Bulck / Puppis / Donders The Palgrave Handbook of Methods for Media Policy Research

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-16065-4
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 676 Seiten

Reihe: Progress in Mathematics

The Palgrave Handbook of Methods for Media Policy Research covers the craft that is and the methods used in media and communication policy research. It discusses the steps involved in conducting research, from deciding on a topic, to writing a report and everything in between and, furthermore, deals with a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The handbook invites researchers to rediscover trusted methods such as document analysis, elite interviews and comparisons, as well as to familiarize themselves with newer methods like experiments, big data and network analysis. For each method, the handbook provides a practical step-by-step guide and case studies that help readers in using that method in their own research. The methods discussed are useful for all areas of media and communication policy research, for research concerning the governance of both mass media and online platforms, and for policy issues around the globe. As such, the handbook is an invaluable guide to every researcher in this field.

Hilde Van den Bulck is Professor of Communication Studies and Head of the Department of Communication at Drexel University, USA. Manuel Puppis is Full Professor of Media Systems and Media Structures in the Department of Communication and Media Research at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Karen Donders is Assistant Professor of Communication at the Department of Communication Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium and senior researcher at imec-SMIT. Leo Van Audenhove is Professor of Communication and Head of the Department of Communication Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium and researcher at imec-SMIT.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bulck, Hilde van den

Puppis, Manuel

Donders, Karen

Audenhove, Leo van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Notes on Contributors;11
4;List of Figures;19
5;List of Tables;22
6;List of Boxes;23
7;Part I Media Policy Research;25
8;1 Introduction: Media Policy and Media Policy Research;26
8.1;The Subject: Media and Communication Policy;26
8.1.1;Media Policy, Regulation and Governance;27
8.1.2;What Is Peculiar About Media Policy?;31
8.2;The Research Field: Media and Communication Policy Research;32
8.2.1;A Definition of Media Policy Research;33
8.2.2;History and Development of Media Policy Research;34
8.2.3;Misconceptions of Media Policy Research;35
8.2.4;Evidence-Based Policy-Making and Its Limitations;36
8.3;Conclusion;38
8.4;References;39
9;2 Doing Media Policy Research;45
9.1;Planning;46
9.1.1;Topic, Research Question and Problem;47
9.1.2;Theory and State of Research;48
9.1.3;Refining Research Questions and Developing (Hypo-)Theses;48
9.1.4;Research Design;49
9.1.5;Choosing Methods of Data Collection and Analysis;49
9.1.6;Determining the Population and Sampling;51
9.1.7;Research Plan;52
9.2;Executing;53
9.2.1;Operationalization;53
9.2.2;Data Collection;54
9.2.3;Data Preparation;57
9.2.4;Data Analysis;57
9.3;Reporting;60
9.3.1;Writing a Research Report;60
9.3.2;Publications and Presentations;61
9.3.3;Reaching Out;62
9.4;Thinking About Ethics;63
9.5;Conclusion;66
9.6;References;68
10;3 Digitization and Media Policy Research;72
10.1;Introduction;72
10.2;Main Focus of Media Policy Research;74
10.2.1;A Focus on ‘Old’ and ‘New’;74
10.2.2;Focus on Formal Government Policies;75
10.2.3;Focus on Traditional Methods;76
10.3;Digitization of Media Policy Research;78
10.3.1;Digitizing Existing Methods;78
10.3.2;Digitally Native Methods;79
10.4;Participative Methods;81
10.5;Conclusion;83
10.6;References;84
11;Part II Research Design;89
12;4 Case Study Research;90
12.1;Introduction;90
12.2;Case Study Basics;91
12.3;Pros, Cons and Implications;92
12.4;How to Design and Conduct Case Study Research;95
12.4.1;Literature Review;96
12.4.2;Case Selection;96
12.4.3;Refining Research Questions;97
12.4.4;Selecting Methods;98
12.4.5;Data Analysis;100
12.5;Conclusion;102
12.6;References;102
13;5 Comparative Research;104
13.1;Introduction: Definition and Basic Rationale;104
13.2;Reasons for Comparison;107
13.3;Types of Studies;109
13.3.1;Comparative Case Study Analysis;109
13.3.2;Small-N Comparative Analysis;110
13.3.3;Large-N Comparative Analysis;112
13.4;Data Analysis Procedures: Quantitative and Qualitative Comparative Analysis;112
13.5;Handling Intercultural Differences in Multinational Projects;113
13.5.1;Avoiding Construct Bias;114
13.5.2;Avoiding Measurement Bias;115
13.5.3;Avoiding Instrument Bias;115
13.5.4;Avoiding Sampling Bias;116
13.6;Dealing with the Effects of Globalization;117
13.7;Outlook;118
13.8;References;118
14;6 Meta-Analysis;121
14.1;Introduction;121
14.2;From Narrative Literature Reviews to Meta-Analytic Reviews;122
14.2.1;Why Meta-Analytic Literature Reviews?;122
14.2.2;What Is a Meta-Analytic Literature Review?;123
14.2.3;Strengths, Achievements and Limits of Meta-Analytic Reviews;125
14.2.4;Five Steps Toward a Meta-Analytic Review;126
14.3;A Meta-Analytical Case Study;128
14.3.1;The Sample;129
14.3.2;The Working Hypotheses and the Research Questions;129
14.3.3;Some Findings of the Meta-Analytic Review;130
14.3.4;Some Conclusions;134
14.4;Summary and Conclusions;134
14.5;References;135
15;7 Action Research;138
15.1;Introduction;138
15.2;Definition;139
15.3;Pros and Cons of the Method;139
15.4;‘How to’ Guide: Using an Action Research Approach to Media Policy Research;140
15.5;Steps in the Action Research Cycle;144
15.5.1;Identifying Key Concerns and Research Questions;144
15.5.2;Planning the Action;144
15.5.3;Taking Action;145
15.5.4;Observing;145
15.5.5;Reflecting;146
15.6;Case Study 1: Digital Media Services in Other Industry Sectors;146
15.6.1;Identifying Key Concerns and Research Questions;146
15.6.2;Planning the Action;147
15.6.3;Taking Action;148
15.6.4;Observing;148
15.6.5;Reflecting;150
15.7;Case Study 2: Action Research for Hyperlocal Audience Analytics;150
15.7.1;Identifying Key Concerns and Research Questions;150
15.7.2;Planning the Action;151
15.7.3;Taking Action;152
15.7.4;Observing;153
15.7.5;Reflecting;154
15.8;Chapter Conclusion;154
15.9;References;155
16;Part III Methods of Data Collection;157
17;8 Talking to People I: Surveys;158
17.1;Why Use Surveys in Media Policy Research?;158
17.2;Critical Analysis of Pros and Cons;159
17.3;How to Design a Survey;161
17.3.1;Defining the Relevant Population;161
17.3.2;Sampling;162
17.3.3;Comparative Designs;163
17.3.4;Conducting the Survey;163
17.3.5;Questionnaire;164
17.3.6;Data Analysis and Presentation;165
17.3.7;Presentation of Findings;166
17.4;Two Case Studies;166
17.4.1;Reuters Institute Digital News Report;167
17.4.1.1;Methodology;167
17.4.1.2;Relevance for Media Policy Research;168
17.4.2;EU Kids Online;168
17.4.2.1;Methodology;169
17.4.2.2;Relevance for Media Policy Research;169
17.5;Conclusion;171
17.6;References;172
18;9 Talking to People II: Qualitative Interviews;176
18.1;Introduction;176
18.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;177
18.2.1;Qualitative Research of Media Audiences;178
18.2.2;Possible Contribution of Interviews to Media Policy Research;178
18.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;179
18.3.1;What Is in Focus in Qualitative Research Projects Based on Interviews?;179
18.3.2;Implications for Research Approach;180
18.3.3;Methodological Principles;180
18.3.4;The Question of Validity, and Its Relationship to ‘Good Policy Evidence’;184
18.4;Planning and Conducting;184
18.4.1;Step 1: Theoretical Considerations and the Role of Sensitizing Concepts;185
18.4.2;Step 2: Research Design;186
18.4.3;Step 3: Sampling;186
18.4.4;Step 4: Formulating Questions and Developing the Interview Guide;186
18.4.5;Step 5: Preparing, Conducting and Transcribing the Interviews;187
18.4.6;Step 6: Data Analysis;187
18.4.7;Step 7: Reflection on Limitations of the Method Employed;188
18.4.8;Step 8: Translating Evidence into Policy;188
18.5;Conclusions;189
18.6;References;191
19;10 Talking to People III: Expert Interviews and Elite Interviews;193
19.1;Introduction;193
19.2;Definition: Expert Versus Elite Interviews;194
19.3;Critical Assessment: Types of Expert and Elite Interviews;196
19.4;Procedure;201
19.4.1;Theoretical Background and Literature Review;202
19.4.2;Topic List/Interview Guide/Questionnaire Design;202
19.4.3;Identifying and Sampling Experts;203
19.4.4;Approaching Experts;204
19.4.5;Before and During the Interview;205
19.4.6;Data Preparation;207
19.4.7;Data Analysis;207
19.4.8;Reporting;208
19.5;Concluding Remarks;208
19.6;References;209
20;11 Talking to People IV: Focus Groups;212
20.1;Introduction;212
20.2;The Definition, Logic and Rationale of Focus Groups;213
20.3;Critical Assessment of the Focus Group Method;215
20.3.1;Focus Groups as Qualitative Methods;215
20.3.2;Broader Debates About Focus Groups;216
20.4;Planning and Conducting Focus Groups;217
20.4.1;Clarify the Aims of the Research and Deciding on the Topic;218
20.4.2;Establishing and Maintaining Focus;219
20.4.3;Interview Schedule or Thematic List;220
20.4.4;Who to Include? Sampling Considerations;222
20.4.5;The Role of the Moderator;222
20.4.6;Context—The Setting;223
20.5;Conclusion;224
20.6;References;225
21;12 Watching People: Observations;228
21.1;Using Observation Within Mixed-Methods Research;228
21.2;What Is Observation and Why Use It?;230
21.3;Observation: A Critical Assessment;230
21.4;Case Studies: Observational Walkabouts and Creative Workshops;233
21.4.1;Case One: Observational Walkabouts;234
21.5;Case Two: Observing Creative Audiences;237
21.6;Generating Change in Policy;240
21.7;Observation: Benefits, Pitfalls and Shortcomings;240
21.8;References;242
22;13 Testing for Causality in Data: Experiments;245
22.1;Introduction;245
22.2;Experiments in a Nutshell;246
22.3;Types of Experiments and Their Applicability in Media Policy Research;247
22.3.1;Laboratory Experiments;247
22.3.2;Field Experiments;248
22.3.3;Quasi-Experiments;248
22.3.4;Choice Experiments;249
22.4;Essential Issues in a (Quasi-)Experimental Perspective and When It Can Be Applied;252
22.5;Benefits of Adopting an Experimenter’s Mind-Set;253
22.5.1;A Framework for More Targeted Research;253
22.5.2;Avoiding Naïve Data Mining;254
22.5.3;Avoiding Complex Data Analysis Methods;254
22.6;Do’s and Don’ts;255
22.6.1;Do Not Adopt a Perfectionist Attitude;255
22.6.2;Do Consider Complementary Tests and Results;255
22.6.3;Do Not Get Confused by Various Terminologies;256
22.7;Summary and Conclusions;257
22.8;References;258
23;14 Texts as Data I: Document Analysis;260
23.1;Introduction;260
23.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;261
23.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;262
23.4;Planning and Conducting: A Hands-on ‘How To’ Guide;265
23.4.1;Step 1: Research Design and the Identification of Relevant Documents;265
23.4.2;Step 2: Access, Collection and Sampling;268
23.4.3;Step 3: Analysis and Impact;270
23.5;Conclusion;271
23.6;References;272
24;15 Texts as Data II: Media Content Analysis;274
24.1;Media Content Analyses in Policy Research;274
24.2;A Set of Procedures to Make Valid Inferences from Text;275
24.3;Detecting the Biases—In Our Own Research and in Media Content;276
24.4;Preparing and Conducting a Media Content Analysis;279
24.4.1;Research Question and Design;280
24.4.2;Sampling and Accessing Content;281
24.4.3;Coding Scheme and Reliability;282
24.4.4;Coding the Content;283
24.4.5;Data Analysis and Interpretation;283
24.5;Media Content Analysis in the Social Sciences and Humanities;284
24.6;References;285
25;16 Texts as Data III: Digital TV Archives;288
25.1;Introduction;288
25.2;Methods of Data Collection: Digital Television Historiography;289
25.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;291
25.4;Methodological Step-by-Step Illustration of Digital Television Historiography;294
25.4.1;Case Study 1: Data Collection on the Policy of Establishing Eurovision;294
25.4.2;Case Study 2: Data Collection on Subtitling Policy in the Netherlands;297
25.5;Conclusion;300
25.6;References;302
26;17 Texts as Data IV: Web Crawling, Content and Link Analyses;305
26.1;Introduction;305
26.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;306
26.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;307
26.4;Planning and Conducting: A Hands-on ‘How To’ Guide (Step by Step);309
26.4.1;Goal, Legal Framework, Research Questions;311
26.4.2;Instrument for Data Collection—Webcrawler;311
26.4.3;Domains to Be Included, Levels to Crawl, and Timing;312
26.4.4;Decision on Units of Analysis and Sample Frame;313
26.4.5;Development of Codebook for Content Analyses;313
26.4.6;A Categorization of Links for Assessing Their Potential for Commercialization;314
26.4.7;Data Collection and Cleaning of Data;315
26.4.8;Coding Process;315
26.4.9;Analyses;316
26.5;Conclusion: Lessons Learned, Pitfalls, Shortcomings;317
26.6;References;318
27;18 Working with Secondary Data: Official and Industry Statistics;320
27.1;Introduction;320
27.2;Official Statistics, Where to Find Them and Their Application;321
27.2.1;Defining Official Statistics;321
27.2.2;Finding Official Statistics;321
27.2.3;Getting Access to Official Statistics;323
27.2.4;Classifying Systems in Official Statistics;324
27.2.5;Applying Official Statistics;324
27.3;Advantages and Limitations in Working with Official and Industry Statistics;325
27.3.1;Pros and Cons of Official Statistics;325
27.3.2;Limitations of Media Industry Statistics;325
27.4;Step-by-Step: Working with Media Industry Statistics;326
27.4.1;The Three Steps;326
27.4.2;Step 1: Defining the Scope of the Media Industry;327
27.4.3;Step 2: Find and Extract Data of the Media Industry;328
27.4.4;Step 3: Harmonizing and Enriching the Data and Statistics;329
27.5;Conclusion;331
27.6;References;332
28;Part IV Methods of Data Analysis;335
29;19 Statistical Analysis;336
29.1;Introduction;336
29.2;Some Notes on Quantitative Analysis and Its (Not Very Different from Other Social Sciences Research, Really) Use in Media Policy Research;337
29.3;Why You Should (Not) Use Quantitative Methods in Your Media Policy Research—And Do It Safely;338
29.4;Getting Your Hands Dirty: Doing Quantitative Analysis Step by Step;341
29.4.1;Step 1: Data Preparation and Data Cleaning;342
29.4.2;Step 2: To Weight or Not to Weight;344
29.4.3;Step 3: Data Analysis;345
29.4.4;Step 4: Reporting Your Findings;351
29.5;Conclusion;351
29.6;References;352
30;20 Analyzing Big Data;354
30.1;Introduction;354
30.2;What Are Big Data and Data Science?;355
30.3;The Pros and Cons of the Big Data Approach;358
30.3.1;Conditions Under Which Big Data Approach May Make Sense;358
30.3.2;Critiques of Big Data on Epistemological Grounds;359
30.3.3;Ethical Issues;360
30.3.4;Practical Limitations;361
30.4;Getting Started with Big Data;362
30.4.1;Planning;363
30.4.2;Development;363
30.4.3;Data Collection;364
30.4.4;Analysis;364
30.4.5;Planning;365
30.4.5.1;Matching Research Objectives with Methods;365
30.4.5.2;Getting a Team Together;366
30.4.5.3;Brainstorming Questions and Answers;367
30.4.6;Development;368
30.4.7;Data Collection;368
30.4.7.1;Moving into Production: User Onboarding;368
30.4.7.2;Maintaining the Data Collection Infrastructure;369
30.4.7.3;Winding Down: Data Storage and the Ever-After;369
30.4.8;Analysis;369
30.5;Conclusion;370
30.6;References;371
31;21 Analyzing Talk and Text I: Qualitative Content Analysis;374
31.1;Introduction;374
31.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;375
31.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;376
31.4;Planning and Conducting;378
31.4.1;Research Question, Theory and Sampling;380
31.4.2;Data Collection;381
31.4.3;Data Preparation;381
31.4.4;Coding;382
31.4.5;Interpretation;386
31.4.6;Presentation of Results;388
31.5;Conclusion;388
31.6;References;389
32;22 Analyzing Talk and Text II: Thematic Analysis;392
32.1;Introduction;392
32.2;TA as a Cornerstone of Qualitative Data Analysis and Boundaries to Other Methods;394
32.3;The Role of the Researcher;395
32.4;Methodological Reflexivity;396
32.5;Planning and Conducting a TA Project;399
32.6;Conclusion;403
32.7;References;405
33;23 Analyzing Talk and Text III: Discourse Analysis;409
33.1;Discourse;410
33.2;Critical Discourse Analysis;411
33.3;Critical Discourse Analysis and Media Policy Studies;413
33.3.1;CDA: A Step-by-Step Guide;415
33.3.1.1;Step 1: Develop Sensitizing Concepts and Locate Instances in Your Texts;415
33.3.1.2;Step 2: Ask Questions of Your Instances to Locate Patterns;416
33.3.1.3;Step 3: Refine Your Patterns Through Comparison, Place Your Patterns in Context, Build Abstract Themes and Construct Your Argument;417
33.3.2;Intervention;420
33.4;Conclusion;421
33.5;References;422
34;24 Analyzing Talk and Text IV: Frame Analysis;425
34.1;Introduction;425
34.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale: Frames in Media Policy;426
34.3;Critical Assessment of Frame Analysis;428
34.3.1;Isolated Identification of Frames;428
34.3.2;Latency of Frames and Qualitative Methodology;429
34.3.3;Frame Identification: Lack of Qualitative Methodology;429
34.4;Planning and Conducting a Frame Analysis;430
34.4.1;Step 1: Selection of Methods and Material;432
34.4.2;Step 2: Categories for Frame Identification;432
34.4.3;Step 3: Text Analysis;434
34.4.4;Step 4: Frame (Re-)Construction and Contextualization;435
34.5;Conclusion;437
34.6;References;438
35;25 Analyzing Qualitative Data Using NVivo;440
35.1;Introduction—It Is More Than Just CAQDAS;440
35.2;An Overview of the Major Tools Available in NVivo;441
35.3;Master or Servant?;445
35.4;Doing a Qualitative Research Project with NVivo;448
35.4.1;Coding;448
35.4.2;Memos;449
35.4.3;Classifications;450
35.4.4;Framework Matrices;450
35.4.5;Queries;451
35.4.6;Maps;452
35.5;Conclusion;452
35.6;References;453
36;26 Analyzing Policy-Making I: Stakeholder and Advocacy Coalition Framework Analysis;456
36.1;Introduction;456
36.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;457
36.3;Critical Assessment;460
36.4;Planning and Conducting;463
36.4.1;Stakeholder Analysis;463
36.4.2;Advocacy Coalition Framework Analysis;467
36.5;Conclusion;470
36.6;References;471
37;27 Analyzing Policy-Making II: Policy Network Analysis;475
37.1;Introduction;475
37.2;Origin and Rationale;476
37.3;Presentation of the Method;477
37.4;Conducting Policy Network: Two Cases in Media Policy;483
37.4.1;The Policy Network of the BTX Introduction;483
37.4.2;Policy Discourse on the German Hate Speech Law;488
37.5;Conclusion;493
37.6;References;494
38;28 Analyzing Policy-Making III: Digital Network Analysis;496
38.1;Introduction;496
38.2;Methods;499
38.3;Community Detection Analysis;501
38.4;“How to”;503
38.5;Conclusion;507
38.6;References;508
39;29 Historical Analysis;512
39.1;Hutchins Commission;514
39.2;Net Neutrality;516
39.3;Conclusion: History as a Weapon;518
39.4;References;519
40;30 Legal Analysis in Media Policy Research;521
40.1;Introduction;521
40.2;Levels of Legal Analysis;523
40.3;Steps in the Research Process;526
40.3.1;Step 1: Formulating the Problem;527
40.3.2;Step 2: Gathering Relevant (Legal) Materials;527
40.3.3;Step 3: Analyzing Cases, Legal Documents and the Overall (Legal) Context;528
40.3.4;Step 4: Critically Interpreting and Evaluating Findings;530
40.4;Case Study No. 1: New York Times Co. v. United States;531
40.4.1;Step 1: Formulating the Problem;531
40.4.2;Step 2: Gathering Relevant (Legal) Materials;531
40.4.3;Step 3: Analyzing Cases, Legal Documents and the Overall (Legal) Context;532
40.4.4;Step 4: Critically Interpreting and Evaluating Findings;533
40.5;Case Study No. 2: Slovenia Broadband S.à r.l.’s Takeover of Produkcija Plus d.o.o. in Slovenia and Nova TV d.d. in Croatia;534
40.5.1;Step 1: Formulating the Problem;535
40.5.2;Step 2: Gathering Relevant (Legal) Materials;536
40.5.3;Step 3: Analyzing Cases, Legal Documents and the Overall (Legal) Context;537
40.5.4;Step 4: Critically Interpreting and Evaluating Findings;538
40.6;Conclusion;539
40.7;References;540
41;31 Assessing Policy I: Stakeholder Analysis;542
41.1;Introduction;542
41.2;Definition and Rationale;543
41.3;When and How to Use Stakeholder Analysis;545
41.4;Planning and Conducting a Stakeholder Review: Internet Regulations in Singapore;547
41.5;Stakeholder Engagement in Reviews of Australian Copyright and Intellectual Property Arrangements;549
41.6;Lessons from the Case Studies;551
41.7;Further Issues;552
41.8;References;554
42;32 Assessing Policy II: Governance-Choice Method;557
42.1;Introduction;557
42.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;558
42.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;563
42.4;Planning and Conducting: A Hands-on ‘How To’ Guide;564
42.4.1;Module 1: Step-by-Step Analysis of Selected Context Factors;567
42.4.2;Module 2: Drawing Conclusions and Recommendations;571
42.5;Conclusion;571
42.6;References;572
43;33 Assessing Policy III: Regulatory Impact Assessment;575
43.1;Introduction;575
43.2;What Is RIA and Why Is It Used?;576
43.2.1;RIA, Principal–Agent Theory, and Macroeconomics;578
43.2.2;RIA and Theories of Democratic Governance;578
43.3;Critical Assessment of RIA;579
43.4;How to Do RIA;582
43.4.1;EU Commission’s Impact Assessment;582
43.4.2;OECD Recommendations;583
43.5;Case Studies;585
43.5.1;Study on ‘Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector’;585
43.5.2;EU Commission’s Impact Assessment as Part of the AVMSD Refit Procedure;587
43.6;Conclusion;589
43.7;References;591
44;34 Assessing Policy IV: Goal-Means Tree Analysis;594
44.1;Introduction;594
44.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;595
44.3;Critical Assessment of the Method;596
44.4;Procedure;599
44.4.1;Construction of a Goal-Means Tree in Seven Steps;600
44.4.2;Do’s and Don’ts;603
44.4.3;Data Analysis;603
44.5;Conclusion;604
44.6;References;606
45;Part V Reporting and Disseminating Media Policy Research;608
46;35 Writing Policy Reports;609
46.1;Introduction;609
46.2;Definition, Logic and Rationale;610
46.3;The Perks and Pitfalls of Policy Research Reports;612
46.4;Planning and Conducting;613
46.4.1;Step 1: Coordination and Aligning Expectations;613
46.4.2;Step 2: Define Your Audience;615
46.4.3;Step 3: Developing the Narrative;615
46.4.4;Step 4: Writing the Report;616
46.4.5;Step 5: Follow-up of the Research Report;620
46.5;Conclusion;621
46.6;References;621
47;36 Media Policy Activism;624
47.1;Introduction;624
47.2;What Is Media Policy Activism?;625
47.3;Two Case Studies of Media Policy Activism;627
47.3.1;A Future for Public Service Television Inquiry;627
47.3.2;The Media Reform Coalition;628
47.4;Critical Media Scholars and Activism;630
47.4.1;Set the Agenda—Don’t Just Follow It;630
47.4.2;Counting Is Not Enough;631
47.4.3;Don’t Hide Your Commitment;632
47.4.4;Academics—Affiliate!;633
47.5;Conclusion;634
47.6;References;635
48;37 Developing Pedagogical Materials on Media Policy;637
48.1;Introduction;637
48.2;Definitions and Rationale of Serious Games;640
48.3;Critical Assessment of the Use of Serious Games;642
48.3.1;Opportunities;642
48.3.2;Challenges;643
48.3.3;Ethical and Ideological Context;644
48.4;Planning and Developing a Serious Game in the Context of Media Policy;645
48.5;Conclusion;647
48.6;References;648
49;38 Looking Again at Findings: Secondary Analysis;652
49.1;Secondary Analysis;653
49.2;Algorithms, Governance, and the News;655
49.3;Information Processing and the Law;657
49.3.1;Legal Foundations and Information Processing;657
49.3.2;Other Distinctions;659
49.4;Information Processing and the News;663
49.5;Secondary Reading and the Governance of Algorithms;664
49.6;References;665
50;Index;670