Titanium Dioxide

Production, Properties and Effective Usage
2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-86630-812-1
Verlag: Vincentz Network

Buch, Englisch, 154 Seiten, GB, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 225 mm

Reihe: European Coatings Tech Files

The Mission: Everything about titanium dioxide in a single book. Explained clearly and simply, without sacrificing scientific expertise and thoroughness. The reader speedily gains a comprehensive overview of the working mechanisms and possible applications of titanium dioxide. Indispensable for expert formulators and those with aspirations in that direction. The Audience: Newcomers to the field of titanium dioxide and experts wishing to deepen and expand their knowledge. Anyone seeking to push beyond their empirical experience to discover how titanium dioxide can be used efficiently and selectively to yield the best formulation. The Value: This second, completely revised edition will serve practitioners as a source of information on the properties and use of titanium dioxide pigments. The current state of development and the use of the various forms of titanium dioxide as UV absorbers, effect pigments and catalytic materials are outlined. Practitioners will especially welcome the fact that Chapter 4 now includes information on the scope for, and limitations on, replacing titanium dioxide pigments in formulations.

Zielgruppe

Studierende in beschichtungstechnologischen Fach- und Hochschulstudiengängen
Fachliche Ein- und Umsteiger in der Lackforschung und -Entwicklung
Fachleute (Ingenieure und Chemiker) der betrieblichen Beschichtungspraxis
Laboranten und Techniker in der Lackindustrie

Autoren/Hrsg.

Winkler, Jochen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Contents
1 Introduction.15
2 Physical, chemical and toxicological properties. 17
2.1 Physical properties of titanium dioxide. 17
2.2 Chemical properties of titanium dioxide.28
2.3 Toxicological properties of titanium dioxide.29
2.3.1 Oral intake.34
2.3.2 Parenteral uptake.34
2.3.3 Percutaneous uptake. 35
2.3.4 Hypodermic (through the skin) injection. 35
2.3.5 Inhalation. 35
3 Production.39
3.1 Raw materials.39
3.2 Sulfate process. 42
3.3 Chloride process.44
3.4 Inorganic and organic surface treatments.46
4 Optical properties.51
4.1 Fundamentals of color measurement. 51
4.1.1 CIELAB-values of titanium dioxide pigments. 55
4.2 Electromagnetic waves (“radiation”).56
4.3 Light absorption, light scattering, reflection and diffraction.56
4.3.1 Particle size dependency of light absorption. 59
4.3.2 Particle size dependency of light scattering. 61
4.4 Mie theory. 62
4.4.1 PVC – depency of light scattering.67
4.5 Kubelka-Munk theory – relative scattering power.68
4.6 Determination of the spectral scattering coefficient. 71
4.7 Hiding power. 71
4.7.1 Standardized methods for determining hiding power. 71
4.7.2 Hiding power of sulfate and chloride grade pigments. 74
4.8 Lightening power. 75
4.9 Color tint. 76
4.10 Gloss and haze. 78
4.11 Substitute materials for titanium dioxide pigments.79
5 Photo catalytic properties.83
5.1 Chalking cycle.83
5.2 Photo activity of anatase and rutile.86
5.3 Accelerated and natural weathering.88
5.4 Accelerated tests for monitoring photo activity. 91
6 Dispersing.93
6.1 Steps taking place during dispersion.93
6.2 Wetting.95
6.3 Mechanical de-agglomeration.97
6.3.1 Mill base formulation.97
6.3.2 Agglomerate strength.97
6.3.3 Relationship between time length of dispersion,
mechanical power input and dispersion success.99
6.4 Stabilization against flocculation. 101
6.4.1 Electrostatic stabilization. 102
6.4.2 Zeta potential. 102
6.4.3 Stabilization by adsorption of polyelectrolytes. 107
6.4.4 Adsorption of ions. 108
6.4.5 Steric (entropic) stabilization. 110
6.5 Rub out effect and Benard cells. 112
6.6 Final remarks. 114
7 Nano-titanium dioxide. 117
7.1 Production of nano-titanium dioxides. 117
7.2 Properties of titanium dioxide nano-particles. 118
7.3 Nano-titanium dioxides as UV absorbers. 120
7.4 Nano-titanium dioxides as effect pigments. 122
8 Titanium dioxide in catalysis.125
8.1 DeNOx catalysts. 128
8.2 Diesel catalysts. 129
8.3 Titanium dioxide in photo catalysis. 130
8.4 Titanium dioxide as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel. 133
9 Titanium dioxide in photovoltaic cells and chromatography.137
Author. 143
Index. 145