Spiegel-Ciobanu / Costa / Zschiesche Hazardous Substances in Welding and Allied Processes

1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-3-030-36926-2
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 107 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: IIW Collection

This book provides information on the generation and the effects of hazardous substances that are produced during welding and allied processes. These processes are thermal cutting, thermal spraying, soldering and brazing. The book offers guidance on the determination of hazardous substances and it simplifies assessment of the hazard due to hazardous substances. 

In addition, the book explains tests in order to understand the concentration and intensity of key hazardous substances. Last but not least, the book suggests several possibilities of avoiding the risk to worker’s health as a result of exposing them to these substances.  

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Spiegel-Ciobanu, Vilia Elena

Costa, Luca

Zschiesche, Wolfgang

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface I;8
2;Preface II;10
3;Acknowledgements;12
4;Contents;13
5;1 General Information on Hazardous Substances in Welding and Allied Processes;16
5.1;1.1 Definition;16
5.2;1.2 Classification;16
5.2.1;1.2.1 Occurrence;16
5.2.2;1.2.2 Health Effects;19
5.3;1.3 Generation;21
5.3.1;1.3.1 Gaseous Hazardous Substances;22
5.3.2;1.3.2 Particulate Hazardous Substances;23
5.3.3;1.3.3 Hazardous Substances from Organic Based Coating Materials;26
5.4;1.4 Influencing Factors;27
5.5;1.5 Occupational Exposure Limit Values;28
5.6;1.6 Biological Limit Values;29
5.7;1.7 Test Methods;29
5.8;References;30
6;2 Health Effects of Specific Hazardous Substances;32
6.1;2.1 Toxic Gaseous Hazardous Substances;32
6.1.1;2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO);32
6.1.2;2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx = NO, NO2);32
6.1.3;2.1.3 Ozone (O3);33
6.1.4;2.1.4 Phosgene (COCI2);34
6.1.5;2.1.5 Gases from Coating Materials and Fluxes;34
6.2;2.2 Particulate Hazardous Substances;34
6.2.1;2.2.1 Lung-Stressing Substances;34
6.2.2;2.2.2 Toxic Substances;36
6.2.3;2.2.3 Carcinogenic Substances;36
6.2.4;2.2.4 Radioactive Substances;37
6.3;References;37
7;3 Assignment of Hazardous Substances to Welding Processes and Materials;39
7.1;3.1 Welding;39
7.1.1;3.1.1 Gas Welding;40
7.1.2;3.1.2 Manual Metal Arc Welding with Covered Electrodes;41
7.1.3;3.1.3 Gas-Shielded Arc Welding, in General;43
7.1.4;3.1.4 Gas-Shielded Metal Arc Welding (GMAW);43
7.1.5;3.1.5 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG);45
7.1.6;3.1.6 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW);46
7.1.7;3.1.7 Resistance Welding;46
7.1.8;3.1.8 Laser Welding Without Filler Metal;46
7.1.9;3.1.9 Laser Cladding;47
7.1.10;3.1.10 Laser Welding with Nd:YAG-Laser;48
7.1.11;3.1.11 Assignment of Key Components to Welding Processes (Example);48
7.1.12;3.1.12 Hybrid Welding;50
7.2;3.2 Thermal Cutting;51
7.2.1;3.2.1 Flame Cutting (Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Steel);51
7.2.2;3.2.2 Plasma Cutting;51
7.2.3;3.2.3 Laser Beam Cutting, in General;52
7.2.4;3.2.4 Laser Cutting with CO2-Laser;53
7.2.5;3.2.5 Laser Cutting with Nd:YAG-Laser;54
7.3;3.3 Thermal Spraying;55
7.3.1;3.3.1 Flame Spraying;56
7.3.2;3.3.2 Arc Spraying;56
7.3.3;3.3.3 Plasma Spraying;57
7.4;3.4 Soldering and Brazing;58
7.4.1;3.4.1 Soldering (T < 450 °C);58
7.4.2;3.4.2 Brazing (T > 450 °C);60
7.4.3;3.4.3 MIG Brazing, Laser Brazing, Plasma Brazing (T > 900 °C);62
7.5;References;62
8;4 Ultrafine Particles (UFP);64
8.1;4.1 Findings from Studies on Toxicity of UFP in General;64
8.2;4.2 Findings from Research on the Characteristics of UFP;64
8.3;4.3 Results from Studies on Welding Processes;65
8.4;4.4 Findings from Research on Identification of Particle Characteristics in Welding of Galvanized Sheet;73
8.5;4.5 Other Findings;74
8.6;References;74
9;5 Hazard Evaluation During Welding;75
9.1;5.1 ISO 15011-4 Approach;75
9.2;5.2 Risk Assessment;76
9.3;5.3 Assessment of Airborne Particles During Welding and Allied Processes;77
9.4;5.4 Additional Tools for Hazard Evaluation;78
9.5;References;78
10;6 Measurement Methods;79
10.1;6.1 Measurement Methods for Gaseous Substances;80
10.2;6.2 Measurement Methods for Particulate Substances in the Breathing Zone;81
10.3;6.3 Stationary Sampling for Particulate Substances;84
10.4;References;87
11;7 Technical Protective Measures;88
11.1;7.1 Selection of Low Fume Emission Processes;88
11.2;7.2 Selection of Low Emission Consumables;90
11.3;7.3 Improvement of the Working Conditions;90
11.4;7.4 Technical Safety Devices;91
11.4.1;7.4.1 Oxyacetylene Welding and Cutting;91
11.4.2;7.4.2 Plasma Cutting;92
11.4.3;7.4.3 Operations in Enclosed Booths;92
11.4.4;7.4.4 Ventilation;92
11.4.5;7.4.5 Free Ventilation (Natural Ventilation);92
11.4.6;7.4.6 Forced (Mechanical) Ventilation;93
11.4.7;7.4.7 Extraction;93
11.4.8;7.4.8 Downdraft Cutting Tables;96
11.4.9;7.4.9 Supply Air Systems/Room Ventilation;97
11.5;References;98
12;8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Substances;99
12.1;8.1 Welder’s Hand-Held Shields and Welding Helmets;99
12.2;8.2 Respiratory Protective Equipment;99
13;9 Preventive Occupational Medical Care;101
13.1;References;103
14;Appendix Hazard evaluation during welding, German approach;104
15;References;107

Über Autor(innen)

Vilia Elena Spiegel-Ciobanu achieved her Master of Science Degree (M.Sc.) as Processes Engineer in 
the field of Technology of Oil and Gases Processes at the Institute of Oil and Gases in Bucharest/Romania in 1977. After ten years’ experiences in the chemical and petrochemical Industries (Oil Refineries) she changed her field of occupation and continues her activities in the field of Health and Safety at the department of prevention of a liability accident insurance in Germany as Chairman of the Section Hazardous Substances in Welding and allied Processes till the End of 2017, when she retired. All this time she was involved as Expert in the European and in the International Standardization (CEN and ISO) concerning Health and Safety in Welding and allied Processes. Since 1993 she joined the Commission VIII “Health, Safety and Environment” of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) and she served as Expert during all these years till today. 2009 she received the Doctor Degree in Engineering Technology at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Technology Aachen. Focus of her dissertation was “The Matrix of Assessment of the Hazardous Substances Pollution by Welding Fume”. Today she continues her activities as expert in IIW, Commission VIII and in German Association of Welding and allied Processes E.V. (DVS), in Health and Safety.  
Luca COSTA graduated in Mechanical Engineering in 1998 at the University of Genoa, joined the Italian Institute of Welding (IIS) in 2000. He carried out training, research and technical assistance activities and is certified European / International Welding Engineer. Since 2002 he has held the position of Head of the Quality, Environment and Safety Courses Area of the Training Department at IIS. He participated to several projects and activities devoted to Health of welding and related activities. He Joined the Commission VIII “Health, Safety and Environment” of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) in 2003 and he served as Chairman in the period 2008 - 2016. He got the position of Manager at IIS 2012 and afterwards he became director at IIS PORGRESS. From 2020 he was appointed CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of the International Institute of Welding (IIW). He was also the Italian delegate to the meetings of the European Welding Federation (EWF) and participated in numerous other national and international working groups active in the field of standardization and research.  
Wolfgang Zschiesche graduated as a Medical Doctor at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. He then specialized in Occupational Medicine and worked for a long time as a research worker at this Institute. Later, he changed to the department of prevention of a liability accident insurance in Germany and works now for the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance as a Senior Lecturer. For over 30 years he has been involved in research work on diseases from welding fumes and gases. He is a member of several national and international committees on health and safety in welding and on hazards from electric current and EMF. He is also a long-time member of Commission VIII “Health, Safety and Environment” of IIW and is a former chairman of this Commission.