Tinker / Buvinic / Buvini? The Many Facets of Human Settlements

Papers Prepared for AAAS Activities in Connection with HABITAT: The U.N. Conference on Human Settlements
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4872-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 412 Seiten, Web PDF

The Many Facets of Human Settlements: Science and Society focuses on communications, energy, and planning and design issues besetting human settlements. The book also tackles rural and urban development, types of habitats, industrialization, and lifestyles. The selection first discusses the influence of technology in shaping lifestyles, including advanced urban systems, programs on communications, and technology assessment of telecommunication-transportation interactions. Concerns include goals for the performance of human settlements and innovations for cities of the future; overview of studies and experiments pursued by the New Rural Society; and concept for a nationwide satellite communication systems to serve rural areas. The text then looks at the sources of energy in human settlements. Topics include alternatives to gas heat, coal, oil, solar heating, heat pump, and action plan. The book examines energy conservation in housing design, ecotechnologies and ecocommunities, bioshelters and their implications for lifestyle, high-rise habitat, and energy and rural development. The text also tackles industrialization and urbanization in Japan. Considerations include population density and urbanization, environmental disruption, and Japan as a postindustrial society. The selection is a vital source of data for readers interested in the issues and factors influencing human settlements.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tinker, Irene

Buvinic, Mayra

Buvini?, Mayra

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Many Facets of Human Settlement Science and Society;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;The Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science;8
5.1;Foreword;8
6;PART I: HOW TECHNOLOGY SHAPES LIFESTYLES;12
6.1;Chapter 1. Advanced Urban Systems: A World Wide Opportunity;12
6.1.1;BACKGROUND;12
6.1.2;CONDITIONS FOR INVENTION;13
6.1.3;DIFFUSION ON A WORLD-WIDE BASIS;13
6.1.4;EMERGING CONDITIONS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT;14
6.1.5;FORCES AT WORK TO STIMULATE NEW URBAN INVENTION;15
6.1.6;GOALS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS;16
6.1.7;HASTENING INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES;17
6.1.8;INNOVATION FOR CITIES OF THE FUTURE;18
6.2;Chapter 2. Communications for Survival: Perspective and Proposed Programs;20
6.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;20
6.2.2;II. OVERVIEW OF SPECIFIC STUDIES AND EXPERIMENT SPURSUED BY THE NEW RURAL SOCIETY PROJECT TO DATE;21
6.2.3;III. IMPLEMENTATION, GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;26
6.2.4;IV. PROPOSALS FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS;27
6.2.5;ENERGY;33
6.2.6;CONCEPT FOR A NATIONWIDE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM TO SERVE RURAL AREAS;36
6.2.7;NOMENCLATURE;37
6.3;Chapter 3. Selected Results from a Technology Assessment of Telecommunication–Transportation Interactions1;44
6.3.1;INTRODUCTION;44
6.3.2;BACKGROUND;44
6.3.3;APPROACH;45
6.3.4;IMPACT FINDINGS;49
6.3.5;FEASIBILITY REVISITED;54
6.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;54
6.3.7;REFERENCES;55
6.4;Chapter 4. Habitat and the Energy Future;56
6.4.1;SCARCITY WITHIN PLENTY;60
6.4.2;ACTION PLAN;61
6.4.3;ALTERNATIVES TO GAS HEAT;61
6.4.4;OIL ALTERNATIVE;62
6.4.5;ELECTRIC HEATING ALTERNATIVE;62
6.4.6;COAL ALTERNATIVE;62
6.4.7;SOLAR HEATING ALTERNATIVE;63
6.4.8;HEAT PUMP ALTERNATIVE;63
6.4.9;EXOTIC ALTERNATIVES;63
6.4.10;SUMMARY;63
6.4.11;REFERENCES;64
6.5;Chapter 5. Energy Conservation in New Housing Design;66
6.5.1;INTRODUCTION;66
6.5.2;MAJOR FACTORS OF CHANGE;67
6.5.3;DECISION MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF NEW HOUSING DESIGN;70
6.5.4;ENERGY CONSERVATION AS A DESIGN PARAMETER FOR HOUSING;74
6.5.5;IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE HOUSING DESIGN;77
6.5.6;REFERENCES AND NOTES;78
6.6;Chapter 6. The Concept of Ecotechnologies and Ecocommunities;80
6.6.1;"HUMAN" AS HUMAN SCALE;81
6.6.2;ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTALISM;84
6.6.3;A VERMONT INSTALLATION;87
6.6.4;REFERENCES AND NOTES;91
6.7;Chapter 7. Bioshelters and their Implications for Lifestyle;94
6.7.1;BIOSHELTER 1: CAPE COD MICROFARM;94
6.7.2;BIOSHELTER 2: PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ARK;98
6.7.3;REFERENCES AND NOTES;106
6.8;Chapter 8. High-Rise Habitat;108
6.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;108
6.8.2;2. WHY THE HIGH-RISE;112
6.8.3;3. TRENDS;119
6.8.4;4. TRENDS IN FUNCTION;133
6.8.5;5. SUMMARY;136
6.8.6;REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY;137
6.9;Chapter 9. Energy and Rural Development;140
6.9.1;REFERENCES;148
7;PART II: WHERE WILL ALL THE PEOPLE LIVE?;150
7.1;Chapter 10. Population Dynamics, Housing Economics, and the Future of the American Habitat;150
7.1.1;CURRENT U.S. HOUSING PATTERNS;151
7.1.2;THE HIGH COSTS OF HOUSING ABUNDANCE;151
7.1.3;THE "BABY BUST";152
7.1.4;THE "MARRIAGE BUST";156
7.1.5;SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS AND MORE FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS;158
7.1.6;THE GROWING DISPARITY BETWEEN HOUSING SPACE AND HOUSING NEEDS;159
7.1.7;DEMOGRAPHY AND HOUSING CHOICES;159
7.1.8;THE CHALLENGE;161
7.1.9;REFERENCES;161
7.2;Chapter 11. Black Urban Settlement Patterns: Trends and Prospects;164
7.2.1;REFERENCES AND NOTES;178
7.3;Chapter 12. A Stable Urban Ecosystem: Its Evolution within Densely Populated Societies;180
7.3.1;DESIGNS FOR LIMITING POPULATION GROWTH;182
7.3.2;RESOURCE-CONSERVING SETTLEMENTS;185
7.3.3;FEEDING THE GROWING CITIES;188
7.3.4;A NEW KIND OF MEGALOPOLIS;189
7.3.5;REFERENCES AND NOTES;191
7.4;Chapter 13. The Rush to the Cities in Latin America: Government Policies have more Effect than we Recognize;196
7.4.1;THE RAPIDITY OF URBANIZATION;196
7.4.2;CAUSES AND EFFECTS;199
7.4.3;THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES;204
7.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;208
7.4.5;REFERENCES AND NOTES;208
7.5;Chapter 14. Industrialization and Urbanization in Japan: The Emergence of Public Discontent;212
7.5.1;NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BY THE POLICY OF "PRODUCTION FIRST";213
7.5.2;THE "WELFARE GAP" [6];215
7.5.3;ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION [7];216
7.5.4;POPULATION DENSITY AND URBANIZATION [10];218
7.5.5;JAPAN AS A POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY;222
7.5.6;REFERENCES AND NOTES;224
7.6;Chapter 15. Quality of Life Related to City Size;226
7.6.1;INTRODUCTION;226
7.6.2;WAGE RATES AND CITY SIZE;228
7.6.3;TAXES;231
7.6.4;ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY;233
7.6.5;CRIME;234
7.6.6;POPULATION GROWTH, BY CITY SIZE;235
7.6.7;POLICY IMPLICATIONS;238
7.6.8;REFERENCES AND NOTES;239
7.7;Chapter 16. The New Ruralism;242
7.7.1;SURPRISES IN POPULATION FLOW;243
7.7.2;THE FIRST WAVE: COMMUNES AND HOMESTEADS;245
7.7.3;THE SECOND WAVE: THE NEW RURALISM;246
7.7.4;APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY;248
7.7.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;250
7.7.6;REFERENCES AND NOTES;251
7.8;Chapter 17. The Future of Rural Small Towns: Are They Obsolete in Post-Industrial Society?;254
7.8.1;TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF SMALL TOWNS;255
7.8.2;INTEGRATION INTO THE LARGER SOCIETY;256
7.8.3;THE DUBIOUS FUTURE;258
7.8.4;NEW FUNCTIONS FOR SMALL TOWNS;260
7.8.5;REVERSAL OF MIGRATION TRENDS: LONG-TERM TREND OR BRIEF PERTURBATION?;261
7.8.6;DILEMMAS TO BE FACED;262
7.8.7;POLICY ISSUES;264
7.8.8;REFERENCES AND NOTES;264
7.9;Chapter 18. Transportation and its Influence on Cities;266
7.9.1;SUMMARY;281
7.9.2;REFERENCES;282
8;PART III: HOUSING ANYONE?;284
8.1;Chapter 19. Housing Requirements and National Resources: Implications of the U.N. World Model;284
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;284
8.1.2;HOUSING AND NATIONAL RESOURCES;285
8.1.3;THE UNITED NATIONS MODEL: RESOURCES FOR HOUSING;286
8.1.4;REFERENCES AND NOTES;296
8.2;Chapter 20. Whither Site and Services?;298
8.2.1;FROM POETRY TO POLICY;300
8.2.2;RESOURCES, SKILLS, AND MOTIVATIONS;300
8.2.3;HOUSING CONSOLIDATION;302
8.2.4;MARKET MECHANISMS;303
8.2.5;HOME, JOBS, AND TRANSPORTATION;304
8.2.6;WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?;305
8.2.7;WHAT CAN WE EXPECT?;306
8.2.8;REFERENCES;308
8.3;Chapter 21. Mobile Homes: Who Lives in Them and Why?;310
8.3.1;WHO CHOOSES MOBILE HOMES;310
8.3.2;WHY DO CONSUMERS CHOOSE MOBILE HOMES?;312
8.3.3;SUMMARY;316
8.3.4;REFERENCES AND NOTES;317
9;PART IV: MANAGING THE CITIES—TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ENVIRONMENT;318
9.1;Chapter 22. Urban Policy and Urban Systems;318
9.1.1;OUR URBAN DILEMMA: WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO DO?;318
9.1.2;THE DESIRABLE STRUCTURES OF POLICY: A BETTER WAY;319
9.1.3;THE SEARCH FOR REALITY: WHAT IS A CITY?;320
9.1.4;A CITY THAT WORKS;322
9.1.5;CONCLUSION: WHAT IT ALL MEANS;325
9.1.6;REFERENCES AND NOTES;325
9.2;Chapter 23. An Ecological Approach to Urban Management;328
9.2.1;LAND USE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION;328
9.2.2;THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM;329
9.2.3;AN ECOLOGICAL PLANNING METHOD;331
9.2.4;LAND-USE PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING TODAY;333
9.2.5;INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE;334
9.2.6;REFERENCES;335
9.3;Chapter 24. The Need for Resource Recycling in Man's Urban Future;336
9.3.1;THE PROBLEM;337
9.3.2;FUTURE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN HABITAT;337
9.3.3;BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION;340
9.3.4;APPROACH TO OVERCOMING BARRIERS;340
9.3.5;CONCLUSION;344
9.3.6;REFERENCES AND NOTES;344
9.4;Chapter 25. The Dade Master Plan: Filling the Metropolitan Policy Vacuum;346
9.4.1;ORIGINS OF THE NEW MASTER PLAN;349
9.4.2;IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN;353
9.5;Chapter 26. New Institutions for Policy-Making:The Twin Cities Area;356
10;PART V: COPING WITH CITY LIVING;362
10.1;Chapter 27. The Urban Predicament;362
10.1.1;I. WHAT WE HAVE TRIED—A BRIEF HISTORY OF FEDERAL INTERVENTION;362
10.1.2;II. DEMOGRAPHIC AND INCOME TRENDS AFFECTING THE CITIES;371
10.1.3;III. TOWARD DEFINING THE GOVERNMENT ROLE;376
10.2;Chapter 28. Coping with Stresses of an Urban Planet: Impacts of Uprooting and Overcrowding;386
10.2.1;CHANGE, VULNERABILITY, AND COPING;387
10.2.2;IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: CASE STUDIES IN MODERNIZATION;388
10.2.3;TOWARD COLLABORATIVE COPING IN AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD;393
10.2.4;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;395
10.2.5;REFERENCES;396
10.3;Chapter 29. The Necessary Pathologies of an Urban World;398
10.3.1;WORLD-WIDE LONG-RANGE TRENDS;398
10.3.2;THE U.S. SITUATION: LONG-TERM TREND PROMOTING URBAN PATHOLOGIES;401
10.3.3;SUMMARY;409
10.4;Chapter 30. Settlement Policies and Strategies: A Continuing Annotated Bibliography;410