Stoinski / Steklis / Mehlman Conservation in the 21st Century: Gorillas as a Case Study

2008
ISBN: 978-0-387-70721-1
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 362 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

This volume identifies the primary problems faced in conserving wild populations of gorillas throughout Africa, pinpointing new approaches to solving these problems and outlining the increased role that zoos can play in gorilla conservation. It includes the in-depth expertise of field scientists in a variety of disciplines to discuss current conservation threats, novel approaches to conservation, and potential solutions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stoinski, T. S.

Steklis, H. D.

Mehlman, P. T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Introduction;6
2;List of Contributors;8
3;Contents;14
4;Chapter 1;17
4.1;Current Status of Wild Gorilla Populations and Strategies for Their Conservation;17
4.1.1;1. Introduction;17
4.1.2;2. Gorilla Nomenclature and Systematics;17
4.1.3;3. Geographical Ranges for All Gorilla Populations;19
4.1.4;4. Methods for Determining Distribution and Abundance and Sources of Error;21
4.1.4.1;4.1. Distribution;22
4.1.4.2;4.2. Abundance;23
4.1.4.3;4.3. Abundance Estimates and Associated Errors;24
4.1.5;5. Grauer’s Gorillas: A Case Study on Distribution and Abundance;26
4.1.5.1;5.1. Status of Grauer’s Gorillas: 1959;26
4.1.5.2;5.2. Status of Grauer’s Gorillas: 1996;26
4.1.5.3;5.3. Challenges with Determining Distribution;27
4.1.5.4;5.4. Abundance Estimates for Grauer’s Gorillas: 1996;28
4.1.5.5;5.5. Distribution and Abundance for Grauer’s Gorillas in the Tayna Sector: 2002–2004;29
4.1.5.6;5.6. Challenges with Determining Abundance;32
4.1.5.7;5.7. Summary of Case Study;32
4.1.6;6. Current Status of Eastern Gorillas;34
4.1.6.1;6.1. The Virunga and Bwindi Populations;34
4.1.6.2;6.2. Threats to the Bwindi and Virunga Gorillas;35
4.1.6.3;6.3. Grauer’s Gorilla;36
4.1.6.4;6.4. Threats to Grauer’s Gorillas;41
4.1.7;7. Current Status of Western Gorillas;43
4.1.7.1;7.1. The Cross River and Ebo Populations;43
4.1.7.2;7.2. Western Lowland Gorillas;44
4.1.7.3;7.3. Threats to Western Lowland Gorillas;46
4.1.8;8. Which Gorilla Populations are Most at Risk?;47
4.1.8.1;8.1. Cross River, Virunga, and Bwindi Gorillas;47
4.1.8.2;8.2. Western Lowland and Grauer’s Gorillas;48
4.1.9;9. Formulating a Strategy for Gorilla Conservation;51
4.1.9.1;9.1. Address the Gaps in Knowledge on Distribution and Abundance of Gorillas;51
4.1.9.2;9.2. Gorilla Conservation in the Context of “Landscape Conservation”;53
4.1.9.3;9.3. Gorilla Conservation and Multidisciplinary Training and Teamwork;58
4.1.9.4;9.5. Gorillas as a Focal Species;59
4.1.10;10. Conclusions and Recommendations;60
4.1.11;References;63
5;Chapter 2;69
5.1;Conservation Medicine for Gorilla Conservation;69
5.1.1;1. Introduction;69
5.1.2;2. Health Objectives Common to all Gorilla Subspecies;70
5.1.3;3. Health Management and Conservation Medicine Practices for Gorillas;70
5.1.3.1;3.1. Large Versus Small Gorilla Population Health Management;70
5.1.3.2;3.2. Health Management of the Western Lowland Gorilla;71
5.1.3.3;3.3. Health Management of the Mountain Gorilla;72
5.1.3.4;3.4. Clinical Medicine of Mountain Gorillas;72
5.1.3.5;3.5. Pathology;75
5.1.3.5.1;3.5.1. Clinical Pathology;75
5.1.3.5.2;3.5.2. Gross Examination and Histopathology;75
5.1.4;4. Human Disease as a Threat to Gorilla Survival;77
5.1.4.1;4.1. Groups of Humans Posing Potential Disease Threat;78
5.1.4.1.1;4.1.1. Conservation Workers;78
5.1.4.1.2;4.1.2. Tourists;79
5.1.4.1.3;4.1.3. Local Human Communities;80
5.1.4.1.4;4.1.4. Illegal Activities of Local Populations;81
5.1.5;5. Domestic Animal Disease as a Threat to Gorilla Survival;82
5.1.6;6. Habituation of Gorillas for Tourism;83
5.1.7;7. Orphaned Ape Health Management;83
5.1.8;8. Biological Resource Center;85
5.1.9;9. Standardized Health Monitoring Systems for Gorillas;86
5.1.10;10. Summary;87
5.1.11;11. Authorship;87
5.1.12;References;87
6;Chapter 3;91
6.1;Sanctuaries and Reintroduction A Role in Gorilla Conservation?;91
6.1.1;1. Introduction;91
6.1.1.1;1.1. The What and Where of In Situ Gorilla Sanctuaries;92
6.1.1.1.1;1.1.1. The Limbe Wildlife Centre (LWC), Cameroon;93
6.1.1.1.2;1.1.2. Cameroon Wildlife Aid Fund (CWAF), Cameroon;93
6.1.1.1.3;1.1.3. Projet de Protection des Gorilles (PPG), Republic of Congo;93
6.1.1.1.4;1.1.4. Projet de Protection des Gorilles (PPG), Gabon;94
6.1.2;2. The Role of Sanctuaries in Gorilla Conservation;94
6.1.2.1;2.1. Law Enforcement;95
6.1.2.2;2.2. Conservation by Education;95
6.1.2.2.1;2.2.1. Case Study—The Limbe Wildlife Centre;97
6.1.2.2.1.1;2.2.1.1. On-site education;97
6.1.2.2.1.2;2.2.1.2. Outreach programs;98
6.1.2.3;2.3. Captive Breeding of Endangered Species;100
6.1.2.4;2.4. Reintroduction;101
6.1.2.4.1;2.4.1. Selecting the Release Site;103
6.1.2.4.2;2.4.2. Prerelease Training;104
6.1.2.4.3;2.4.3. Numbers Released and Survivorship;106
6.1.2.4.3.1;2.4.3.1. PPG Congo;106
6.1.2.4.3.2;2.4.3.2. PPG Gabon;109
6.1.2.4.4;2.4.4. Reintroduction and Its Contribution to Gorilla Conservation;109
6.1.2.4.4.1;2.4.4.1. Establishment of a Viable, Self-sustaining Population and Enhancing the Long-Term Survival of a Species?;110
6.1.2.4.4.2;2.4.4.2. Maintaining and/or Restoring Natural Biodiversity?;110
6.1.2.4.4.3;2.4.4.3. Long-Term Economic Benefits to the Localand/or National Economy?;111
6.1.2.4.4.4;2.4.4.4. Promotion of Conservation Awareness?;112
6.1.3;3. Conclusion;112
6.1.4;References;114
7;Chapter 4;119
7.1;1. Introduction;119
7.2;2. Tourism Trends and Sustainability Issues;120
7.3;3. Gorilla Tourism during Times of Crisis;121
7.4;4. The Economics of Gorilla Tourism;123
7.4.1;4.1. Potential Economic Benefits of Gorilla Tourism;123
7.4.2;4.2. Economic Costs of the Habituation Process and Infrastructure;124
7.5;5. “New”Western Lowland Gorilla Tourism Sites;125
7.6;6. Evidence for Potential Threats to Gorillas from Tourism;126
7.6.1;6.1. The Habituation Process as a Potential Threat to Gorillas;126
7.6.2;6.2. Disease Transmission as a Potential Threat to Gorillas;127
7.6.3;6.3. Tourist Purchases as a Potential Threat to Gorillas;129
7.7;7. Strategies to Minimize Potential Threats to Gorillas;130
7.7.1;7.1. Minimizing the Potential for Human–Gorilla Conflict as a Result of the Habituation Process;131
7.7.2;7.2. Minimizing the Potential for Disease Transmission and Inappropriate Tourist Purchases;131
7.7.3;7.3. Other Strategies for Protecting Gorillas;132
7.8;8. Conclusion;132
7.9;References;134
8;Chapter 5;140
8.1;Chimpanzee Conservation and Theatre: A Case Study of an Awareness Project Around the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire;140
8.1.1;1. Introduction;140
8.1.2;2. Content of the Play;142
8.1.2.1;2.1. Protagonists;142
8.1.2.2;2.2. The Drama;142
8.1.3;3. Effectiveness of the Play;143
8.1.4;4. Conclusion;145
8.1.5;5. Postscript;146
8.1.6;References;146
9;Chapter 6;148
9.1;The Value of Long-Term Research: The Mountain Gorilla as a Case Study;148
9.1.1;1. Introduction;148
9.1.2;2. Benefits of Short-Term Versus Long-Term Research;149
9.1.3;3. Scientific Benefits;151
9.1.3.1;3.1. Recording of Rare Events;151
9.1.3.2;3.2. Accurate Life History Data;152
9.1.3.3;3.3. Stimulate and Facilitate Research;158
9.1.4;4. Additional Benefits: Conservation and Economic;163
9.1.5;5. Discussion and Conclusions;164
9.1.6;References;167
10;Chapter 7;172
10.1;The Art and Zen of Camera Trapping;172
10.1.1;1. Introduction;172
10.1.2;2. Camera Traps;173
10.1.3;3. Site Selection;174
10.1.4;4. Protocol;177
10.1.5;5. Data Analysis;178
10.1.5.1;5.1. Statistical Method;178
10.1.5.2;5.2. Occupancy Rates of Nontarget Species;179
10.1.6;6. Camera Trapping in the Virunga Volcanoes Region;179
10.1.7;7. Common Problems and their Solutions;179
10.1.8;8. Art and Zen;180
10.1.9;References;181
11;Chapter 8;182
11.1;An Experiment in Managing the Human Animal: The PHVA Process and Its Role in Conservation Decision-Making;182
11.1.1;1. Introduction;182
11.1.2;2. A Brief History of the PHVA Workshop;183
11.1.3;3. Expanding the PHVA Process: The Biodiversity Research Network;186
11.1.4;4. The Mountain Gorilla PHVA Workshop;188
11.1.5;5. The Future of the Expanded PHVA Process;194
11.1.6;References;195
12;Chapter 9;198
12.1;Approaches to Corridor Planning: Transitioning TAMARIN from Mata Atlantica to Madagascar;198
12.1.1;1. Introduction;198
12.1.2;2. The TAMARIN Approach to Planning;200
12.1.2.1;2.1. Inputs;201
12.1.2.2;2.2. Outputs;201
12.1.2.3;2.3. Process;202
12.1.3;3. Characterizing the Context and Corridor Planning Goals: Identifying the Appropriate Questions;202
12.1.3.1;3.1. Biophysical Context;203
12.1.3.2;3.2. Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Agenda;204
12.1.3.3;3.3. Land Tenure and Conservation Mechanisms;205
12.1.4;4. Setting Biodiversity Conservation Targets;206
12.1.5;5. Developing the Information Layers;207
12.1.5.1;5.1. Land Cover/Use layer;207
12.1.5.2;5.2. Business as Usual (BAU) Layer;208
12.1.6;6. Presenting the Results;210
12.1.7;7. Conclusions;211
12.1.8;References;212
13;Chapter 10;214
13.1;Linking the Community OptionsAnalysis and Investment Toolkit(COAIT), Consensys® and Paymentfor Environmental Services (PES):A Model to Promote Sustainability in African Gorilla Conservation;214
13.1.1;1. Importance of Communities for Gorilla Conservation;216
13.1.2;2. The Need for an Innovative Approach;217
13.1.3;3. The CCP Model;218
13.1.4;4. How COAIT can Contribute to Gorilla Conservation;219
13.1.5;5. Incentives: Why Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is Needed and How it Fits into the CCP Model;223
13.1.5.1;5.1. Payments for Environmental Services;225
13.1.5.2;5.2. Mgahinga Gorilla National Park: A Case of Insufficient Match Between Costs and Incentives;226
13.1.5.3;5.3. Central Challenges in Adapting PES for Use in Gorilla Conservation;227
13.1.6;6. What is Consensys® and How Does it Fit in the CCP Model?;228
13.1.7;7. CCP: Integrating COAIT, PES and Consensys® in Gorilla Conservation;232
13.1.8;8. Conclusions;232
13.1.9;9. List of Acronyms;234
13.1.10;References;235
14;Chapter 11;237
14.1;An Integrated Geomatics Research Program for Mountain Gorilla Behavior and Conservation;237
14.1.1;1. Background;237
14.1.1.1;1.1. Introduction;237
14.1.1.2;1.2. Study Site and Subjects;238
14.1.1.3;1.3. Project Objectives;240
14.1.1.4;1.4. A Geomatics Approach to Conservation;240
14.1.2;2. Data Sources and Processing Methods;241
14.1.2.1;2.1. Habitat GIS;242
14.1.2.1.1;2.1.1. Cartographic Data;242
14.1.2.1.2;2.1.2. Global Positioning System (GPS) Data;243
14.1.2.2;2.2. Digital Elevation Model (DEM);244
14.1.2.3;2.3. Vegetation Classification;244
14.1.2.3.1;2.3.1. Satellite Imagery;244
14.1.2.3.2;2.3.2. Space Radar;247
14.1.2.3.3;2.3.4. Aerial Photography;249
14.1.2.3.4;2.3.5. Hyperspectral Imagery;249
14.1.2.3.5;2.3.6. GPS and Visualizations;250
14.1.2.4;2.4. Gorilla Ranging;250
14.1.2.4.1;2.4.1. GPS Data;250
14.1.2.4.2;2.4.2. Fossey Maps;251
14.1.2.5;2.5. Human Activity Data Sources;251
14.1.2.5.1;2.5.1. Anti-poaching Records and GPS;251
14.1.3;3. Analysis and Results;252
14.1.3.1;3.1. Virunga Habitat GIS;252
14.1.3.2;3.2. Gorilla Ranging Behavior;252
14.1.4;4. Discussion;255
14.1.4.1;4.1. Future Directions;257
14.1.5;References;260
15;Chapter 12;262
15.1;Biomaterials in Gorilla Research and Conservation;262
15.1.1;1. Introduction;262
15.1.2;2. Health and Nutrition;263
15.1.3;3. Morphology;264
15.1.4;4. Genetics;265
15.1.5;5. Reproductive Biology;266
15.1.6;6. Population Biology;267
15.1.7;7. Education;267
15.1.8;8. Banking and Biomaterials;268
15.1.9;9. Summary and Conclusions;268
15.1.10;References;269
16;Chapter 13;278
16.1;Transboundary Conservation in the Virunga-Bwindi Region;278
16.1.1;1. Introduction;278
16.1.2;2. Transboundary Conservation and Development: Phases and Emphasis;279
16.1.2.1;2.1. Mechanisms Established for Transboundary Collaboration;281
16.1.2.1.1;2.1.2. Regional-Level Ecological Monitoring and Management;282
16.1.2.1.2;2.1.3. Economic Mechanisms;283
16.1.3;3. Achievements and Effects;285
16.1.4;4. Lessons Learned;285
16.1.4.1;4.1. Top Down Versus Bottom Up;286
16.1.4.2;4.2. Transboundary Conservation as a Continuum of Strategies;286
16.1.4.3;4.3. Measuring the Impact of Transboundary Collaboration;287
16.1.5;References;288
17;Chapter 14;289
17.1;The Great Ape World Heritage Species Project;289
17.1.1;1. Introduction;289
17.1.2;2. The Severity of the Problem;290
17.1.3;3. The High Value of Apes;292
17.1.4;4. The Benefits of a Higher Profile for the Great Apes;292
17.1.5;5. The Benefits of an International Treaty;293
17.1.6;6. The Need for an International Institution Overseeing Great Ape Conservation;295
17.1.7;7. The Value Problem in Conservation;296
17.1.8;8. The Development of GAWHSP, January 2001 to January 2003;298
17.1.9;9. Addendum;299
17.1.10;References;300
18;Chapter 15;303
18.1;Conservation Through Scientific Collaboration: Case Study-Western-gorilla.org;303
18.1.1;1. Introduction;303
18.1.2;2. Case-Study-Western-gorilla.org;304
18.1.2.1;2.1. Current Status of Western Gorilla Populations;304
18.1.2.2;2.2. Current Status of Western Gorilla Field Research;305
18.1.2.3;2.3. Participating Research Sites;306
18.1.2.4;2.4. Objectives of the Workshop;311
18.1.2.4.1;2.4.1. What Do We Need to Know in Order to Protect Western Gorillas?;311
18.1.2.4.2;2.3.2. What Type of Information Is Available?;312
18.1.2.4.2.1;2.3.2.1. Resource availability;312
18.1.2.4.2.2;2.3.2.2. Habitat utilization;313
18.1.2.4.2.3;2.3.2.3. Population structure and demography;313
18.1.2.4.2.4;2.3.2.4. Population size;313
18.1.2.4.2.5;2.3.2.5. Threats;313
18.1.2.4.3;2.3.3. What Recommendations Can Be Made Based upon Current Information?;313
18.1.2.5;2.4. Next Steps-Implementing an Effective Conservation Strategy;314
18.1.3;3. Summary;315
18.1.4;4. Postscript;316
18.1.5;References;318
19;Chapter 16;322
19.1;Zoos and Conservation: Moving Beyond a Piecemeal Approach;322
19.1.1;1. The Contribution of AZA Institutions to Gorilla Conservation;322
19.1.1.1;1.1. Contributions to Eastern Gorilla Conservation;323
19.1.1.2;1.2. Contributions to Western Gorilla Conservation;326
19.1.1.3;1.3. Are Zoos Making a Difference?;326
19.1.1.4;1.4. A New Approach to Zoo-Based Conservation;330
19.1.2;References;333
20;Chapter 17;334
20.1;The Bushmeat Crisis Task Force (BCTF);334
20.1.1;1. Bushmeat and BCTF;334
20.1.2;2. Bushmeat and Great Apes;337
20.1.2.1;2.1. Ethical Perspectives;337
20.1.2.2;2.2. Cultural Perspectives;338
20.1.2.3;2.3. Economic Perspectives;339
20.1.2.4;2.4. Ecological Perspectives;340
20.1.2.5;2.5. Political Perspectives;340
20.1.2.6;2.6. Scientific and Health Perspectives;341
20.1.3;3. Bushmeat, Apes, and BCTF;342
20.1.3.1;3.1. Information Sharing;342
20.1.3.2;3.2. Protected Areas;343
20.1.3.3;3.3. Linkages with Private Industry;343
20.1.3.4;3.4. International Policy Development;344
20.1.3.5;3.5. Professional Training and Capacity Building;345
20.1.3.6;3.6. Public Awareness;345
20.1.4;4. Conclusions;346
20.1.5;References;347
21;Author Index;352
22;Subject Index;360