Stauffer / Bonfanti Forensic Investigation of Stolen-Recovered and Other Crime-Related Vehicles

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-047788-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 632 Seiten, Web PDF

Forensic Investigation of Stolen-Recovered and Other Crime-Related Vehicles is the ultimate reference guide for any auto theft investigator, crime scene technician, criminalist, police investigator, criminologist, or insurance adjuster. In addition to a thorough treatment of auto theft, the book covers vehicles involved in other forms of crime-dealing extensively with the various procedures and dynamics of evidence as it might be left in any crime scene. An impressive collection of expert contributors covers a wide variety of subjects, including chapters on vehicle identification, examination of burned vehicles, vehicles recovered from under water, vehicles involved in terrorism, vehicle tracking, alarms, anti-theft systems, steering columns, and ignition locks. The book also covers such topics as victim and witness interviews, public and private auto theft investigations, detection of trace evidence and chemical traces, vehicle search techniques, analysis of automotive fluids, vehicle registration document examination, and vehicle crime mapping.
* Extensively researched and exceptionally well-written by internationally-recognized experts in auto theft investigation and forensic science
* All the principles explained in the text are well-illustrated and demonstrated with more than 450 black and white and about 100 full-color illustrations, many directly from real cases
* Serves as both a valuable reference guide to the professional and an effective teaching tool for the forensic science student

Eric Stauffer is a criminalist presently living in Switzerland. In 1998 he obtained his Master-equivalent degree in forensic sciences from the Institut de Police Scientifique et de Criminologie at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. In 1999 he moved to the United States and, two years later, obtained another Master's degree in forensic sciences from Florida International University in Miami, Florida. Mr. Stauffer is certified as a Diplomate and a Fellow of the American Board of Criminalistics, with a specialty in the area of fire debris analysis. He is also a Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator (CFEI) and a Certified Fire Investigation Instructor (CFII) both from the National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI).
During his early career as a criminalist, Mr. Stauffer worked as a crime scene officer and a firearms and toolmarks examiner. In 2001, he moved to Atlanta and joined the private sector as a fire investigator and fire debris analyst. As such, his duties involved the investigation of numerous residential, commercial, and vehicle fire scenes to determine their origin and cause and, at the laboratory, the examination of fire debris samples for ignitable liquid residues. In 2006, he moved back to Switzerland to conduct research in forensic sciences, notably in fingermark enhancement techniques and fire investigation. He is currently pursuing doctoral studies at the School of Criminal Sciences at the University of Lausanne.
From 2003 to 2006, Mr. Stauffer was Chair of the Fire Laboratory Standards and Protocols committee of the Scientific Working Group on Fire and Explosives (SWGFEX). He also served as a subject matter expert for the development of the fire debris validation kit produced by the National Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC).
Mr. Stauffer is a recognized speaker and instructor in the field of forensic sciences and, more particularly, in fire investigation and fire debris analysis. He has presented his work at several

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stauffer, Eric

Bonfanti, Monica

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Title page;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Table of contents;8
5;Contributors;14
6;Foreword;26
7;Preface;28
8;Acknowledgments;32
9;1 THE PROBLEM OF AUTO THEFT;34
9.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;34
9.2;1.2 OVERVIEW;35
9.2.1;1.2.1 Motives;35
9.2.2;1.2.2 Modus Operandi;38
9.2.3;1.2.3 Perpetrators;39
9.3;1.3 STATISTICAL DATA AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE;39
9.3.1;1.3.1 Global Picture;39
9.3.2;1.3.2 Evolution in Number of Stolen Vehicles with Time;40
9.3.3;1.3.3 Comparison Between Countries;41
9.3.4;1.3.4 US Geographical Statistics;42
9.3.5;1.3.5 Most Commonly Stolen Vehicles in the United States;45
9.3.6;1.3.6 Recovery Rates and Other Parameters;47
9.3.7;1.3.7 International Trafficking;47
9.4;1.4 ENFORCEMENT AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES;49
9.4.1;1.4.1 Preventive Measures;49
9.4.2;1.4.2 Investigative Measures;50
9.5;1.5 ORGANIZATIONS;51
9.5.1;1.5.1 Goals;51
9.5.2;1.5.2 Professional Associations;51
9.5.3;1.5.3 Government-Sponsored Organizations;52
9.5.4;1.5.4 Privately Sponsored Organizations;53
9.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;53
9.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;53
10;2 VICTIM AND WITNESS INTERVIEWS AND COLLECTION OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL INFORMATION;56
10.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;56
10.2;2.2 GENERAL APPROACH TO INTERVIEWS;57
10.2.1;2.2.1 Initial Report;57
10.2.2;2.2.2 Main Interview;57
10.2.3;2.2.3 Identities;58
10.2.4;2.2.4 Quality of the Interview;59
10.3;2.3 FORMS;60
10.4;2.4 COLLECTION OF INFORMATION;60
10.4.1;2.4.1 Principle;60
10.4.2;2.4.2 Information Regarding the Vehicle;62
10.4.3;2.4.3 Information Regarding the Theft;64
10.4.4;2.4.4 Information Regarding Vehicle Recovery;67
10.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;69
11;3 GENERAL CRIME SCENE CONSIDERATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION;70
11.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;70
11.2;3.2 NOTIFICATION AND INITIAL ASSESSMENT;70
11.3;3.3 SCENE ATTENDANCE;71
11.4;3.4 SCENE EXAMINATION;74
11.4.1;3.4.1 Searching Techniques and Evidence Identification;74
11.4.2;3.4.2 Note Recording;76
11.4.3;3.4.3 Sketch Plan;77
11.4.4;3.4.4 Photography;80
11.4.5;3.4.5 Further Scene Examinations;84
11.4.6;3.4.6 Evidence Collection;84
11.4.7;3.4.7 Case Management;88
11.5;3.5 REPORT PREPARATION AND COURT PRESENTATION;88
11.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;89
11.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;90
12;4 FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF STOLEN-RECOVERED VEHICLES;92
12.1;Part I: Technical Examination and General Forensic Traces;92
12.1.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;92
12.1.1.1;4.1.1 Challenges;92
12.1.1.2;4.1.2 Crime Scene Considerations;93
12.1.1.3;4.1.3 Examination Facility;93
12.1.1.4;4.1.4 Forensic Techniques;94
12.1.2;4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE MODUS OPERANDI;95
12.1.2.1;4.2.1 Penetration of the Vehicle;95
12.1.2.2;4.2.2 Starting the Vehicle;103
12.1.3;4.3 FINGERPRINTS AND PALM PRINTS;105
12.1.3.1;4.3.1 General Considerations;105
12.1.3.2;4.3.2 Fingerprint Search;105
12.1.3.3;4.3.3 Fingerprint Development;106
12.1.4;4.4 BIOLOGICAL AND DNA TRACES;108
12.1.4.1;4.4.1 General Considerations and Sampling;108
12.1.4.2;4.4.2 Blood;108
12.1.4.3;4.4.3 Semen;112
12.1.4.4;4.4.4 Skin Contact Traces;114
12.1.4.5;4.4.5 Hair and Dandruff;115
12.1.5;4.5 MICROTRACES;115
12.1.5.1;4.5.1 General Considerations;115
12.1.5.2;4.5.2 Fibers;116
12.1.5.3;4.5.3 Glass;117
12.1.5.4;4.5.4 Paint;118
12.1.5.5;4.5.5 Soil;119
12.1.6;4.6 TOOLMARKS AND OTHER EVIDENCE;119
12.1.7;4.7 ABANDONED OBJECTS;121
12.1.8;4.8 VEHICLES INVOLVED IN OTHER CRIMES;121
12.1.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;123
12.1.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;123
12.2;Part II: Chemical Traces„Drugs, Explosives, and Gunshot Residue;126
12.2.1;4.9 INTRODUCTION;126
12.2.2;4.10 CHEMICAL TRACES;126
12.2.2.1;4.10.1 Illicit Drugs;126
12.2.2.2;4.10.2 Explosives;127
12.2.2.3;4.10.3 Gunshot Residue;129
12.2.3;4.11 CRIME SCENE EXAMINATION;129
12.2.3.1;4.11.1 Security Phase;129
12.2.3.2;4.11.2 Forensic Phase A: Outside the Vehicle;129
12.2.3.3;4.11.3 Forensic Phase B: Vehicle Entrance;130
12.2.3.4;4.11.4 Forensic Phase C: On-Site Analysis;130
12.2.3.5;4.11.5 Forensic Phase D: Sampling;132
12.2.3.6;4.11.6 Forensic Phase E: Packaging of Samples;137
12.2.4;4.12 LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES;137
12.2.4.1;4.12.1 Analysis;137
12.2.4.2;4.12.2 Interpretation of Results;138
12.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;138
12.2.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;138
13;5 TRACES AND THEIR EVIDENTIARY VALUE;142
13.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;142
13.2;5.2 TRACE PROPERTIES;145
13.2.1;5.2.1 Evidence Functions;145
13.2.2;5.2.2 Class and Randomly-Acquired Characteristics;145
13.2.3;5.2.3 Requirements;146
13.2.4;5.2.4 Evidence Strength;146
13.2.5;5.2.5 Comparison Process;148
13.3;5.3 EVIDENCE LEADING TO INDIVIDUALIZATION;149
13.3.1;5.3.1 Fingerprints and Other Ridge Skin Impressions;149
13.3.2;5.3.2 Shoeprints;150
13.3.3;5.3.3 Tire Tracks;151
13.3.4;5.3.4 Toolmarks;152
13.4;5.4 CLASS EVIDENCE;153
13.4.1;5.4.1 Body Fluids and DNA;153
13.4.2;5.4.2 Paint;154
13.4.3;5.4.3 Fibers;155
13.4.4;5.4.4 Glass;156
13.5;BIBLIOGRAPHY;157
14;6 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION;160
14.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;160
14.2;6.2 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER FORMAT;160
14.2.1;6.2.1 General Structure;160
14.2.2;6.2.2 World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI);162
14.2.3;6.2.3 Vehicle Descriptor Section (VDS);164
14.2.4;6.2.4 Check Digit;164
14.2.5;6.2.5 Vehicle Indicator Section (VIS);166
14.2.6;6.2.6 Information Resources;167
14.2.7;6.2.7 Examples;169
14.3;6.3 VIN PLATE LOCATIONS, TYPES, AND ATTACHMENTS;170
14.3.1;6.3.1 VIN Locations;170
14.3.2;6.3.2 General Plates;171
14.3.3;6.3.3 Safety Certification Label;174
14.3.4;6.3.4 Anti-Theft Label;175
14.3.5;6.3.5 Stamping of Other Parts;177
14.3.6;6.3.6 Window Etching;179
14.3.7;6.3.7 Other VIN Locations;181
14.4;6.4 SECONDARY AND CONFIDENTIAL VINS;181
14.4.1;6.4.1 Principle;181
14.4.2;6.4.2 Secondary (Nonconfidential) VIN;181
14.4.3;6.4.3 Confidential VINs;183
14.5;6.5 PARTICULAR VINS;185
14.5.1;6.5.1 Gray Market VIN;185
14.5.2;6.5.2 Kit Assembled Cars;187
14.5.3;6.5.3 Rebuilt Vehicles;187
14.6;6.6 OTHER VEHICLE MARKINGS;188
14.6.1;6.6.1 Air Bags;188
14.6.2;6.6.2 Other Parts;189
14.6.3;6.6.3 Engine Emission Control Label;191
14.6.4;6.6.4 Other Coded Date Information;192
14.6.5;6.6.5 Other Serial Numbers;193
14.7;6.7 VIN CHANGING (OR RE-VINING, RINGING, OR TAGGING);194
14.7.1;6.7.1 Principle;194
14.7.2;6.7.2 Alteration of Existing VIN;195
14.7.3;6.7.3 VIN Plate Switching;195
14.7.4;6.7.4 Counterfeit VIN Plate;196
14.8;6.8 HANDS-ON VEHICLE EXAMINATION;197
14.8.1;6.8.1 Equipment Needed;197
14.8.2;6.8.2 Examination Site and Preliminary Data Collection;197
14.8.3;6.8.3 Examination Process;198
14.8.4;6.8.4 Summary;206
14.9;BIBLIOGRAPHY;207
15;7 RESTORATION OF SERIAL NUMBERS;210
15.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;210
15.2;7.2 SERIAL NUMBERING METHODS;210
15.3;7.3 TECHNIQUES USED TO OBLITERATE NUMBERS;210
15.4;7.4 MATERIAL DEFORMATION AND CAUSED EFFECTS;215
15.4.1;7.4.1 Principle of Deformation and Restoration;215
15.4.2;7.4.2 Metallic Objects;217
15.4.3;7.4.3 Organic Solids (Plastics);218
15.5;7.5 RESTORATION METHODS FOR METALLIC OBJECTS;220
15.5.1;7.5.1 Principle;220
15.5.2;7.5.2 Sample Preparation Techniques;220
15.5.3;7.5.3 Destructive Restoration Procedures for Metals;220
15.5.4;7.5.4 Nondestructive Restoration Procedures For Metals;226
15.6;7.6 RESTORATION METHODS FOR PLASTICS;230
15.6.1;7.6.1 Principle;230
15.6.2;7.6.2 Destructive Restoration Procedures for Plastics;230
15.6.3;7.6.3 Nondestructive Restoration Procedures for Plastics;232
15.7;7.7 PHOTOGRAPHY;232
15.8;7.8 EVALUATION OF METHODS;234
15.9;7.9 PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR SERIAL NUMBER RESTORATION;235
15.9.1;7.9.1 Inspection and Preparation;235
15.9.2;7.9.2 Application of a Processing Method;235
15.9.3;7.9.3 Recording of Results and Conclusions;235
15.9.4;7.9.4 Restoration from the Reverse Side of the Specimen;236
15.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;236
15.11;BIBLIOGRAPHY;236
16;8 ANTI-THEFT SYSTEMS;240
16.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;240
16.2;8.2 VEHICLE ANTI-THEFT SYSTEMS;242
16.2.1;8.2.1 Development of OEM Immobilizer and Alarm Systems;242
16.2.2;8.2.2 General Motors PassKey I and II Systems;243
16.2.3;8.2.3 GM PassLock System;245
16.2.4;8.2.4 Transponder or Radiofrequency Identification Systems;247
16.3;8.3 FUNCTION TESTING OEM IMMOBILIZER SYSTEMS;252
16.3.1;8.3.1 PassKey I and II;252
16.3.2;8.3.2 PassLock;252
16.3.3;8.3.3 Transponder;253
16.4;8.4 TRANSPONDERS;254
16.4.1;8.4.1 Aftermarket Programming and Servicing Tools;254
16.4.2;8.4.2 Transponder Key Cloning;255
16.4.3;8.4.3 Emergency Start Procedures;256
16.4.4;8.4.4 Transponders for Fraud Prevention;256
16.5;8.5 ELECTRONIC KEY AND KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEMS;257
16.6;8.6 ALARM SYSTEMS;258
16.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;259
16.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;259
17;9 EXAMINATION OF STEERING COLUMNS AND IGNITION LOCKS;260
17.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;260
17.2;9.2 VEHICLE STEERING COLUMNS;262
17.2.1;9.2.1 Steering Column Design;262
17.2.2;9.2.2 Separate-Component Column;263
17.2.3;9.2.3 Single-Component Column (Ignition Lock-Column Lock-Starter Switch Assembly);268
17.2.4;9.2.4 Nonlocking Column;269
17.3;9.3 VEHICLE IGNITION LOCKS;270
17.3.1;9.3.1 Principle;270
17.3.2;9.3.2 Ignition Lock Components and Their Operation;271
17.4;9.4 DEFEATING THE IGNITION LOCK;274
17.4.1;9.4.1 Principle;274
17.4.2;9.4.2 Forced Removal of the Ignition Lock;274
17.4.3;9.4.3 Forced Rotation;275
17.4.4;9.4.4 Lock Picking;276
17.4.5;9.4.5 Key Impressioning;278
17.4.6;9.4.6 Key Picks;278
17.4.7;9.4.7 Master Keys;280
17.5;9.5 EXAMINATION OF STEERING COLUMN COMPONENTS ON BURNED VEHICLES;280
17.5.1;9.5.1 Principle;280
17.5.2;9.5.2 Creation of the Debris Area;283
17.5.3;9.5.3 Recovery of Evidence;285
17.6;9.6 EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE;287
17.6.1;9.6.1 Principle;287
17.6.2;9.6.2 On-Site Field Examination;288
17.6.3;9.6.3 Laboratory Examination;288
17.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;290
17.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;290
18;10 EXAMINATION OF VEHICLE KEYS;292
18.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;292
18.2;10.2 CAR KEY TYPES;292
18.2.1;10.2.1 Evolution and Generalities;292
18.2.2;10.2.2 Pin/Wafer Tumbler Keys;293
18.2.3;10.2.3 Sidewinder and Centerwinder Keys;294
18.2.4;10.2.4 Ford/Jaguar Tibbe Keys and Ford Chubb Keys;295
18.2.5;10.2.5 Dimple Keys;295
18.2.6;10.2.6 Keys With Anti-Theft System;297
18.2.7;10.2.7 Keyless Systems;297
18.3;10.3 KEY DUPLICATION;299
18.3.1;10.3.1 Key Characteristics;299
18.3.2;10.3.2 General Duplication Process;300
18.3.3;10.3.3 Key-Cutting Machines or Duplicators;301
18.4;10.4 COPY TRACES ON THE ORIGINAL KEY;306
18.4.1;10.4.1 Principle;306
18.4.2;10.4.2 Vise Jaw Marks;307
18.4.3;10.4.3 Depth Guide Marks;307
18.4.4;10.4.4 Examination Outcome;310
18.4.5;10.4.5 Other Indicators;310
18.5;10.5 FORENSIC EXAMINATION;310
18.5.1;10.5.1 Questions;310
18.5.2;10.5.2 Original Set;311
18.5.3;10.5.3 Key Functions;311
18.5.4;10.5.4 Key and Lock Matching;311
18.5.5;10.5.5 Key Originality;312
18.5.6;10.5.6 Key Wear and Tear;312
18.5.7;10.5.7 Copy Traces;313
18.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;314
18.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;314
19;11 ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE FLUIDS;316
19.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;316
19.2;11.2 VEHICLE FLUIDS;317
19.2.1;11.2.1 Different Types of Fluids;317
19.2.2;11.2.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Fluids;318
19.3;11.3 FLUID SAMPLING;320
19.3.1;11.3.1 Preliminary Observations and Level Check;320
19.3.2;11.3.2 Sampling;322
19.3.3;11.3.3 Information Accompanying the Samples;323
19.4;11.4 ANALYSIS OF ENGINE OIL;324
19.4.1;11.4.1 Oil Contamination;324
19.4.2;11.4.2 Oil Condition;326
19.4.3;11.4.3 Engine Wear;326
19.5;11.5 ANALYSIS OF ATF;327
19.6;11.6 PRACTICAL CASES;328
19.6.1;11.6.1 2000 Renault Espace;328
19.6.2;11.6.2 1997 Chevrolet Venture;328
19.6.3;11.6.3 2002 Ford Explorer;330
19.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;331
19.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;331
20;12 EXAMINATION OF BURNED VEHICLES;334
20.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;334
20.2;12.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRE;336
20.2.1;12.2.1 Fire Triangle;336
20.2.2;12.2.2 Combustible;337
20.2.3;12.2.3 Oxidizer;341
20.2.4;12.2.4 Thermal Energy or Source of Ignition;342
20.2.5;12.2.5 Heat Transfer;342
20.3;12.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FIRE INVESTIGATION;343
20.3.1;12.3.1 Purpose;343
20.3.2;12.3.2 Fire Causes;344
20.3.3;12.3.3 General Approach to the Fire Investigation;349
20.3.4;12.3.4 Interviews and Information Collection;350
20.3.5;12.3.5 Personnel Protection and Equipment;351
20.4;12.4 DETERMINATION OF THE ORIGIN;353
20.4.1;12.4.1 General Principles;353
20.4.2;12.4.2 Compartments;354
20.4.3;12.4.3 Patterns on the Vehicle Body;355
20.4.4;12.4.4 Narrowing the Point of Origin;359
20.4.5;12.4.5 Multiple Points of Origin;359
20.4.6;12.4.6 Other Patterns;360
20.5;12.5 DETERMINATION OF THE CAUSE;360
20.5.1;12.5.1 General Principles;360
20.5.2;12.5.2 Sources of Ignition in a Vehicle;362
20.5.3;12.5.3 Causes with Stolen-Recovered Vehicles;363
20.5.4;12.5.4 Causes with Insurance Fraud Scheme Vehicles;363
20.5.5;12.5.5 Fires Caused by Vandalism;365
20.6;12.6 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE;365
20.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;367
20.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;367
21;13 EXAMINATION OF VEHICLES RECOVERED UNDERWATER;370
21.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;370
21.2;13.2 LIMITATIONS IN UNDERWATER CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION;371
21.2.1;13.2.1 Principle;371
21.2.2;13.2.2 Limitations of Witness Testimonies;371
21.2.3;13.2.3 Physical Constraints;371
21.2.4;13.2.4 Physical Limitations of the Aquatic Environment;372
21.3;13.3 SEARCH METHODS: FROM SIMPLE TO SOPHISTICATED;375
21.3.1;13.3.1 Search from the Surface;375
21.3.2;13.3.2 Search in the Water;376
21.3.3;13.3.3 Sonar Methods;378
21.4;13.4 CRIME SCENE DELIMITATION AND SEARCH METHODOLOGY;380
21.4.1;13.4.1 At Discovery of the Scene;380
21.4.2;13.4.2 Step by Step;380
21.5;13.5 CRIME SCENE EXAMINATION AND RECORDING;383
21.5.1;13.5.1 Preliminary Reconnaissance;383
21.5.2;13.5.2 Photography and Video Recording;383
21.5.3;13.5.3 Sketch from the Surface;385
21.5.4;13.5.4 Note-Taking;385
21.6;13.6 COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE;387
21.6.1;13.6.1 Principle;387
21.6.2;13.6.2 Documents;388
21.6.3;13.6.3 Firearms;390
21.6.4;13.6.4 Electronic Devices;391
21.6.5;13.6.5 Trace Evidence;391
21.6.6;13.6.6 DNA Traces;392
21.6.7;13.6.7 Bodies;393
21.6.8;13.6.8 Fingerprints and Palm Prints;395
21.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;397
21.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;397
22;14 EXAMINATION OF VEHICLE LICENSE PLATES;400
22.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;400
22.2;14.2 LICENSE PLATES REGULATIONS AND DELIVERY;400
22.2.1;14.2.1 Principle;400
22.2.2;14.2.2 General Characteristics of Different Plates;401
22.2.3;14.2.3 Registration in Austria;401
22.2.4;14.2.4 Registration in Belgium;404
22.2.5;14.2.5 Registration in Canada;404
22.2.6;14.2.6 Registration in Denmark;405
22.2.7;14.2.7 Registration in France;405
22.2.8;14.2.8 Registration in Germany;405
22.2.9;14.2.9 Registration in Great Britain;406
22.2.10;14.2.10 Registration in Italy;406
22.2.11;14.2.11 Registration in the Netherlands;407
22.2.12;14.2.12 Registration in Norway;407
22.2.13;14.2.13 Registration in Portugal;407
22.2.14;14.2.14 Registration in Spain;407
22.2.15;14.2.15 Registration in Sweden;407
22.2.16;14.2.16 Registration in Switzerland;407
22.2.17;14.2.17 Registration in the United States;408
22.3;14.3 MANUFACTURING OF LICENSE PLATES;410
22.3.1;14.3.1 Principle;410
22.3.2;14.3.2 Aluminum Plates;410
22.3.3;14.3.3 Plastic Plates;413
22.4;14.4 FORGED AND COUNTERFEIT LICENSE PLATES;413
22.4.1;14.4.1 Altered License Plates;413
22.4.2;14.4.2 Replica License Plates;413
22.4.3;14.4.3 Authentic Plates;413
22.5;14.5 FORENSIC APPROACH TO THE EXAMINATION OF LICENSE PLATES;414
22.5.1;14.5.1 Principle;414
22.5.2;14.5.2 Source of Information;415
22.5.3;14.5.3 Identification of Manufacturer and/or Embosser;416
22.5.4;14.5.4 Comparison of Embossing Defects;416
22.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;419
22.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;419
23;15 EXAMINATION OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DOCUMENTS;422
23.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;422
23.2;15.2 CONCEPT OF REGISTRATION OF VEHICLES;423
23.2.1;15.2.1 General Principle;423
23.2.2;15.2.2 International Standardization and Cooperation;426
23.2.3;15.2.3 EU Legislation;427
23.2.4;15.2.4 World Tour;428
23.3;15.3 SECURITY DOCUMENTS;428
23.3.1;15.3.1 Principle;428
23.3.2;15.3.2 Manufacture;429
23.3.3;15.3.3 Secured Personalization;435
23.3.4;15.3.4 Secured Issuance and Disposal;436
23.4;15.4 DOCUMENT FRAUD;437
23.4.1;15.4.1 Fraud Motives;437
23.4.2;15.4.2 Types of Fraud;437
23.4.3;15.4.3 Fraud Trends;439
23.5;15.5 FORENSIC EXAMINATION METHODOLOGY;443
23.5.1;15.5.1 Collection of Registration Documents;443
23.5.2;15.5.2 Equipment;443
23.5.3;15.5.3 Preliminary Visual Examination;444
23.5.4;15.5.4 Database Checks;444
23.5.5;15.5.5 Comparison Process;444
23.5.6;15.5.6 Examination Checklist;445
23.5.7;15.5.7 Electrostatic Detection Apparatus;445
23.5.8;15.5.8 Burned or Carbonized Documents;446
23.5.9;15.5.9 Instrumental Analysis of Paper and Inks;446
23.5.10;15.5.10 Fingerprint Examination;446
23.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;447
23.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;447
24;16 VEHICLE SEARCHING PROCEDURES;450
24.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;450
24.2;16.2 EQUIPMENT;450
24.3;16.3 SEARCHING METHODS;451
24.3.1;16.3.1 Definition;451
24.3.2;16.3.2 Suspicious Elements;452
24.3.3;16.3.3 Partitions;452
24.4;16.4 OTHER VEHICLES;463
24.4.1;16.4.1 Tractor Trailers;463
24.4.2;16.4.2 Utility Vehicles;463
24.4.3;16.4.3 Motorcycles;463
24.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;464
25;17 EXAMINATION OF VEHICLES INVOLVED IN TERRORISM;466
25.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;466
25.2;17.2 USE OF STOLEN VEHICLES BY ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS;468
25.2.1;17.2.1 Organized Crime and Terrorist Organizations;468
25.2.2;17.2.2 Use of Stolen Vehicles to Help Fund Terrorism;470
25.2.3;17.2.3 Use of Stolen Vehicles for Explosives Transportation;471
25.2.4;17.2.4 Use of Stolen Vehicles for Surveillance and Transportation;472
25.3;17.3 PROCESSING STOLEN-RECOVERED VEHICLES;473
25.3.1;17.3.1 Principle;473
25.3.2;17.3.2 Forensic Evidence to Identify Suspects or to Cross-Link Vehicles;473
25.3.3;17.3.3 Processing Suspicious Vehicles;474
25.4;17.4 INVESTIGATION OF A CAR OR TRUCK BOMB CRIME SCENE;475
25.4.1;17.4.1 Principle;475
25.4.2;17.4.2 Understanding the Effects of Explosions on Vehicles;476
25.4.3;17.4.3 Specialists Involved in Bombing Investigations;477
25.4.4;17.4.4 Identifying Explosives;479
25.5;17.5 CASE STUDIES;480
25.5.1;17.5.1 World Trade Center, New York City, United States, 1993;480
25.5.2;17.5.2 Federal Courthouse, Oklahoma City, United States, 1995;481
25.5.3;17.5.3 Spain Assassination Case, Madrid, Spain, 2000;482
25.5.4;17.5.4 Sari Club and Paddy’s Pub, Bali, Indonesia, 2002;483
25.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;485
26;18 INVESTIGATION FROM THE PUBLIC SIDE;490
26.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;490
26.2;18.2 INITIAL REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION OF A STOLEN VEHICLE;491
26.3;18.3 RECOVERING STOLEN VEHICLES;492
26.3.1;18.3.1 Principle;492
26.3.2;18.3.2 Clues to Finding Stolen Vehicles;493
26.3.3;18.3.3 Vehicle Identification Officers;495
26.3.4;18.3.4 Technology;496
26.3.5;18.3.5 Processing Recovered Vehicles;498
26.4;18.4 INVESTIGATING AUTO THEFTS;500
26.4.1;18.4.1 Principle;500
26.4.2;18.4.2 Types of Thefts;500
26.4.3;18.4.3 Long-Term Versus Short-Term Cases;507
26.4.4;18.4.4 Utilization of Informants;508
26.4.5;18.4.5 Undercover Operations;509
26.4.6;18.4.6 Search Warrants;509
26.4.7;18.4.7 Bait Car Systems;510
26.5;18.5 PROSECUTION OF AUTO THEFT CASES;510
26.6;18.6 TYPES OF AUTO THEFT INVESTIGATIVE UNITS;511
26.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;512
27;19 INVESTIGATION FROM THE PRIVATE SIDE;514
27.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;514
27.2;19.2 INFORMATION IN POSSESSION OF THE INSURANCE COMPANY;514
27.3;19.3 COLLECTION OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION IN CASE OF THEFT;515
27.3.1;19.3.1 Insured’s Notification of Theft;515
27.3.2;19.3.2 First Measures Taken by the Insurance Company at Time of Theft Notification;515
27.3.3;19.3.3 Questionnaire;516
27.3.4;19.3.4 Procuration;518
27.4;19.4 INVESTIGATION;519
27.4.1;19.4.1 Verification of the Questionnaire;519
27.4.2;19.4.2 Investigation Methodology;519
27.4.3;19.4.3 Checklist;521
27.4.4;19.4.4 Case Examples;523
27.4.5;19.4.5 Recovery of the Vehicle;524
27.5;19.5 CLAIM SETTLEMENT;525
27.5.1;19.5.1 Payment of Claim;525
27.5.2;19.5.2 Discovery of the Fraud;526
27.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;526
27.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;526
27.8;19.6 INTRODUCTION;527
27.9;19.7 INDICATORS OF FRAUD;528
27.10;19.8 INVESTIGATION;529
27.10.1;19.8.1 Principle;529
27.10.2;19.8.2 Examinations;529
27.10.3;19.8.3 Use of Expert Services;531
27.10.4;19.8.4 Documentation and Authorizations;531
27.10.5;19.8.5 Sources of Information;532
27.10.6;19.8.6 Interviews;533
27.10.7;19.8.7 Timelines;534
27.10.8;19.8.8 Financial Background;535
27.11;19.9 CLAIM EVALUATION;535
27.11.1;19.9.1 Reservation of Rights or Nonwaiver;535
27.11.2;19.9.2 Fraud Determination;536
27.11.3;19.9.3 Disposition of the Claim;536
27.12;BIBLIOGRAPHY;537
28;20 VEHICLE TRACKING;538
28.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;538
28.2;20.2 TYPES OF TRACKING DEVICES;539
28.2.1;20.2.1 Lojack;539
28.2.2;20.2.2 Global Positioning Systems;540
28.2.3;20.2.3 Ituran System;542
28.2.4;20.2.4 Cell Phones;542
28.3;20.3 INSTALLING TRACKING DEVICES;543
28.3.1;20.3.1 Vehicles Equipped With Tracking Devices;543
28.3.2;20.3.2 Installation in the Scope of an Investigation;543
28.3.3;20.3.3 Covert Installations;544
28.4;20.4 THE USE OF TRACKING DEVICES FOR INVESTIGATIONS AND RECOVERY OF VEHICLES;545
28.4.1;20.4.1 Principle;545
28.4.2;20.4.2 Verifying Sources of Information;545
28.4.3;20.4.3 Aiding the Surveillance of Suspects;546
28.4.4;20.4.4 Undercover Operations;546
28.4.5;20.4.5 Installation on Vehicles Cooling Off;546
28.4.6;20.4.6 Bait Car Operations;547
28.5;20.5 CASE STUDIES;548
28.5.1;20.5.1 Operation Company Car;548
28.5.2;20.5.2 Lojack Recovery on the Miami River;549
28.5.3;20.5.3 Tracking a Toyota Land Cruiser to Chicago;550
28.5.4;20.5.4 Out to Sea;551
28.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;552
29;21 VEHICLE CRIME MAPPING;554
29.1;21.1 INTRODUCTION;554
29.2;21.2 VEHICLE CRIME: A CASE OF INFORMATION OVERLOAD?;555
29.3;21.3 WHY MAP CRIME?;556
29.3.1;21.3.1 Routine Activity Theory;556
29.3.2;21.3.2 Seeking Crime Opportunities;558
29.4;21.4 HOW DOES CRIME MAPPING WORK?;558
29.4.1;21.4.1 Geographic Information Systems;558
29.4.2;21.4.2 Geocoding;559
29.4.3;21.4.3 Layers;561
29.4.4;21.4.4 Attribute Queries;563
29.4.5;21.4.5 Spatial Queries;564
29.5;21.5 RECOGNIZING PATTERNS AND TRENDS;565
29.5.1;21.5.1 Maximizing Investigator Effort;565
29.5.2;21.5.2 Hotspot Mapping;566
29.5.3;21.5.3 Recovered Vehicle Mapping;567
29.6;21.6 HOW CAN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE AID LAW ENFORCEMENT?;569
29.6.1;21.6.1 Identifying Patterns;569
29.6.2;21.6.2 Targeting Crime Detection Technologies;570
29.7;21.7 A PRIMER ON MAPPING SERVICES;571
29.8;21.8 DATA CHECKLIST;572
29.9;BIBLIOGRAPHY;573
30;22 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION THROUGH INTERPOL;576
30.1;22.1 INTRODUCTION;576
30.2;22.2 HISTORY;576
30.3;22.3 EXTENT OF THE PHENOMENON;578
30.3.1;22.3.1 Main Picture;578
30.3.2;22.3.2 Measuring Vehicle Crime;578
30.3.3;22.3.3 Where Do All These Stolen Cars Go?;580
30.4;22.4 INTERPOL APPROACH;581
30.4.1;22.4.1 The Illegal Process;581
30.4.2;22.4.2 Methodological Considerations;582
30.4.3;22.4.3 Victims and Actors;586
30.4.4;22.4.4 International Operations;587
30.4.5;22.4.5 Specific Criminal Expertise;590
30.4.6;22.4.6 An Integrated Multidisciplinary Approach;591
30.5;22.5 TECHNOLOGY TO HELP POLICE WORK;593
30.5.1;22.5.1 Principles;593
30.5.2;22.5.2 Tracking Systems;594
30.6;22.6 THE INTERPOL TOOLS;594
30.7;22.7 CONCLUSION;596
30.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;597
31;ABBREVIATIONS;598
32;INDEX;604
33;Color Plates;628