Diatoms as Biological Indicators;20
5.1;1 Introduction;20
5.2;2 Methodology;21
5.3;3 Results and Discussion;21
5.4;4 Conclusion;25
5.5;Acknowledgements;25
5.6;Appendix 1;25
5.7;References;28
6;2 Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Citrus Limon Leaves and Its Structural Investigation;30
6.1;1 Introduction;30
6.2;2 The Experiment;31
6.2.1;2.1 Materials;31
6.2.2;2.2 Methods;31
6.3;3 Results and Discussion;32
6.3.1;3.1 ANOVA Analysis;32
6.3.2;3.2 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles;34
6.4;4 Conclusion;38
6.5;Acknowledgements;38
6.6;References;38
7;3 Effectuation of Renewable Energy as an Effective Mitigation Approach Towards Climate Change;40
7.1;1 Introduction;40
7.2;2 Present Scenarios;42
7.3;3 Sectorial Enforcements;43
7.4;4 Government Initiatives and Policies;44
7.5;5 Discussion;45
7.6;6 Conclusion;46
7.7;References;46
8;4 Energy Efficiency Measures Across Key Sectors in India—An Approach Towards Climate Change;48
8.1;1 Introduction;48
8.2;2 Sectorial Enforcements;49
8.3;3 Discussion;52
8.4;4 Conclusion;53
8.5;References;53
9;5 Identification of Soil Digging Using Acoustic Pattern Recognition;54
9.1;1 Introduction;54
9.2;2 System Overview;56
9.3;3 Experimental Setup;57
9.4;4 Analysis of Signals;57
9.5;5 Parameter Calculation;57
9.6;6 Algorithms for Soil Digging Detection;60
9.7;7 Result;63
9.8;8 Conclusion;63
9.9;Acknowledgements;63
9.10;References;63
10;6 Environmental Implications of Rice and Wheat Stubble Burning in North-Western States of India;65
10.1;1 Introduction;65
10.2;2 The Generation and Burning of Crop Stubble;66
10.3;3 Effects of Stubble Burning on Environment;68
10.4;4 Management of Crop Stubble;70
10.4.1;4.1 On Farm Soil Mulching and Compost Production;71
10.4.2;4.2 Alternate Methods of Crop Residue Management;71
10.5;5 Conclusion;72
10.6;References;72
11;7 Treatment of Dairy Farm Effluent Using Recirculating Constructed Wetland Units;74
11.1;1 Introduction;74
11.2;2 Materials and Methods;75
11.2.1;2.1 Study Site;75
11.2.2;2.2 Dosing and Sampling;75
11.2.3;2.3 Laboratory Experiments;76
11.3;3 Results and Discussion;77
11.3.1;3.1 Effect of Recirculation on BOD, COD, and TP;77
11.3.2;3.2 Effect of Recirculation on NO3-N, NH4-N, and TN;79
11.3.3;3.3 Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR);80
11.4;4 Conclusion;81
11.5;Acknowledgements;81
11.6;References;82
12;8 Diatom Flora in Natural and Regulated Stretch of River Tons and Yamuna: Determining the Impacts of Hydropower Projects on the River Ecosystem;84
12.1;1 Introduction;84
12.2;2 Materials and Methods;85
12.3;3 Results;85
12.4;4 Discussion;87
12.5;5 Conclusion;89
12.6;Acknowledgements;90
12.7;References;90
13;9 Safety and Occupational Health Hazards of Agricultural Workers Handling Pesticides: A Case Study;92
13.1;1 Introduction;92
13.2;2 Methodology;93
13.3;3 Results and Discussion;93
13.3.1;3.1 Pesticide Information;93
13.3.2;3.2 Safety Practices;93
13.3.3;3.3 Awareness of Pesticides Spray;95
13.3.4;3.4 Hygiene and Protection Practices;96
13.3.5;3.5 Health Effects;96
13.3.6;3.6 Bivariant Analysis;96
13.4;4 Conclusions;98
13.5;References;98
14;10 Step Towards E-Waste Management (STEM);100
14.1;1 Introduction;100
14.2;2 Global Scenario of E-Waste;101
14.3;3 Composition of E-Waste;101
14.4;4 Legal Framework for E-Waste;102
14.4.1;4.1 The Basel Convention;102
14.5;5 Growth of Solar Industry;103
14.6;6 The Way Forward;104
14.7;References;105
15;11 Computational Approach Towards the Identification of Allergenic Protein in Orphan Crops;106
15.1;1 Introduction;106
15.1.1;1.1 Explanation of Orphan Crops Used in the Study;107
15.1.2;1.2 Importance of Orphan Crops;108
15.1.3;1.3 Bioinformatics in the Orphan Crop;110
15.2;2 Materials and Methods;111
15.2.1;2.1 Retrieval of Protein Sequence;111
15.2.2;2.2 Allergen Prediction;111
15.2.3;2.3 Equation;112
15.3;3 Results and Discussion;112
15.4;4 Conclusion;115
15.5;Acknowledgements;116
15.6;References;116
16;12 Experimental Investigation of Thermal Energy Storage System for Hot Air Applications;118
16.1;1 Introduction;118
16.2;2 Experimental Setup;120
16.3;3 Instrumentation;121
16.3.1;3.1 Porosity;121
16.3.2;3.2 Air Flow and Pressure Measurements;122
16.3.3;3.3 Temperature Measurements;122
16.3.4;3.4 Air Properties in Charging and Discharging;122
16.4;4 Results and Discussion;123
16.4.1;4.1 Charging Profile of Packed Bed at Air Inlet Temperature 40 °C;123
16.4.2;4.2 Charging Profile of Packed Bed at Air Inlet Temperature 50 °C;123
16.4.3;4.3 Discharging Profile of Packed Bed;125
16.4.4;4.4 Effect of Mass Flow Rate of Air in Charging of Packed Bed;127
16.4.5;4.5 Comparison Between Experimental and Analytical Results;128
16.5;5 Conclusions;129
16.6;References;131
17;13 Sustainable Food Supply Chain Management Implementation Using DEMATEL Approach;132
17.1;1 Introduction;132
17.2;2 Literature Review;133
17.2.1;2.1 SFSCM;133
17.2.2;2.2 SFs Related to SFSCM;133
17.3;3 Solution Methodology;134
17.3.1;3.1 DEMATEL Method;135
17.4;4 Data Collection for DEMATEL Approach;137
17.5;5 Results and Discussions;137
17.5.1;5.1 Relationship Between SFs of SFSCM;137
17.5.2;5.2 Ranking of Success Factors;139
17.6;6 Conclusion, Limitation of Work and Future Scope;140
17.7;Acknowledgements;141
17.8;References;141
18;14 Biodiversity and Conservation of Medicinally Important Plants by Cultivation Method of Shivalik Hills of Sahaspur Block, Dehradun, Uttarakhand;143
18.1;1 Introduction;143
18.2;2 Study Area;144
18.3;3 Materials and Methods;144
18.4;4 Results and Discussion;145
18.5;5 Conclusion;147
18.6;Acknowledgements;147
18.7;References;147
19;15 Implementation of Sustainable Consumption and Production Using DEMATEL;149
19.1;1 Introduction;149
19.2;2 Literature Survey;150
19.2.1;2.1 Success Factors of SCP;151
19.3;3 Solution Methodology;152
19.3.1;3.1 Dematel;152
19.4;4 Data Analysis and Results;154
19.5;5 Managerial Implications;155
19.5.1;5.1 Causal Relationship Among Success Factors of SCP;155
19.5.2;5.2 Ranking of Success Factors of SCP;156
19.6;6 Conclusion, Limitation, and Future Scope;158
19.7;Acknowledgements;159
19.8;References;159
20;16 A Review of CSR Activities Under Companies Act 2013 and Enterprise Social Commitment Under Environment Clearance for Major Cement Industries in India;161
20.1;1 Introduction;161
20.2;2 EC Requirements for Enterprise Social Commitment;162
20.3;3 The Companies Act 2013 Requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility;162
20.4;4 Methodology and Data Collection;163
20.5;5 CSR Activities and the Projects Undertaken for Environment Sustainability;163
20.6;6 Trend of CSR Expenditure on Environment Sustainability Projects;164
20.7;7 Summary and Conclusion;165
20.8;References;165
21;17 Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metals in Topsoil: An Impact of Thermal Power Plants of Maharashtra (India);167
21.1;1 Introduction;167
21.2;2 Materials and Methods;168
21.2.1;2.1 Study Sites;168
21.2.2;2.2 Sample Collection;169
21.2.3;2.3 Sample Analysis;170
21.2.4;2.4 Statistical Analysis;170
21.3;3 Results and Discussion;171
21.3.1;3.1 Heavy Metals in Samples;171
21.3.2;3.2 Physicochemical Characteristics;178
21.3.3;3.3 PCA;181
21.4;4 Conclusion;183
21.5;References;183
22;18 Generation of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) from Dried and Powdered Ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea);185
22.1;1 Introduction;185
22.2;2 Materials and Methods;186
22.2.1;2.1 Preparation of Ipomoea Feedstock;186
22.2.2;2.2 Design of Experiment;186
22.3;3 Results and Discussion;187
22.3.1;3.1 Analysis of Results Using Taguchi Method;192
22.4;Acknowledgements;208
22.5;References;208
23;19 Risk and Environmental Assessment of an Indian Industry Through Active Monitoring—Case Study;209
23.1;1 Introduction;209
23.1.1;1.1 Raw Material Unloading;210
23.1.2;1.2 Powdered Machinery;210
23.1.3;1.3 Welding;210
23.1.4;1.4 Sandblasting;212
23.1.5;1.5 Painting;212
23.1.6;1.6 Transportation;213
23.1.7;1.7 Scrap Disposal;213
23.2;2 Methodology;213
23.2.1;2.1 Risk Assessment;213
23.2.2;2.2 Environment Aspect Impact Assessment;215
23.3;3 Conclusion;216
23.4;References;216
24;20 Air Pollutant Dispersion Models: A Review;218
24.1;1 Introduction;218
24.2;2 Mesoscale Air Pollution Dispersion Model;218
24.3;3 Lagrangian Particle Dispersion (LPD) Model;219
24.4;4 Euler Grid Dispersion Model;219
24.5;5 Source-Oriented and Receptor-Oriented Dispersion Modelling;220
24.6;6 Hybrid Dispersion Model;220
24.7;7 Conclusion;221
24.8;References;221
25;21 Application of Sustainable Solar Energy Solutions for Rural Development—A Concept for Remote Villages of India;223
25.1;1 Introduction;223
25.2;2 Methodology for Drinking Water Quality Evaluation;226
25.2.1;2.1 Experimental Set-up for Drinking Water Treatment by Solar Distillation Unit;226
25.3;3 Results for Solar Still Investigations for Rural Domestic Water Supply;227
25.3.1;3.1 Feasibility Study for Adoption of Solar Distillation Technology for Kaudikasa Village, Rajnandgaon;228
25.4;4 Conclusion;230
25.4.1;4.1 Application of Solar Distillation and Phyto-pond for Domestic Water Supply;230
25.5;References;231
26;22 Biological Monitoring of Water Quality Before and After Completion of the Hydroelectric Project on the River Alaknanda at Srinagar;232
26.1;1 Introduction;232
26.2;2 Study Area;233
26.3;3 Materials and Methods;234
26.4;4 Observations;235
26.5;5 Discussion;236
26.6;Acknowledgements;238
26.7;References;239
27;23 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Administrative Controls in a Food Processing Industry;241
27.1;1 Introduction;241
27.1.1;1.1 Evaluating Safety trainings, Safety Campaigns and Work Permit System;241
27.2;2 Literature Review;242
27.3;3 Methodology;243
27.4;4 Results and Discussion;243
27.4.1;4.1 Work Permit Survey Analysis;245
27.4.2;4.2 Safety Training Survey Analysis;246
27.5;5 Further Recommendations;247
27.6;6 Summary and Conclusion;248
27.7;References;248
28;24 A Review of Vehicular Pollution and Control Measures in India;249
28.1;1 Introduction;249
28.2;2 Development of Vehicles Sector in India;250
28.3;3 Vehicular Pollution in India;250
28.4;4 Health Issues Due to Vehicular Pollution;253
28.5;5 Control Measures;254
28.5.1;5.1 Road Infrastructure Development;254
28.5.2;5.2 Mass Public Transport;254
28.5.3;5.3 Alternate Fuels;255
28.5.4;5.4 Other Measures;255
28.6;6 Conclusion;255
28.7;References;256
29;25 Phosphorous Recovery as Struvite from Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge Liquors in Delhi, India;258
29.1;1 Introduction;258
29.2;2 Materials and Methods;259
29.2.1;2.1 Sampling;259
29.2.2;2.2 Laboratory Experiments;259
29.2.3;2.3 Experimental Studies;259
29.3;3 Results and Discussion;260
29.3.1;3.1 Characteristics for MAP crystallization;260
29.3.2;3.2 Preliminary Trials Jar Tests Phosphorous (ADSS PO4 Levels at Different Stages) Refer Fig. 1;261
29.3.2.1;3.2.1 Crystal Identification;261
29.4;4 Conclusion;263
29.5;Acknowledgements;263
29.6;References;263
30;26 Extraction of Energy Precursors in the Form of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) from the Xerophyte Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora);265
30.1;1 Introduction;265
30.2;2 Materials and Methods;266
30.3;3 Results and Discussion;267
30.4;Acknowledgement;271
30.5;References;271
31;27 Study of Mosaic Virus Effects on Physical Properties of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) in Western Himalayas;272
31.1;1 Introduction;272
31.2;2 Materials and Methods;272
31.3;3 Observation;274
31.4;4 Results;274
31.5;5 Discussion;276
31.6;References;276
32;28 Conversion of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Obtained from Ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea) to Energy;278
32.1;1 Introduction;278
32.2;2 Experimental;280
32.3;3 Results and Discussion;281
32.4;Acknowledgem?en?t;286
32.5;References;286
33;29 Human Health Effects Emanating from Airborne Heavy Metals Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Activities: A Review;288
33.1;1 Introduction;288
33.2;2 Sources of Heavy Metals;289
33.2.1;2.1 Natural Source;289
33.2.2;2.2 Anthropogenic Source;289
33.3;3 Various Sampling Methods;290
33.4;4 Concentration and Emissions Around the World;291
33.4.1;4.1 Lead;292
33.4.2;4.2 Cadmium;294
33.4.3;4.3 Arsenic;294
33.4.4;4.4 Copper;295
33.4.5;4.5 Nickel;295
33.4.6;4.6 Chromium;295
33.5;5 Adverse Health Effects and Its Impact;296
33.5.1;5.1 Lead;296
33.5.2;5.2 Cadmium;296
33.5.3;5.3 Arsenic;297
33.5.4;5.4 Copper;298
33.5.5;5.5 Nickel;299
33.5.6;5.6 Chromium;299
33.6;6 Conclusion;300
33.7;References;301
34;30 Soil-Less Use of Aquatic Macrophytes in Wastewater Treatment and the Novel SHEFROL® Bioreactor;306
34.1;1 Challenges Associated with Sewage Treatment;306
34.2;2 The Imperatives;307
34.3;3 Pre-existing Systems Based on Soil-Less Use of Plants for Wastewater Treatment in ‘Thin-Film’ or ‘Nutrient-Film’ Flow Mode;307
34.4;4 The SHEFROL Bioreactor®;308
34.5;A?cknowledgem?en?t;315
34.6;A?cknowledgem?en?t;315
34.7;A?cknowledgem?en?t;315
34.8;References;321
35;31 Managing and Identifying the Risks Related to Biochemical Conversion of Waste-to-Energy;326
35.1;1 Introduction;326
35.2;2 Material Identification;327
35.2.1;2.1 Materials Hazards;327
35.2.2;2.2 Operations and Handling;328
35.2.3;2.3 Processing of Hazardous Materials;328
35.2.4;2.4 Other Related Hazards;329
35.2.5;2.5 Hazards from Design, Construction and Commissioning;330
35.3;3 Discussion;330
35.3.1;3.1 Incidents;330
35.3.2;3.2 Human Factors;331
35.3.3;3.3 Risk Management;331
35.4;4 Conclusion;333
35.5;References;333
36;32 Treatment of Effluent from Pharmaceutical Industry Using Calcium Oxide Obtained from Eggshells;335
36.1;1 Introduction;335
36.2;2 Methodology;338
36.2.1;2.1 Adsorbent Preparation;338
36.2.2;2.2 Adsorbate Preparation;338
36.2.3;2.3 Characterization of Adsorbate;339
36.2.4;2.4 Batch Adsorption Studies;340
36.2.5;2.5 Continuous Adsorption Studies;340
36.3;3 Results and Discussion;341
36.3.1;3.1 XRD Analysis;341
36.3.2;3.2 EDS Analysis;342
36.3.3;3.3 Particle Size Analysis;342
36.3.4;3.4 BET Analysis;343
36.3.5;3.5 SEM Analysis;344
36.3.6;3.6 Batch Adsorption Studies;344
36.3.6.1;3.6.1 Effect of Dosage;344
36.3.6.2;3.6.2 Effect of pH;345
36.3.6.3;3.6.3 Effect of Temperature;347
36.3.6.4;3.6.4 Effect of Contact Time;347
36.3.7;3.7 Continuous Adsorption Studies;348
36.3.7.1;3.7.1 Effect of Bed Height;348
36.3.7.2;3.7.2 Effect of Flow Rate;349
36.4;4 Conclusion;350
36.5;References;351
37;33 Chemometric Techniques: A Comparative Study of Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun and Haridwar, Uttarakhand (India);352
37.1;1 Introduction;352
37.2;2 Materials and Methods;353
37.2.1;2.1 Study Area;353
37.2.2;2.2 Methodology for Sampling and Preservation;353
37.3;3 Results and Discussion;354
37.3.1;3.1 Dehradun District;354
37.3.2;3.2 Haridwar District;355
37.3.3;3.3 Cluster Analysis of Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun District;355
37.3.4;3.4 Cluster Analysis of Drinking Water Sources of Haridwar District;356
37.4;4 Conclusion;357
37.5;Acknowledgements;358
37.6;References;358
38;34 Treatment of Sewage by the Weed Ipomoea Aquatica: A Feasibility Study on Bench-Scale SHEFROL® Bioreactor;359
38.1;1 Introduction;359
38.1.1;1.1 Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica);360
38.2;2 Materials and Methods;360
38.2.1;2.1 The Bioagent;361
38.2.2;2.2 The SHEFROL® Set Up;361
38.2.3;2.3 Assessment of the Performance of I. Aquatica;362
38.3;3 Results and Discussion;362
38.4;Acknowledgements;364
38.5;References;364
39;35 Development of Multimedia Hazardous Material Information System;366
39.1;1 Introduction;366
39.2;2 Materials and Methods;367
39.2.1;2.1 Worker HSE Comprehensibility Study;367
39.2.2;2.2 Material Safety Data Sheet Analysis;367
39.2.3;2.3 Hazardous Material Information System Development;368
39.2.4;2.4 Multimedia Hazardous Material Information System Development;369
39.2.5;2.5 HMIS and MHMIS Effectiveness Study;369
39.3;3 Results and Discussion;370
39.3.1;3.1 Worker HSE Comprehensibility Study;370
39.3.2;3.2 HMIS Effectiveness Study;370
39.3.3;3.3 MHMIS Effectiveness Study;370
39.4;4 Conclusion;371
39.5;References;371
40;36 Quality Assessment of Groundwater Using Water Quality Index at Yamunanagar, Haryana;373
40.1;1 Introduction;373
40.1.1;1.1 Study Area;373
40.1.2;1.2 Demography;374
40.2;2 Materials and Methods;374
40.3;3 Results and Discussion;377
40.4;4 Conclusion;379
40.5;References;379
41;37 Impact of Information Technology and Sedentary Lifestyle on Occupational Health;381
41.1;1 Introduction;381
41.2;2 Material and Method;382
41.3;3 Questionnaire;382
41.4;4 Results;383
41.5;5 Conclusion and Suggestion;386
41.6;References;386
42;38 Effect of Finite Dimension of the Substrate on the Performance of Microstrip Antenna;388
42.1;1 Introduction;388
42.2;2 Microstrip Antenna Design;388
42.3;3 Results and Discussion;389
42.4;4 Conclusions;391
42.5;References;392
43;39 Performance Enhancement of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna by Inserting Notches and Slits;393
43.1;1 Introduction;393
43.2;2 Antenna Structure and Design;394
43.3;3 Results and Discussion;395
43.4;4 Conclusions;397
43.5;References;397