Arimondo Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-800301-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 63, 474 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics publishes reviews of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many old and new problems. Topics covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics and laser physics. Articles are written by distinguished experts and contain relevant review material and detailed descriptions of important recent developments. - International experts - Comprehensive articles - New developments

Autoren/Hrsg.

Arimondo, Ennio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;8
6;Preface;10
7;Chapter One: Detection of Metastable Atoms and Molecules using Rare Gas Matrices;13
7.1;1. Introduction;14
7.2;2. Basic Concepts;15
7.2.1;2.1 Relevant Background;15
7.2.2;2.2 Principle of Operation of the Detector;18
7.3;3. Experimental Details;20
7.3.1;3.1 TOF Spectroscopy;20
7.3.2;3.2 Apparatus Details;21
7.3.3;3.3 Apparatus Performance;24
7.3.3.1;3.3.1 Spectral Output;24
7.3.3.2;3.3.2 Temperature Variation;25
7.3.3.3;3.3.3 Excimer Lifetimes;27
7.4;4. Calibrations;29
7.4.1;4.1 Calibration of O(1S) Production;29
7.4.2;4.2 Calibration of O(1D) Production;31
7.4.3;4.2 Calibration of the Electron Energy Scale;32
7.5;5. O(1S) Measurements;33
7.5.1;5.1 O2;33
7.5.2;5.2 N2O;41
7.5.3;5.3 CO2;42
7.5.4;5.4 CO;42
7.5.5;5.5 NO
;42
7.5.6;5.6 H2O, D2O;43
7.5.7;5.7 SO2;44
7.6;6. O(1D) Measurements;44
7.7;7. Sulfur Measurements;46
7.8;8. CO Measurements;51
7.9;9. Future Possibilities;53
7.10;References;54
8;Chapter Two: Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases;59
8.1;1. Introduction;60
8.2;2. Pair Interactions;61
8.2.1;2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues;63
8.2.2;2.2 Calculation of Rydberg Pair Interactions;68
8.2.3;2.3 Angular Dependence;72
8.2.4;2.4 Experiments;75
8.3;3. Rydberg Atom Molecules;77
8.3.1;3.1 Trilobite Molecules;80
8.3.1.1;3.1.1 The Fermi Pseudo-Potential Picture of Trilobite Molecules;82
8.3.1.2;3.1.2 The Multichannel Quantum Defect Approach to Trilobite Molecules;88
8.3.1.3;3.1.3 External Fields;90
8.3.1.4;3.1.4 Features of the Trilobite Interaction Potentials;90
8.3.1.5;3.1.5 Molecular Frame Permanent Dipole Moments;95
8.3.1.6;3.1.6 Experimental Measurement of Trilobite Molecules;98
8.3.2;3.2 Macrodimers;105
8.3.2.1;3.2.1 Theory of Macrodimers;108
8.3.2.2;3.2.2 Experimental Detection of Macrodimers;114
8.4;4. Many-Body and Multiparticle Effects;119
8.4.1;4.1 Förster Resonance;123
8.4.2;4.2 Dipole Blockade;131
8.5;5. Conclusion and Perspectives;134
9;Chapter Three: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the Early Universe: From Recombination to Reionization;147
9.1;1. Introduction;148
9.1.1;1.1 The Expanding Universe;149
9.1.2;1.2 The Thermal History of the Universe;151
9.1.3;1.3 The Need for Dark Matter;153
9.1.4;1.4 The Role of AMO Physics;154
9.1.5;1.5 Distance Measurements;154
9.1.6;1.6 Acronyms and Variables;155
9.2;2. Cosmological Recombination;155
9.2.1;2.1 What Is Cosmological Recombination All About?;156
9.2.1.1;2.1.1 Initial Conditions and Main Aspect of the Recombination Problem;156
9.2.1.2;2.1.2 The Three Stages of Recombination;157
9.2.1.3;2.1.3 What Is So Special About Cosmological Recombination?;159
9.2.2;2.2 Why Should We Bother?;160
9.2.2.1;2.2.1 Importance of Recombination for the CMB Anisotropies;160
9.2.2.2;2.2.2 Spectral Distortions from the Recombination Era;163
9.2.3;2.3 Why Do We Need Advanced Atomic Physics?;167
9.2.4;2.4 Simple Model for Hydrogen Recombination;169
9.2.5;2.5 Multilevel Recombination Model and Recfast;171
9.2.6;2.6 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hi Recombination;174
9.2.6.1;2.6.1 Two-Photon Transitions from Higher Levels;174
9.2.6.2;2.6.2 The Effect of Raman Scattering;177
9.2.6.3;2.6.3 Additional Small Corrections and Collision;177
9.2.7;2.7 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hei Recombination;178
9.2.8;2.8 HyRec and CosmoRec;179
9.3;3. Pregalactic Gas Chemistry;180
9.3.1;3.1 Fundamentals;180
9.3.2;3.2 Key Reactions;183
9.3.2.1;3.2.1 Molecular Hydrogen (H2);183
9.3.2.2;3.2.2 Deuterated Molecular Hydrogen (HD);186
9.3.2.3;3.2.3 Lithium Hydride;188
9.3.3;3.3 Complications;189
9.3.3.1;3.3.1 Spectral Distortion of the CMB;189
9.3.3.2;3.3.2 Stimulated Radiative Association;190
9.3.3.3;3.3.3 Influence of Rotational and Vibrational Excitation;191
9.4;4. Population III Star Formation;192
9.4.1;4.1 The Assembly of the First Protogalaxies;192
9.4.2;4.2 Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation;198
9.4.2.1;4.2.1 The Initial Collapse Phase;198
9.4.2.2;4.2.2 Three-Body H2 Formation;199
9.4.2.3;4.2.3 Transition to the Optically Thick Regime;201
9.4.2.4;4.2.4 Cooling at Very High Densities;202
9.4.2.5;4.2.5 Influence of Other Coolants;203
9.4.3;4.3 Evolution After the Formation of the First Protostar;205
9.5;5. The 21-cm Line of Atomic Hydrogen;209
9.5.1;5.1 Physics of the 21-cm Line;209
9.5.1.1;5.1.1 Basic 21-cm Physics;209
9.5.1.2;5.1.2 Collisional Coupling;213
9.5.1.3;5.1.3 Wouthuysen–Field Effect (Photon Coupling);214
9.5.2;5.2 Global 21-cm Signature;217
9.5.2.1;5.2.1 Cosmic Dark Ages and Exotic Heating (zbold0mu mumu dotted40);219
9.5.2.2;5.2.2 Lyman-a Coupling (za zz);219
9.5.2.3;5.2.3 Gas Heating (zh zza);220
9.5.2.4;5.2.4 Growth of H II Regions (zr z zh);222
9.5.2.5;5.2.5 Astrophysical Sources and Histories;223
9.5.3;5.3 21-cm Tomography;225
9.5.3.1;5.3.1 Fluctuations in the Spin Temperature;225
9.5.3.2;5.3.2 Gas Temperature;227
9.5.3.3;5.3.3 Ionization Fluctuations;228
9.5.3.4;5.3.4 Density and Minihalos;228
9.5.3.5;5.3.5 Redshift Space Distortions;229
9.6;6. The Reionization of Intergalactic Hydrogen;229
9.6.1;6.1 Sources of Reionization: Stars;231
9.6.2;6.2 Sources of Reionization: Quasars;235
9.6.2.1;6.2.1 Secondary Ionizations;237
9.6.3;6.3 The Growth of Ionized Bubbles;239
9.6.3.1;6.3.1 Photoionization Rates and Recombinations;245
9.6.3.2;6.3.2 Line Cooling;248
9.6.4;6.4 Reionization as a Global Process;249
9.7;7. Summary;252
9.8;Appendix A. Acronyms;254
9.9;Appendix B. Symbols;255
10;Chapter Four: Atomic Data Needs for Understanding X-ray Astrophysical Plasmas;283
10.1;1. Introduction;285
10.2;2. Charge State Distribution;286
10.2.1;2.1 Ionization Processes;287
10.2.1.1;2.1.1 Collisional Ionization;287
10.2.1.2;2.1.2 Photoionization;289
10.2.1.3;2.1.3 Auger Ionization;290
10.2.2;2.2 Recombination;292
10.2.2.1;2.2.1 Dielectronic Recombination;293
10.2.2.2;2.2.2 Radiative Recombination;294
10.2.3;2.3 Charge Exchange;295
10.2.4;2.4 Future Needs;296
10.3;3. Spectral Features;297
10.3.1;3.1 Energy Levels and Wavelengths;299
10.3.2;3.2 Collisional Excitation Rates;302
10.3.2.1;3.2.1 H-Like Ions;304
10.3.2.2;3.2.2 He-Like Ions;304
10.3.2.3;3.2.3 Neon-Like Ions;306
10.3.2.4;3.2.4 Other Ions;307
10.3.3;3.3 Radiative Transition Rates (Bound–Bound);307
10.3.4;3.4 Photoionization/Absorption (Bound-Free) Rates;309
10.3.5;3.5 Fluorescent Innershell Transitions;310
10.3.6;3.6 Charge Exchange Rates;311
10.3.6.1;3.6.1 Atoms and Ions;314
10.3.6.2;3.6.2 Molecules and Grains;316
10.4;4. Conclusions;318
11;Chapter Five: Energy Levels of Light Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields;335
11.1;1. Introduction;335
11.2;2. Historical Background;337
11.3;3. The Lightest ``Light'' Atom—Hydrogen;339
11.4;4. Light Atoms: Two and Few-Electron Systems;351
11.5;5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;365
12;Chapter Six: Quantum Electrodynamics of Two-Level Atoms in 1D Configurations;371
12.1;1. Introduction;372
12.2;2. The 1D Kernel and Its Spectral Decomposition;376
12.2.1;2.1 Form of the Lienard-Wiechert Kernel in 1D (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c);377
12.2.2;2. 2 Initial Time CDR and CLS of a Slab (Friedberg et al., 1973);379
12.2.3;2.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Slab (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c,d,e);381
12.2.3.1;2.3.1 Functional Form of the Eigenfunctions;381
12.2.3.2;2.3.2 Pseudo-Orthogonality Relations;385
12.2.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Odd Eigenfunctions;385
12.2.3.2.2;2.3.2.1 Even Eigenfunctions;386
12.2.3.3;2.3.3 Parseval´s Identity;386
12.2.4;2.4 Differential Form of the Field Equation (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c);389
12.2.5;2.5 Inverted System in the Superradiant Linear Regime (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008e);390
12.2.6;2.6 Comments on the Numerical Results of Superradiance from a Slab;392
12.3;3. Propagation of an Ultrashort Pulse in a Slab and the Ensuing Emitted Radiation Spectrum;393
12.3.1;3.1 Time Development and Spectrum of the Radiation Emitted;393
12.3.1.1;3.1.1 Spectral Analysis (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008d, 2009b);393
12.3.1.2;3.1.2 Computation of the Electric Field at the End Planes;394
12.3.2;3.2 The SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012a);398
12.3.3;3.3 The Modified SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012b);400
12.3.4;3.4 Self-Energy of an Initially Detuned Phased State (Friedberg and Manassah, 2010a);402
12.3.5;3.5 Spectral Distribution of an Initially Detuned Spatial Distribution;403
12.4;4. Near-Threshold Behavior for the Pumped Stationary State;407
12.4.1;4.1 Coupled Maxwell-Bloch Equations;408
12.4.2;4.2 Single-Frequency Lasing;408
12.4.2.1;4.2.1 Single-Frequency Bare Mode
;410
12.4.2.2;4.2.2 Single-Frequency Dressed Mode;411
12.4.3;4.3 Two-Frequency Bare Modes
;414
12.4.4;4.4 General Comments;421
12.5;5. Polariton-Plasmon Coupling, Transmission Peaks, and Purcell-Dicke Ultraradiance;421
12.5.1;5.1 The Total Transfer Matrix;422
12.5.2;5.2 The Mittag-Leffler Expansion;425
12.5.3;5.3 Interacting Polariton-Plasmon Modes;426
12.6;6. Periodic Structures;431
12.6.1;6.1 Density-Modulated Slab (Manassah, 2012e);431
12.6.1.1;6.1.1 The Self-Energy at Initial Time;431
12.6.1.2;6.1.2 Simple Mathematical Analysis for the Giant Shifts;435
12.6.2;6.2 Periodic Multislabs Eigenvalues (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008f);436
12.6.2.1;6.2.1 Eigenvalue Condition;437
12.6.2.2;6.2.2 Precocious Superradiance
;438
12.6.2.3;6.2.3 Eigenvalues at the Bragg Condition as a Function of the Number of Cells;439
12.7;7. Conclusion;442
12.8;Acknowledgments;443
12.9;Appendix. Transfer Matrix Formalism;443
12.9.1;Some Useful Relations of the Pauli Matrices;447
12.9.2;Example of an Application of Above Formalism;447
12.10;References;448
13;Index;451
14;Contents of volumes in this serial;457

Leseproben

Chapter Two Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases
Luis G. Marcassa*; James P. Shaffer†    * Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
† Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA Abstract
In this chapter, we present a review of Rydberg atom interactions. The review focusses on the importance of these interactions in ultracold Rydberg atom physics. We address how these interactions are calculated and how measurements are carried out to probe them. We also describe the different types of exotic molecules that can be formed in ultracold Rydberg gases as a result of interactions between Rydberg atoms and ground state atoms. We connect the studies of ultracold Rydberg molecules to prior work done on photoassociation of atoms in ultracold gases. After discussing pair interactions between Rydberg atoms, we describe work done on multiparticle and many-body interactions and its connection to pair interactions. Finally, we present our perspective on future directions. 1 Introduction
The foundations of Rydberg atom physics, as we know them today, were empirically laid down by J. R. Rydberg in 1890. In his work, he attempted to organize and understand a vast collection of atomic spectra which had been generated during the development of optical spectroscopy in the nineteenth century. The Rydberg formula that he discovered allowed him to organize atomic spectra in an unprecedented way and notice some important relationships. For example, the existence of a universal constant, now known as Rydberg’s constant, was revealed. Although the success of his formula in describing atomic spectra clearly relates atomic structure to the observed spectra, he was never able to make the leap required to physically understand and explain the connection. Nevertheless, he did provide a solid basis for later developments. A clear interpretation of his work came only with the advent of Bohr’s model and the understanding provided by quantum theory. Rydberg atom physics has been a central area of research since the time of Rydberg. In a first phase, spanning the early half of the twentieth century, Rydberg atoms were intensely investigated by conventional spectroscopy. Such experiments were of key importance for establishing the validity of quantum mechanics by testing its ability to explain the structure of matter. However, the use of thermal atomic samples and low-resolution spectroscopic techniques limited the maximum principal quantum number that could be studied. A renaissance took place in this field during the second half of the twentieth century, thanks to the development of high-power tunable narrow-bandwidth lasers. Nevertheless, by the late 1980s, Rydberg atom experiments were once again limited in many cases by the thermal nature of the atomic sample. Just at the turn of the millennium, the revolution in laser cooling and trapping leading to the generation of ultracold atomic samples marked a revival of this field. For the last 15 years, we have been witnessing amazing surprises based on the long-range nature of Rydberg atom interactions and the exaggerated properties of highly excited Rydberg atoms. Given the latest developments in the rapidly progressing field of ultracold Rydberg atom physics, we believe that the study of Rydberg atoms, dating back to the nineteenth century, will reveal many more exciting insights in the twenty-first century. In this review, we describe work on interactions between Rydberg atoms and on novel types of molecules that can be investigated in ultracold Rydberg gases. We address how interactions between Rydberg atoms are calculated and how ultra-long-range Rydberg molecules are formed. We describe the bonding mechanisms for both trilobite and trilobite-like molecules and macrodimers. We connect the experiments in this area to prior work done on photoassociation in ultracold gases. Our review is focussed on pair interactions because this has received the most attention so far, although we do briefly describe current work on many-body interactions, mostly in regard to the relationship to Rydberg atom pair interactions. Throughout the paper, we have attempted to give the reader physical insight into how Rydberg atoms interact. This necessarily limits the amount of detail that can be presented. The interested reader is referred to the many references cited throughout the paper for specifics. We do not stray too far afield from Rydberg atom interactions as there are several recent reviews that focus on other aspects of ultracold Rydberg atom physics. These reviews address quantum information with Rydberg atoms (Saffman et al., 2010), strongly interacting Rydberg gases (Löw et al., 2012), Rydberg atom dipole blockade (Comparat and Pillet, 2010), dipole interactions between Rydberg atoms (Gallagher and Pillet, 2008), how trilobite and trilobite-like molecules acquire molecular frame dipole moments (Sadeghpour and Rittenhouse, 2013), and some aspects of multipolar interactions between Rydberg atoms (Cabral et al., 2011). We have made a concerted effort to cite all the most recent articles in ultracold Rydberg atom physics that address Rydberg atom interactions, but we apologize to the authors of those papers we have inevitably missed. We have also aimed to present the relevant work in some context in this chapter to help guide the reader. The context that we have used to frame the work is admittedly determined by our background, particularly our prior experience in photoassociative spectroscopy. 2 Pair Interactions
The investigation of ultracold collisions in trapped atomic gases started in the early 1990s. At that time, atomic trap losses due to long-range states attached to the lower-lying S + P dissociation threshold channels were observed and studied. For over a decade, a large effort was dedicated to the investigation of collisional processes and molecule formation involving low-lying mainly valence states in ultracold samples (Weiner et al., 1999). Only at the end of the 1990s, ultracold Rydberg collisions were observed (Anderson et al., 1998; Mourachko et al., 1998). The explanation of the data obtained in these experiments was based on very simplified dipole-dipole interaction potential curves. Greene et al. (2000) calculated, for the first time, the interaction potential between a ground state atom and a Rydberg atom, showing that a new type of chemical bond can form between a Rydberg atom and a ground state atom, generating further interest in ultracold Rydberg atoms. A few years later, Boisseau et al. (2002) used perturbation theory to calculate the dispersion coefficients C5, C6, and C8 for six pairs of degenerate homonuclear diatomic molecular states correlated with the nP + nP asymptotes of Rb as a function of principal quantum number, n. de Oliveira et al. (2003) used these calculations to explain their observations of energy transfer collisions in a sample held in a Rb magneto-optical trap. In this work, they pointed out that a two-body multilevel model may be necessary to explain the experimental data. It was clear that detailed calculations of Rydberg atom interactions were required to quantitatively explain experiments. Later, Flannery et al. (2005) used an analytical calculation to investigate interatomic potential energy curves between two H Rydberg atoms in different angular momentum states and Walker and Saffman (2005) discussed interatomic Rydberg potentials in the context of Forster resonance. Singer et al. (2005b) extended the perturbation theory calculations done in Boisseau et al. (2002) to molecular states correlating to nS + nS and nD + nD asymptotes for all alkali homonuclear pairs. The first work to go beyond perturbation theory to calculate Rydberg atom pair interactions was done by Schwettmann et al. (2006). In this paper, the authors diagonalized the Rydberg atom interaction Hamiltonian in a truncated basis set, which directly accounted for off-resonant, near-resonant, and resonant interactions. The method also has the advantage of taking into account a static electric field and the atomic fine structure, which were considered for the first time. Several other theoretical treatments of Rydberg atom interactions have subsequently appeared (Reinhard et al., 2007; Vaillant et al., 2012; Walker and Saffman, 2008). Most of these works are based on perturbation theory. In this section, we address the theory of Rydberg atom pair interactions. First, we discuss Rydberg atom pair interactions qualitatively including the challenges and limitations associated with their calculation and then explain the calculation of Rydberg atom pair interactions. During this discussion, the effect of a constant or slowly varying background electric field is described (Cabral et al., 2011). We also present theoretical predictions of the angular dependence of Rydberg atom pair interactions. Finally, some recent experimental works that test Rydberg atom pair interactions are briefly described and classified. Our goal is to present this subject as a tutorial. 2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues
Cold Rydberg atom pair interactions can, for the most part, be described...